api: Support file uploads to the API.

Now, the `Client.do_api_query()` method supports sending files to the
API.

This has allowed the implementation of a new method,
`Client.upload_file(file)`.  It simply uploads the file set in the
parameter, and returns the API's response (that includes the URI).

Despite the fact that `do_api_query()` supports multiple files as
parameters, `upload_file()` doesn't, because right now the API isn't
capable of managing more than a file in the same request.

api/examples/upload-file

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright © 2012-2017 Zulip, Inc.
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+# THE SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+import importlib
+import optparse
+import sys
+
+from six.moves import StringIO as _StringIO
+sys.path.insert(0, './api')
+from typing import IO
+import zulip
+
+class StringIO(_StringIO):
+    name = '' # https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/598
+
+usage = """upload-file --user=<user's email address> --api-key=<user's api key> [options]
+
+Upload a file, and print the corresponding URI.
+
+Example: upload-file --user=cordelia@zulip.com --api-key=a0b1c2d3e4f5a6b7c8d9e0f1a2b3c4d5 --file-path=cat.png
+
+You can omit --user and --api-key arguments if you have a properly set up ~/.zuliprc
+If no --file-path is specified, a placeholder text file will be used instead.
+"""
+
+parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage=usage)
+parser.add_option('--file-path')
+parser.add_option_group(zulip.generate_option_group(parser))
+(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
+
+client = zulip.init_from_options(options)
+
+file = None # type: IO
+if options.file_path:
+    file = open(options.file_path, 'rb')
+else:
+    file = StringIO('This is a test file.')
+    file.name = 'test.txt'
+
+response = client.upload_file(file)
+
+try:
+    print('File URI: {}'.format(response['uri']))
+except KeyError:
+    print('Error! API response was: {}'.format(response))

api/zulip/__init__.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ from six.moves.configparser import SafeConfigParser
 from six.moves import urllib
 import logging
 import six
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Union, Iterable, Text
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, IO, Mapping, Optional, Text, Tuple, Union
 
 __version__ = "0.2.5"
 
@@ -290,9 +290,13 @@ class Client(object):
                 vendor_version=vendor_version,
                 )
 
-    def do_api_query(self, orig_request, url, method="POST", longpolling=False):
-        # type: (Mapping[str, Any], str, str, bool) -> Dict[str, Any]
+    def do_api_query(self, orig_request, url, method="POST", longpolling=False, files=None):
+        # type: (Mapping[str, Any], str, str, bool, List[IO]) -> Dict[str, Any]
+        if files is None:
+            files = []
+
         request = {}
+        req_files = []
 
         for (key, val) in six.iteritems(orig_request):
             if isinstance(val, str) or isinstance(val, Text):
@@ -300,6 +304,9 @@ class Client(object):
             else:
                 request[key] = simplejson.dumps(val)
 
+        for f in files:
+            req_files.append((f.name, f))
+
         query_state = {
             'had_error_retry': False,
             'request': request,
@@ -337,8 +344,12 @@ class Client(object):
                     kwarg = "params"
                 else:
                     kwarg = "data"
+
                 kwargs = {kwarg: query_state["request"]}
 
+                if files:
+                    kwargs['files'] = req_files
+
                 # Build a client cert object for requests
                 if self.client_cert_key is not None:
                     client_cert = (self.client_cert, self.client_cert_key) # type: Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]
@@ -402,11 +413,11 @@ class Client(object):
             return {'msg': "Unexpected error from the server", "result": "http-error",
                     "status_code": res.status_code}
 
-    def call_endpoint(self, url=None, method="POST", request=None, longpolling=False):
-        # type: (str, str, Dict[str, Any], bool) -> Dict[str, Any]
+    def call_endpoint(self, url=None, method="POST", request=None, longpolling=False, files=None):
+        # type: (str, str, Dict[str, Any], bool, List[IO]) -> Dict[str, Any]
         if request is None:
             request = dict()
-        return self.do_api_query(request, API_VERSTRING + url, method=method)
+        return self.do_api_query(request, API_VERSTRING + url, method=method, files=files)
 
     def call_on_each_event(self, callback, event_types=None, narrow=None):
         # type: (Callable, Optional[List[str]], Any) -> None
@@ -480,6 +491,16 @@ class Client(object):
             request=message_data,
         )
 
+    def upload_file(self, file):
+        # type: (IO) -> Dict[str, Any]
+        '''
+            See api/examples/upload-file for example usage.
+        '''
+        return self.call_endpoint(
+            url='user_uploads',
+            files=[file]
+        )
+
     def update_message(self, message_data):
         # type: (Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]
         '''