import base64
import binascii
import io
import logging
import os
import random
import re
import secrets
import shutil
import unicodedata
import urllib
from datetime import timedelta
from mimetypes import guess_extension, guess_type
from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Optional, Tuple
from urllib.parse import urljoin

import boto3
import botocore
from boto3.session import Session
from botocore.client import Config
from django.conf import settings
from django.core.files import File
from django.core.signing import BadSignature, TimestampSigner
from django.http import HttpRequest
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
from markupsafe import Markup as mark_safe
from mypy_boto3_s3.client import S3Client
from mypy_boto3_s3.service_resource import Bucket, Object
from PIL import GifImagePlugin, Image, ImageOps, PngImagePlugin
from PIL.Image import DecompressionBombError

from zerver.lib.avatar_hash import user_avatar_path
from zerver.lib.exceptions import ErrorCode, JsonableError
from zerver.lib.outgoing_http import OutgoingSession
from zerver.lib.utils import assert_is_not_none
from zerver.models import (
    Attachment,
    Message,
    Realm,
    RealmEmoji,
    UserProfile,
    is_cross_realm_bot_email,
)

DEFAULT_AVATAR_SIZE = 100
MEDIUM_AVATAR_SIZE = 500
DEFAULT_EMOJI_SIZE = 64

# These sizes were selected based on looking at the maximum common
# sizes in a library of animated custom emoji, balanced against the
# network cost of very large emoji images.
MAX_EMOJI_GIF_SIZE = 128
MAX_EMOJI_GIF_FILE_SIZE_BYTES = 128 * 1024 * 1024  # 128 kb

# Duration that the signed upload URLs that we redirect to when
# accessing uploaded files are available for clients to fetch before
# they expire.
SIGNED_UPLOAD_URL_DURATION = 60

INLINE_MIME_TYPES = [
    "application/pdf",
    "image/gif",
    "image/jpeg",
    "image/png",
    "image/webp",
    # To avoid cross-site scripting attacks, DO NOT add types such
    # as application/xhtml+xml, application/x-shockwave-flash,
    # image/svg+xml, text/html, or text/xml.
]

# Performance note:
#
# For writing files to S3, the file could either be stored in RAM
# (if it is less than 2.5MiB or so) or an actual temporary file on disk.
#
# Because we set FILE_UPLOAD_MAX_MEMORY_SIZE to 0, only the latter case
# should occur in practice.
#
# This is great, because passing the pseudofile object that Django gives
# you to boto would be a pain.

# To come up with a s3 key we randomly generate a "directory". The
# "file name" is the original filename provided by the user run
# through a sanitization function.


# https://github.com/boto/botocore/issues/2644 means that the IMDS
# request _always_ pulls from the environment.  Monkey-patch the
# `should_bypass_proxies` function if we need to skip them, based
# on S3_SKIP_PROXY.
if settings.S3_SKIP_PROXY is True:  # nocoverage
    botocore.utils.should_bypass_proxies = lambda url: True


class RealmUploadQuotaError(JsonableError):
    code = ErrorCode.REALM_UPLOAD_QUOTA


def sanitize_name(value: str) -> str:
    """
    Sanitizes a value to be safe to store in a Linux filesystem, in
    S3, and in a URL.  So Unicode is allowed, but not special
    characters other than ".", "-", and "_".

    This implementation is based on django.utils.text.slugify; it is
    modified by:
    * adding '.' to the list of allowed characters.
    * preserving the case of the value.
    * not stripping trailing dashes and underscores.
    """
    value = unicodedata.normalize("NFKC", value)
    value = re.sub(r"[^\w\s.-]", "", value).strip()
    value = re.sub(r"[-\s]+", "-", value)
    assert value not in {"", ".", ".."}
    return mark_safe(value)


class BadImageError(JsonableError):
    code = ErrorCode.BAD_IMAGE


def resize_avatar(image_data: bytes, size: int = DEFAULT_AVATAR_SIZE) -> bytes:
    try:
        im = Image.open(io.BytesIO(image_data))
        im = ImageOps.exif_transpose(im)
        im = ImageOps.fit(im, (size, size), Image.ANTIALIAS)
    except OSError:
        raise BadImageError(_("Could not decode image; did you upload an image file?"))
    except DecompressionBombError:
        raise BadImageError(_("Image size exceeds limit."))
    out = io.BytesIO()
    if im.mode == "CMYK":
        im = im.convert("RGB")
    im.save(out, format="png")
    return out.getvalue()


def resize_logo(image_data: bytes) -> bytes:
    try:
        im = Image.open(io.BytesIO(image_data))
        im = ImageOps.exif_transpose(im)
        im.thumbnail((8 * DEFAULT_AVATAR_SIZE, DEFAULT_AVATAR_SIZE), Image.ANTIALIAS)
    except OSError:
        raise BadImageError(_("Could not decode image; did you upload an image file?"))
    except DecompressionBombError:
        raise BadImageError(_("Image size exceeds limit."))
    out = io.BytesIO()
    if im.mode == "CMYK":
        im = im.convert("RGB")
    im.save(out, format="png")
    return out.getvalue()


def resize_animated(im: Image.Image, size: int = DEFAULT_EMOJI_SIZE) -> bytes:
    assert im.n_frames > 1
    frames = []
    duration_info = []
    disposals = []
    # If 'loop' info is not set then loop for infinite number of times.
    loop = im.info.get("loop", 0)
    for frame_num in range(0, im.n_frames):
        im.seek(frame_num)
        new_frame = im.copy()
        new_frame.paste(im, (0, 0), im.convert("RGBA"))
        new_frame = ImageOps.pad(new_frame, (size, size), Image.ANTIALIAS)
        frames.append(new_frame)
        if im.info.get("duration") is None:  # nocoverage
            raise BadImageError(_("Corrupt animated image."))
        duration_info.append(im.info["duration"])
        if isinstance(im, GifImagePlugin.GifImageFile):
            disposals.append(
                im.disposal_method  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # private member missing from stubs
            )
        elif isinstance(im, PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile):
            disposals.append(im.info.get("disposal", PngImagePlugin.APNG_DISPOSE_OP_NONE))
        else:  # nocoverage
            raise BadImageError(_("Unknown animated image format."))
    out = io.BytesIO()
    frames[0].save(
        out,
        save_all=True,
        optimize=False,
        format=im.format,
        append_images=frames[1:],
        duration=duration_info,
        disposal=disposals,
        loop=loop,
    )

    return out.getvalue()


def resize_emoji(
    image_data: bytes, size: int = DEFAULT_EMOJI_SIZE
) -> Tuple[bytes, bool, Optional[bytes]]:
    # This function returns three values:
    # 1) Emoji image data.
    # 2) If emoji is gif i.e animated.
    # 3) If is animated then return still image data i.e first frame of gif.

    try:
        im = Image.open(io.BytesIO(image_data))
        image_format = im.format
        if getattr(im, "n_frames", 1) > 1:
            # There are a number of bugs in Pillow which cause results
            # in resized images being broken. To work around this we
            # only resize under certain conditions to minimize the
            # chance of creating ugly images.
            should_resize = (
                im.size[0] != im.size[1]  # not square
                or im.size[0] > MAX_EMOJI_GIF_SIZE  # dimensions too large
                or len(image_data) > MAX_EMOJI_GIF_FILE_SIZE_BYTES  # filesize too large
            )

            # Generate a still image from the first frame.  Since
            # we're converting the format to PNG anyway, we resize unconditionally.
            still_image = im.copy()
            still_image.seek(0)
            still_image = ImageOps.exif_transpose(still_image)
            still_image = ImageOps.fit(still_image, (size, size), Image.ANTIALIAS)
            out = io.BytesIO()
            still_image.save(out, format="PNG")
            still_image_data = out.getvalue()

            if should_resize:
                image_data = resize_animated(im, size)

            return image_data, True, still_image_data
        else:
            # Note that this is essentially duplicated in the
            # still_image code path, above.
            im = ImageOps.exif_transpose(im)
            im = ImageOps.fit(im, (size, size), Image.ANTIALIAS)
            out = io.BytesIO()
            im.save(out, format=image_format)
            return out.getvalue(), False, None
    except OSError:
        raise BadImageError(_("Could not decode image; did you upload an image file?"))
    except DecompressionBombError:
        raise BadImageError(_("Image size exceeds limit."))


### Common


class ZulipUploadBackend:
    def get_public_upload_root_url(self) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def generate_message_upload_path(self, realm_id: str, uploaded_file_name: str) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def upload_message_file(
        self,
        uploaded_file_name: str,
        uploaded_file_size: int,
        content_type: Optional[str],
        file_data: bytes,
        user_profile: UserProfile,
        target_realm: Optional[Realm] = None,
    ) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def upload_avatar_image(
        self,
        user_file: IO[bytes],
        acting_user_profile: UserProfile,
        target_user_profile: UserProfile,
        content_type: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def delete_avatar_image(self, user: UserProfile) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def delete_message_image(self, path_id: str) -> bool:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_avatar_url(self, hash_key: str, medium: bool = False) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def copy_avatar(self, source_profile: UserProfile, target_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def ensure_avatar_image(self, user_profile: UserProfile, is_medium: bool = False) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def upload_realm_icon_image(self, icon_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_realm_icon_url(self, realm_id: int, version: int) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def upload_realm_logo_image(
        self, logo_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile, night: bool
    ) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_realm_logo_url(self, realm_id: int, version: int, night: bool) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def upload_emoji_image(
        self, emoji_file: IO[bytes], emoji_file_name: str, user_profile: UserProfile
    ) -> bool:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_emoji_url(self, emoji_file_name: str, realm_id: int, still: bool = False) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def upload_export_tarball(
        self,
        realm: Realm,
        tarball_path: str,
        percent_callback: Optional[Callable[[Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def delete_export_tarball(self, export_path: str) -> Optional[str]:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_export_tarball_url(self, realm: Realm, export_path: str) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def realm_avatar_and_logo_path(self, realm: Realm) -> str:
        raise NotImplementedError()


### S3


def get_bucket(bucket_name: str, session: Optional[Session] = None) -> Bucket:
    if session is None:
        session = boto3.Session(settings.S3_KEY, settings.S3_SECRET_KEY)
    bucket = session.resource(
        "s3", region_name=settings.S3_REGION, endpoint_url=settings.S3_ENDPOINT_URL
    ).Bucket(bucket_name)
    return bucket


def upload_image_to_s3(
    bucket: Bucket,
    file_name: str,
    content_type: Optional[str],
    user_profile: UserProfile,
    contents: bytes,
) -> None:
    key = bucket.Object(file_name)
    metadata = {
        "user_profile_id": str(user_profile.id),
        "realm_id": str(user_profile.realm_id),
    }

    content_disposition = ""
    if content_type is None:
        content_type = ""
    if content_type not in INLINE_MIME_TYPES:
        content_disposition = "attachment"

    key.put(
        Body=contents,
        Metadata=metadata,
        ContentType=content_type,
        ContentDisposition=content_disposition,
    )


def check_upload_within_quota(realm: Realm, uploaded_file_size: int) -> None:
    upload_quota = realm.upload_quota_bytes()
    if upload_quota is None:
        return
    used_space = realm.currently_used_upload_space_bytes()
    if (used_space + uploaded_file_size) > upload_quota:
        raise RealmUploadQuotaError(_("Upload would exceed your organization's upload quota."))


def get_file_info(request: HttpRequest, user_file: File) -> Tuple[str, int, Optional[str]]:

    uploaded_file_name = user_file.name
    assert uploaded_file_name is not None
    content_type = request.GET.get("mimetype")
    if content_type is None:
        guessed_type = guess_type(uploaded_file_name)[0]
        if guessed_type is not None:
            content_type = guessed_type
    else:
        extension = guess_extension(content_type)
        if extension is not None:
            uploaded_file_name = uploaded_file_name + extension

    uploaded_file_name = urllib.parse.unquote(uploaded_file_name)
    uploaded_file_size = user_file.size

    return uploaded_file_name, uploaded_file_size, content_type


def get_signed_upload_url(path: str, download: bool = False) -> str:
    client = boto3.client(
        "s3",
        aws_access_key_id=settings.S3_KEY,
        aws_secret_access_key=settings.S3_SECRET_KEY,
        region_name=settings.S3_REGION,
        endpoint_url=settings.S3_ENDPOINT_URL,
    )
    params = {
        "Bucket": settings.S3_AUTH_UPLOADS_BUCKET,
        "Key": path,
    }
    if download:
        params["ResponseContentDisposition"] = "attachment"

    return client.generate_presigned_url(
        ClientMethod="get_object",
        Params=params,
        ExpiresIn=SIGNED_UPLOAD_URL_DURATION,
        HttpMethod="GET",
    )


class S3UploadBackend(ZulipUploadBackend):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.session = boto3.Session(settings.S3_KEY, settings.S3_SECRET_KEY)
        self.avatar_bucket = get_bucket(settings.S3_AVATAR_BUCKET, self.session)
        self.uploads_bucket = get_bucket(settings.S3_AUTH_UPLOADS_BUCKET, self.session)

        self._boto_client: Optional[S3Client] = None
        self.public_upload_url_base = self.construct_public_upload_url_base()

    def construct_public_upload_url_base(self) -> str:
        # Return the pattern for public URL for a key in the S3 Avatar bucket.
        # For Amazon S3 itself, this will return the following:
        #     f"https://{self.avatar_bucket.name}.{network_location}/{key}"
        #
        # However, we need this function to properly handle S3 style
        # file upload backends that Zulip supports, which can have a
        # different URL format. Configuring no signature and providing
        # no access key makes `generate_presigned_url` just return the
        # normal public URL for a key.
        #
        # It unfortunately takes 2ms per query to call
        # generate_presigned_url, even with our cached boto
        # client. Since we need to potentially compute hundreds of
        # avatar URLs in single `GET /messages` request, we instead
        # back-compute the URL pattern here.

        DUMMY_KEY = "dummy_key_ignored"
        foo_url = self.get_boto_client().generate_presigned_url(
            ClientMethod="get_object",
            Params={
                "Bucket": self.avatar_bucket.name,
                "Key": DUMMY_KEY,
            },
            ExpiresIn=0,
        )
        split_url = urllib.parse.urlsplit(foo_url)
        assert split_url.path.endswith(f"/{DUMMY_KEY}")

        return urllib.parse.urlunsplit(
            (split_url.scheme, split_url.netloc, split_url.path[: -len(DUMMY_KEY)], "", "")
        )

    def get_public_upload_url(
        self,
        key: str,
    ) -> str:
        assert not key.startswith("/")
        return urllib.parse.urljoin(self.public_upload_url_base, key)

    def get_boto_client(self) -> S3Client:
        """
        Creating the client takes a long time so we need to cache it.
        """
        if self._boto_client is None:
            config = Config(signature_version=botocore.UNSIGNED)
            self._boto_client = self.session.client(
                "s3",
                region_name=settings.S3_REGION,
                endpoint_url=settings.S3_ENDPOINT_URL,
                config=config,
            )
        return self._boto_client

    def delete_file_from_s3(self, path_id: str, bucket: Bucket) -> bool:
        key = bucket.Object(path_id)

        try:
            key.load()
        except botocore.exceptions.ClientError:
            file_name = path_id.split("/")[-1]
            logging.warning(
                "%s does not exist. Its entry in the database will be removed.", file_name
            )
            return False
        key.delete()
        return True

    def get_public_upload_root_url(self) -> str:
        return self.public_upload_url_base

    def generate_message_upload_path(self, realm_id: str, uploaded_file_name: str) -> str:
        return "/".join(
            [
                realm_id,
                secrets.token_urlsafe(18),
                sanitize_name(uploaded_file_name),
            ]
        )

    def upload_message_file(
        self,
        uploaded_file_name: str,
        uploaded_file_size: int,
        content_type: Optional[str],
        file_data: bytes,
        user_profile: UserProfile,
        target_realm: Optional[Realm] = None,
    ) -> str:
        if target_realm is None:
            target_realm = user_profile.realm
        s3_file_name = self.generate_message_upload_path(str(target_realm.id), uploaded_file_name)
        url = f"/user_uploads/{s3_file_name}"

        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.uploads_bucket,
            s3_file_name,
            content_type,
            user_profile,
            file_data,
        )

        create_attachment(
            uploaded_file_name, s3_file_name, user_profile, target_realm, uploaded_file_size
        )
        return url

    def delete_message_image(self, path_id: str) -> bool:
        return self.delete_file_from_s3(path_id, self.uploads_bucket)

    def write_avatar_images(
        self,
        s3_file_name: str,
        target_user_profile: UserProfile,
        image_data: bytes,
        content_type: Optional[str],
    ) -> None:
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name + ".original",
            content_type,
            target_user_profile,
            image_data,
        )

        # custom 500px wide version
        resized_medium = resize_avatar(image_data, MEDIUM_AVATAR_SIZE)
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name + "-medium.png",
            "image/png",
            target_user_profile,
            resized_medium,
        )

        resized_data = resize_avatar(image_data)
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name,
            "image/png",
            target_user_profile,
            resized_data,
        )
        # See avatar_url in avatar.py for URL.  (That code also handles the case
        # that users use gravatar.)

    def upload_avatar_image(
        self,
        user_file: IO[bytes],
        acting_user_profile: UserProfile,
        target_user_profile: UserProfile,
        content_type: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> None:
        if content_type is None:
            content_type = guess_type(user_file.name)[0]
        s3_file_name = user_avatar_path(target_user_profile)

        image_data = user_file.read()
        self.write_avatar_images(s3_file_name, target_user_profile, image_data, content_type)

    def delete_avatar_image(self, user: UserProfile) -> None:
        path_id = user_avatar_path(user)

        self.delete_file_from_s3(path_id + ".original", self.avatar_bucket)
        self.delete_file_from_s3(path_id + "-medium.png", self.avatar_bucket)
        self.delete_file_from_s3(path_id, self.avatar_bucket)

    def get_avatar_key(self, file_name: str) -> Object:
        key = self.avatar_bucket.Object(file_name)
        return key

    def copy_avatar(self, source_profile: UserProfile, target_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
        s3_source_file_name = user_avatar_path(source_profile)
        s3_target_file_name = user_avatar_path(target_profile)

        key = self.get_avatar_key(s3_source_file_name + ".original")
        image_data = key.get()["Body"].read()
        content_type = key.content_type

        self.write_avatar_images(s3_target_file_name, target_profile, image_data, content_type)

    def get_avatar_url(self, hash_key: str, medium: bool = False) -> str:
        medium_suffix = "-medium.png" if medium else ""
        return self.get_public_upload_url(f"{hash_key}{medium_suffix}")

    def get_export_tarball_url(self, realm: Realm, export_path: str) -> str:
        # export_path has a leading /
        return self.get_public_upload_url(export_path[1:])

    def realm_avatar_and_logo_path(self, realm: Realm) -> str:
        return os.path.join(str(realm.id), "realm")

    def upload_realm_icon_image(self, icon_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
        content_type = guess_type(icon_file.name)[0]
        s3_file_name = os.path.join(self.realm_avatar_and_logo_path(user_profile.realm), "icon")

        image_data = icon_file.read()
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name + ".original",
            content_type,
            user_profile,
            image_data,
        )

        resized_data = resize_avatar(image_data)
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name + ".png",
            "image/png",
            user_profile,
            resized_data,
        )
        # See avatar_url in avatar.py for URL.  (That code also handles the case
        # that users use gravatar.)

    def get_realm_icon_url(self, realm_id: int, version: int) -> str:
        public_url = self.get_public_upload_url(f"{realm_id}/realm/icon.png")
        return public_url + f"?version={version}"

    def upload_realm_logo_image(
        self, logo_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile, night: bool
    ) -> None:
        content_type = guess_type(logo_file.name)[0]
        if night:
            basename = "night_logo"
        else:
            basename = "logo"
        s3_file_name = os.path.join(self.realm_avatar_and_logo_path(user_profile.realm), basename)

        image_data = logo_file.read()
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name + ".original",
            content_type,
            user_profile,
            image_data,
        )

        resized_data = resize_logo(image_data)
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name + ".png",
            "image/png",
            user_profile,
            resized_data,
        )
        # See avatar_url in avatar.py for URL.  (That code also handles the case
        # that users use gravatar.)

    def get_realm_logo_url(self, realm_id: int, version: int, night: bool) -> str:
        if not night:
            file_name = "logo.png"
        else:
            file_name = "night_logo.png"
        public_url = self.get_public_upload_url(f"{realm_id}/realm/{file_name}")
        return public_url + f"?version={version}"

    def ensure_avatar_image(self, user_profile: UserProfile, is_medium: bool = False) -> None:
        # BUG: The else case should be user_avatar_path(user_profile) + ".png".
        # See #12852 for details on this bug and how to migrate it.
        file_extension = "-medium.png" if is_medium else ""
        file_path = user_avatar_path(user_profile)
        s3_file_name = file_path

        key = self.avatar_bucket.Object(file_path + ".original")
        image_data = key.get()["Body"].read()

        if is_medium:
            resized_avatar = resize_avatar(image_data, MEDIUM_AVATAR_SIZE)
        else:
            resized_avatar = resize_avatar(image_data)
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            s3_file_name + file_extension,
            "image/png",
            user_profile,
            resized_avatar,
        )

    def upload_emoji_image(
        self, emoji_file: IO[bytes], emoji_file_name: str, user_profile: UserProfile
    ) -> bool:
        content_type = guess_type(emoji_file_name)[0]
        emoji_path = RealmEmoji.PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
            realm_id=user_profile.realm_id,
            emoji_file_name=emoji_file_name,
        )

        image_data = emoji_file.read()
        resized_image_data, is_animated, still_image_data = resize_emoji(image_data)
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            ".".join((emoji_path, "original")),
            content_type,
            user_profile,
            image_data,
        )
        upload_image_to_s3(
            self.avatar_bucket,
            emoji_path,
            content_type,
            user_profile,
            resized_image_data,
        )
        if is_animated:
            still_path = RealmEmoji.STILL_PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
                realm_id=user_profile.realm_id,
                emoji_filename_without_extension=os.path.splitext(emoji_file_name)[0],
            )
            assert still_image_data is not None
            upload_image_to_s3(
                self.avatar_bucket,
                still_path,
                "image/png",
                user_profile,
                still_image_data,
            )

        return is_animated

    def get_emoji_url(self, emoji_file_name: str, realm_id: int, still: bool = False) -> str:
        if still:
            emoji_path = RealmEmoji.STILL_PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
                realm_id=realm_id,
                emoji_filename_without_extension=os.path.splitext(emoji_file_name)[0],
            )
            return self.get_public_upload_url(emoji_path)
        else:
            emoji_path = RealmEmoji.PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
                realm_id=realm_id, emoji_file_name=emoji_file_name
            )
            return self.get_public_upload_url(emoji_path)

    def upload_export_tarball(
        self,
        realm: Optional[Realm],
        tarball_path: str,
        percent_callback: Optional[Callable[[Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        # We use the avatar bucket, because it's world-readable.
        key = self.avatar_bucket.Object(
            os.path.join("exports", secrets.token_hex(16), os.path.basename(tarball_path))
        )

        if percent_callback is None:
            key.upload_file(Filename=tarball_path)
        else:
            key.upload_file(Filename=tarball_path, Callback=percent_callback)

        public_url = self.get_public_upload_url(key.key)
        return public_url

    def delete_export_tarball(self, export_path: str) -> Optional[str]:
        assert export_path.startswith("/")
        path_id = export_path[1:]
        if self.delete_file_from_s3(path_id, self.avatar_bucket):
            return export_path
        return None


### Local


def write_local_file(type: str, path: str, file_data: bytes) -> None:
    file_path = os.path.join(assert_is_not_none(settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR), type, path)

    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(file_path), exist_ok=True)
    with open(file_path, "wb") as f:
        f.write(file_data)


def read_local_file(type: str, path: str) -> bytes:
    file_path = os.path.join(assert_is_not_none(settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR), type, path)
    with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
        return f.read()


def delete_local_file(type: str, path: str) -> bool:
    file_path = os.path.join(assert_is_not_none(settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR), type, path)
    if os.path.isfile(file_path):
        # This removes the file but the empty folders still remain.
        os.remove(file_path)
        return True
    file_name = path.split("/")[-1]
    logging.warning("%s does not exist. Its entry in the database will be removed.", file_name)
    return False


def get_local_file_path(path_id: str) -> Optional[str]:
    local_path = os.path.join(assert_is_not_none(settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR), "files", path_id)
    if os.path.isfile(local_path):
        return local_path
    else:
        return None


LOCAL_FILE_ACCESS_TOKEN_SALT = "local_file_"


def generate_unauthed_file_access_url(path_id: str) -> str:
    signed_data = TimestampSigner(salt=LOCAL_FILE_ACCESS_TOKEN_SALT).sign(path_id)
    token = base64.b16encode(signed_data.encode()).decode()

    filename = path_id.split("/")[-1]
    return reverse("local_file_unauthed", args=[token, filename])


def get_local_file_path_id_from_token(token: str) -> Optional[str]:
    signer = TimestampSigner(salt=LOCAL_FILE_ACCESS_TOKEN_SALT)
    try:
        signed_data = base64.b16decode(token).decode()
        path_id = signer.unsign(signed_data, max_age=timedelta(seconds=60))
    except (BadSignature, binascii.Error):
        return None

    return path_id


class LocalUploadBackend(ZulipUploadBackend):
    def get_public_upload_root_url(self) -> str:
        return "/user_avatars/"

    def generate_message_upload_path(self, realm_id: str, uploaded_file_name: str) -> str:
        # Split into 256 subdirectories to prevent directories from getting too big
        return "/".join(
            [
                realm_id,
                format(random.randint(0, 255), "x"),
                secrets.token_urlsafe(18),
                sanitize_name(uploaded_file_name),
            ]
        )

    def upload_message_file(
        self,
        uploaded_file_name: str,
        uploaded_file_size: int,
        content_type: Optional[str],
        file_data: bytes,
        user_profile: UserProfile,
        target_realm: Optional[Realm] = None,
    ) -> str:
        if target_realm is None:
            target_realm = user_profile.realm

        path = self.generate_message_upload_path(str(target_realm.id), uploaded_file_name)

        write_local_file("files", path, file_data)
        create_attachment(uploaded_file_name, path, user_profile, target_realm, uploaded_file_size)
        return "/user_uploads/" + path

    def delete_message_image(self, path_id: str) -> bool:
        return delete_local_file("files", path_id)

    def write_avatar_images(self, file_path: str, image_data: bytes) -> None:
        write_local_file("avatars", file_path + ".original", image_data)

        resized_data = resize_avatar(image_data)
        write_local_file("avatars", file_path + ".png", resized_data)

        resized_medium = resize_avatar(image_data, MEDIUM_AVATAR_SIZE)
        write_local_file("avatars", file_path + "-medium.png", resized_medium)

    def upload_avatar_image(
        self,
        user_file: IO[bytes],
        acting_user_profile: UserProfile,
        target_user_profile: UserProfile,
        content_type: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> None:
        file_path = user_avatar_path(target_user_profile)

        image_data = user_file.read()
        self.write_avatar_images(file_path, image_data)

    def delete_avatar_image(self, user: UserProfile) -> None:
        path_id = user_avatar_path(user)

        delete_local_file("avatars", path_id + ".original")
        delete_local_file("avatars", path_id + ".png")
        delete_local_file("avatars", path_id + "-medium.png")

    def get_avatar_url(self, hash_key: str, medium: bool = False) -> str:
        medium_suffix = "-medium" if medium else ""
        return f"/user_avatars/{hash_key}{medium_suffix}.png"

    def copy_avatar(self, source_profile: UserProfile, target_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
        source_file_path = user_avatar_path(source_profile)
        target_file_path = user_avatar_path(target_profile)

        image_data = read_local_file("avatars", source_file_path + ".original")
        self.write_avatar_images(target_file_path, image_data)

    def realm_avatar_and_logo_path(self, realm: Realm) -> str:
        return os.path.join("avatars", str(realm.id), "realm")

    def upload_realm_icon_image(self, icon_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
        upload_path = self.realm_avatar_and_logo_path(user_profile.realm)
        image_data = icon_file.read()
        write_local_file(upload_path, "icon.original", image_data)

        resized_data = resize_avatar(image_data)
        write_local_file(upload_path, "icon.png", resized_data)

    def get_realm_icon_url(self, realm_id: int, version: int) -> str:
        return f"/user_avatars/{realm_id}/realm/icon.png?version={version}"

    def upload_realm_logo_image(
        self, logo_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile, night: bool
    ) -> None:
        upload_path = self.realm_avatar_and_logo_path(user_profile.realm)
        if night:
            original_file = "night_logo.original"
            resized_file = "night_logo.png"
        else:
            original_file = "logo.original"
            resized_file = "logo.png"
        image_data = logo_file.read()
        write_local_file(upload_path, original_file, image_data)

        resized_data = resize_logo(image_data)
        write_local_file(upload_path, resized_file, resized_data)

    def get_realm_logo_url(self, realm_id: int, version: int, night: bool) -> str:
        if night:
            file_name = "night_logo.png"
        else:
            file_name = "logo.png"
        return f"/user_avatars/{realm_id}/realm/{file_name}?version={version}"

    def ensure_avatar_image(self, user_profile: UserProfile, is_medium: bool = False) -> None:
        file_extension = "-medium.png" if is_medium else ".png"
        file_path = user_avatar_path(user_profile)

        output_path = os.path.join(
            assert_is_not_none(settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR),
            "avatars",
            file_path + file_extension,
        )
        if os.path.isfile(output_path):
            return

        image_path = os.path.join(
            assert_is_not_none(settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR), "avatars", file_path + ".original"
        )
        with open(image_path, "rb") as f:
            image_data = f.read()
        if is_medium:
            resized_avatar = resize_avatar(image_data, MEDIUM_AVATAR_SIZE)
        else:
            resized_avatar = resize_avatar(image_data)
        write_local_file("avatars", file_path + file_extension, resized_avatar)

    def upload_emoji_image(
        self, emoji_file: IO[bytes], emoji_file_name: str, user_profile: UserProfile
    ) -> bool:
        emoji_path = RealmEmoji.PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
            realm_id=user_profile.realm_id,
            emoji_file_name=emoji_file_name,
        )

        image_data = emoji_file.read()
        resized_image_data, is_animated, still_image_data = resize_emoji(image_data)
        write_local_file("avatars", ".".join((emoji_path, "original")), image_data)
        write_local_file("avatars", emoji_path, resized_image_data)
        if is_animated:
            assert still_image_data is not None
            still_path = RealmEmoji.STILL_PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
                realm_id=user_profile.realm_id,
                emoji_filename_without_extension=os.path.splitext(emoji_file_name)[0],
            )
            write_local_file("avatars", still_path, still_image_data)
        return is_animated

    def get_emoji_url(self, emoji_file_name: str, realm_id: int, still: bool = False) -> str:
        if still:
            return os.path.join(
                "/user_avatars",
                RealmEmoji.STILL_PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
                    realm_id=realm_id,
                    emoji_filename_without_extension=os.path.splitext(emoji_file_name)[0],
                ),
            )
        else:
            return os.path.join(
                "/user_avatars",
                RealmEmoji.PATH_ID_TEMPLATE.format(
                    realm_id=realm_id, emoji_file_name=emoji_file_name
                ),
            )

    def upload_export_tarball(
        self,
        realm: Realm,
        tarball_path: str,
        percent_callback: Optional[Callable[[Any], None]] = None,
    ) -> str:
        path = os.path.join(
            "exports",
            str(realm.id),
            secrets.token_urlsafe(18),
            os.path.basename(tarball_path),
        )
        abs_path = os.path.join(assert_is_not_none(settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR), "avatars", path)
        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(abs_path), exist_ok=True)
        shutil.copy(tarball_path, abs_path)
        public_url = realm.uri + "/user_avatars/" + path
        return public_url

    def delete_export_tarball(self, export_path: str) -> Optional[str]:
        # Get the last element of a list in the form ['user_avatars', '<file_path>']
        assert export_path.startswith("/")
        file_path = export_path[1:].split("/", 1)[-1]
        if delete_local_file("avatars", file_path):
            return export_path
        return None

    def get_export_tarball_url(self, realm: Realm, export_path: str) -> str:
        # export_path has a leading `/`
        return realm.uri + export_path


# Common and wrappers
if settings.LOCAL_UPLOADS_DIR is not None:
    upload_backend: ZulipUploadBackend = LocalUploadBackend()
else:
    upload_backend = S3UploadBackend()  # nocoverage


def get_public_upload_root_url() -> str:
    return upload_backend.get_public_upload_root_url()


def delete_message_image(path_id: str) -> bool:
    return upload_backend.delete_message_image(path_id)


def upload_avatar_image(
    user_file: IO[bytes],
    acting_user_profile: UserProfile,
    target_user_profile: UserProfile,
    content_type: Optional[str] = None,
) -> None:
    upload_backend.upload_avatar_image(
        user_file, acting_user_profile, target_user_profile, content_type=content_type
    )


def delete_avatar_image(user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
    upload_backend.delete_avatar_image(user_profile)


def copy_avatar(source_profile: UserProfile, target_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
    upload_backend.copy_avatar(source_profile, target_profile)


def upload_icon_image(user_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile) -> None:
    upload_backend.upload_realm_icon_image(user_file, user_profile)


def upload_logo_image(user_file: IO[bytes], user_profile: UserProfile, night: bool) -> None:
    upload_backend.upload_realm_logo_image(user_file, user_profile, night)


def upload_emoji_image(
    emoji_file: IO[bytes], emoji_file_name: str, user_profile: UserProfile
) -> bool:
    return upload_backend.upload_emoji_image(emoji_file, emoji_file_name, user_profile)


def upload_message_file(
    uploaded_file_name: str,
    uploaded_file_size: int,
    content_type: Optional[str],
    file_data: bytes,
    user_profile: UserProfile,
    target_realm: Optional[Realm] = None,
) -> str:
    return upload_backend.upload_message_file(
        uploaded_file_name,
        uploaded_file_size,
        content_type,
        file_data,
        user_profile,
        target_realm=target_realm,
    )


def claim_attachment(
    user_profile: UserProfile,
    path_id: str,
    message: Message,
    is_message_realm_public: bool,
    is_message_web_public: bool = False,
) -> Attachment:
    attachment = Attachment.objects.get(path_id=path_id)
    attachment.messages.add(message)
    attachment.is_web_public = attachment.is_web_public or is_message_web_public
    attachment.is_realm_public = attachment.is_realm_public or is_message_realm_public
    attachment.save()
    return attachment


def create_attachment(
    file_name: str, path_id: str, user_profile: UserProfile, realm: Realm, file_size: int
) -> bool:
    assert (user_profile.realm_id == realm.id) or is_cross_realm_bot_email(
        user_profile.delivery_email
    )
    attachment = Attachment.objects.create(
        file_name=file_name,
        path_id=path_id,
        owner=user_profile,
        realm=realm,
        size=file_size,
    )
    from zerver.actions.uploads import notify_attachment_update

    notify_attachment_update(user_profile, "add", attachment.to_dict())
    return True


def upload_message_image_from_request(
    request: HttpRequest, user_file: File, user_profile: UserProfile
) -> str:
    uploaded_file_name, uploaded_file_size, content_type = get_file_info(request, user_file)
    return upload_message_file(
        uploaded_file_name, uploaded_file_size, content_type, user_file.read(), user_profile
    )


def upload_export_tarball(
    realm: Realm, tarball_path: str, percent_callback: Optional[Callable[[Any], None]] = None
) -> str:
    return upload_backend.upload_export_tarball(
        realm, tarball_path, percent_callback=percent_callback
    )


def delete_export_tarball(export_path: str) -> Optional[str]:
    return upload_backend.delete_export_tarball(export_path)


def get_emoji_file_content(
    session: OutgoingSession, emoji_url: str, emoji_id: int, logger: logging.Logger
) -> bytes:  # nocoverage
    original_emoji_url = emoji_url + ".original"

    logger.info("Downloading %s", original_emoji_url)
    response = session.get(original_emoji_url)
    if response.status_code == 200:
        assert type(response.content) == bytes
        return response.content

    logger.info("Error fetching emoji from URL %s", original_emoji_url)
    logger.info("Trying %s instead", emoji_url)
    response = session.get(emoji_url)
    if response.status_code == 200:
        assert type(response.content) == bytes
        return response.content
    logger.info("Error fetching emoji from URL %s", emoji_url)
    logger.error("Could not fetch emoji %s", emoji_id)
    raise AssertionError(f"Could not fetch emoji {emoji_id}")


def handle_reupload_emojis_event(realm: Realm, logger: logging.Logger) -> None:  # nocoverage
    from zerver.lib.emoji import get_emoji_url

    session = OutgoingSession(role="reupload_emoji", timeout=3, max_retries=3)

    query = RealmEmoji.objects.filter(realm=realm).order_by("id")

    for realm_emoji in query:
        logger.info("Processing emoji %s", realm_emoji.id)
        emoji_filename = realm_emoji.file_name
        assert emoji_filename is not None
        emoji_url = get_emoji_url(emoji_filename, realm_emoji.realm_id)
        if emoji_url.startswith("/"):
            emoji_url = urljoin(realm_emoji.realm.uri, emoji_url)

        emoji_file_content = get_emoji_file_content(session, emoji_url, realm_emoji.id, logger)

        emoji_bytes_io = io.BytesIO(emoji_file_content)

        user_profile = realm_emoji.author
        # When this runs, emojis have already been migrated to always have .author set.
        assert user_profile is not None

        logger.info("Reuploading emoji %s", realm_emoji.id)
        realm_emoji.is_animated = upload_emoji_image(emoji_bytes_io, emoji_filename, user_profile)
        realm_emoji.save(update_fields=["is_animated"])
