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6
docs/architecture-overview.md
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@@ -60,10 +60,8 @@ be a user of multiple Zulip realms. The administrators of a realm can
choose whether to allow anyone to register an account and join, or
only allow people who have been invited, or restrict registrations to
members of particular groups (using email domain names or corporate
single-sign-on login for verification). For more on scalability and
security considerations, see [the security section of the production
maintenance
instructions](prod-maintain-secure-upgrade.html#security-model).
single-sign-on login for verification). For more on security
considerations, see [the security model section](security-model.html).
The default Zulip home screen is like a chronologically ordered inbox;
it displays messages, starting at the oldest message that the user

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docs/index.rst
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@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ Contents:
prod-troubleshooting
prod-customize
prod-maintain-secure-upgrade
security-model
prod-authentication-methods
prod-postgres

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docs/prod-maintain-secure-upgrade.md
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@@ -8,9 +8,12 @@ secure Zulip installation, including:
- [Backups](#backups)
- [Monitoring](#monitoring)
- [Scalability](#scalability)
- [Security Model](#security-model)
- [Management commands](#management-commands)
You may also want to read this related content:
- [Security Model](security-model.html)
## Upgrading
**We recommend reading this entire section before doing your first
@@ -353,196 +356,10 @@ running Zulip with a large team (>1000 users).
Questions, concerns, and bug reports about this area of Zulip are very
welcome! This is an area we are hoping to improve.
## Security Model
## Securing your Zulip server
This section attempts to document the Zulip security model. Since
this is new documentation, it likely does not cover every issue; if
there are details you're curious about, please feel free to ask
questions on the Zulip development mailing list (or if you think
you've found a security bug, please report it to
zulip-security@googlegroups.com so we can do a responsible security
announcement).
### Secure your Zulip server like your email server
* It's reasonable to think about security for a Zulip server like you
do security for a team email server -- only trusted administrators
within an organization should have shell access to the server.
In particular, anyone with root access to a Zulip application server
or Zulip database server, or with access to the `zulip` user on a
Zulip application server, has complete control over the Zulip
installation and all of its data (so they can read messages, modify
history, etc.). It would be difficult or impossible to avoid this,
because the server needs access to the data to support features
expected of a group chat system like the ability to search the
entire message history, and thus someone with control over the
server has access to that data as well.
### Encryption and Authentication
* Traffic between clients (web, desktop and mobile) and the Zulip is
encrypted using HTTPS. By default, all Zulip services talk to each
other either via a localhost connection or using an encrypted SSL
connection.
* The preferred way to login to Zulip is using an SSO solution like
Google Auth, LDAP, or similar. Zulip stores user passwords using
the standard PBKDF2 algorithm. Password strength is checked and
weak passwords are visually discouraged using the `zxcvbn` library,
but Zulip does not by default have strong requirements on user
password strength. Modify the settings to adjust the password
strength requirements (length and `zxcvbn` minimum quality).
* Zulip requires CSRF tokens in all interactions with the web API to
prevent CSRF attacks.
### Messages and History
* Zulip message content is rendered using a specialized Markdown
parser which escapes content to protect against cross-site scripting
attacks.
* Zulip supports both public streams and private ("invite-only")
streams. Any Zulip user can join any public stream in the realm,
and can view the complete message history of any public stream
without joining the stream.
* A private ("invite-only") stream is hidden from users who are not
subscribed to the stream. Users who are not members of a private
stream cannot read messages on the stream, send messages to the
stream, or join the stream, even if they are a Zulip realm
administrator. Users can join private streams only when they are
invited. However, any member of a private stream can invite other
users to the stream. When a new user joins a private stream, they
can see future messages sent to the stream, but they do not receive
access to the stream's message history.
* Zulip supports editing the content and topics of messages that have
already been sent. As a general philosophy, our policies provide
hard limits on the ways in which message content can be changed or
undone. In contrast, our policies around message topics favor
usefulness (e.g. for conversational organization) over faithfulness
to the original.
The message editing policy can be configured on the realm
administration page. There are three configurations provided out of
the box: (i) users cannot edit messages at all, (ii) users can edit
any message they have sent, and (iii) users can edit the content of
any message they have sent in the last N minutes, and the topic of
any message they have sent. In (ii) and (iii), topic edits can also
be propagated to other messages with the same original topic, even
if those messages were sent by other users. The default setting is
(iii), with N = 10.
In addition, and regardless of the configuration above, messages
with no topic can always be edited to have a topic, by anyone in the
organization, and the topic of any message can also always be edited
by a realm administrator.
Also note that while edited messages are synced immediately to open
browser windows, editing messages is not a safe way to redact secret
content (e.g. a password) shared unintentionally. Other users may
have seen and saved the content of the original message, or have an
integration (e.g. push notifications) forwarding all messages they
receive to another service. Zulip also stores and sends to clients
the content of every historical version of a message.
### Users and Bots
* There are three types of users in a Zulip realm: Administrators,
normal users, and bots. Administrators have the ability to
deactivate and reactivate other human and bot users, delete streams,
add/remove administrator privileges, as well as change configuration
for the overall realm (e.g. whether an invitation is required to
join the realm). Being a Zulip administrator does not provide the
ability to interact with other users' private messages or the
messages sent to private streams to which the administrator is not
subscribed. However, a Zulip administrator subscribed to a stream
can toggle whether that stream is public or private. Also, Zulip
realm administrators have administrative access to the API keys of
all bots in the realm, so a Zulip administrator may be able to
access messages sent to private streams that have bots subscribed,
by using the bot's credentials.
In the future, Zulip's security model may change to allow realm
administrators to access private messages (e.g. to support auditing
functionality).
* Every Zulip user has an API key, available on the settings page.
This API key can be used to do essentially everything the user can
do; for that reason, users should keep their API key safe. Users
can rotate their own API key if it is accidentally compromised.
* To properly remove a user's access to a Zulip team, it does not
suffice to change their password or deactivate their account in the
SSO system, since neither of those prevents authenticating with the
user's API key or those of bots the user has created. Instead, you
should deactivate the user's account in the Zulip administration
interface (`/#administration`); this will automatically also
deactivate any bots the user had created.
* The Zulip mobile apps authenticate to the server by sending the
user's password and retrieving the user's API key; the apps then use
the API key to authenticate all future interactions with the site.
Thus, if a user's phone is lost, in addition to changing passwords,
you should rotate the user's Zulip API key.
* Zulip bots are used for integrations. A Zulip bot can do everything
a normal user in the realm can do including reading other, with a
few exceptions (e.g. a bot cannot login to the web application or
create other bots). In particular, with the API key for a Zulip
bot, one can read any message sent to a public stream in that bot's
realm. A likely future feature for Zulip is [limited bots that can
only send messages](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues/373).
* Certain Zulip bots can be marked as "API super users"; these special
bots have the ability to send messages that appear to have been sent
by another user (an important feature for implementing integrations
like the Jabber, IRC, and Zephyr mirrors).
### User-uploaded content
* Zulip supports user-uploaded files; ideally they should be hosted
from a separate domain from the main Zulip server to protect against
various same-domain attacks (e.g. zulip-user-content.example.com)
using the S3 integration.
The URLs of user-uploaded files are secret; if you are using the
"local file upload" integration, anyone with the URL of an uploaded
file can access the file. This means the local uploads integration
is vulnerable to a subtle attack where if a user clicks on a link in
a secret .PDF or .HTML file that had been uploaded to Zulip, access
to the file might be leaked to the other server via the Referrer
header (see [the "Uploads world readable" issue on
GitHub](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues/320)).
The Zulip S3 file upload integration is relatively safe against that
attack, because the URLs of files presented to users don't host the
content. Instead, the S3 integration checks the user has a valid
Zulip session in the relevant realm, and if so then redirects the
browser to a one-time S3 URL that expires a short time later.
Keeping the URL secret is still important to avoid other users in
the Zulip realm from being able to access the file.
* Zulip supports using the Camo image proxy to proxy content like
inline image previews that can be inserted into the Zulip message
feed by other users over HTTPS.
* By default, Zulip will provide image previews inline in the body of
messages when a message contains a link to an image. You can
control this using the `INLINE_IMAGE_PREVIEW` setting.
### Final notes and security response
If you find some aspect of Zulip that seems inconsistent with this
security model, please report it to zulip-security@googlegroups.com so
that we can investigate and coordinate an appropriate security release
if needed.
Zulip security announcements will be sent to
zulip-announce@googlegroups.com, so you should subscribe if you are
running Zulip in production.
Zulip's security model is discussed in
[a separate document](security-model.html).
## Management commands

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docs/security-model.md Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
# Security Model
This section attempts to document the Zulip security model. Since
this is new documentation, it likely does not cover every issue; if
there are details you're curious about, please feel free to ask
questions on the Zulip development mailing list (or if you think
you've found a security bug, please report it to
zulip-security@googlegroups.com so we can do a responsible security
announcement).
## Secure your Zulip server like your email server
* It's reasonable to think about security for a Zulip server like you
do security for a team email server -- only trusted administrators
within an organization should have shell access to the server.
In particular, anyone with root access to a Zulip application server
or Zulip database server, or with access to the `zulip` user on a
Zulip application server, has complete control over the Zulip
installation and all of its data (so they can read messages, modify
history, etc.). It would be difficult or impossible to avoid this,
because the server needs access to the data to support features
expected of a group chat system like the ability to search the
entire message history, and thus someone with control over the
server has access to that data as well.
## Encryption and Authentication
* Traffic between clients (web, desktop and mobile) and the Zulip is
encrypted using HTTPS. By default, all Zulip services talk to each
other either via a localhost connection or using an encrypted SSL
connection.
* The preferred way to login to Zulip is using an SSO solution like
Google Auth, LDAP, or similar. Zulip stores user passwords using
the standard PBKDF2 algorithm. Password strength is checked and
weak passwords are visually discouraged using the `zxcvbn` library,
but Zulip does not by default have strong requirements on user
password strength. Modify the settings to adjust the password
strength requirements (length and `zxcvbn` minimum quality).
* Zulip requires CSRF tokens in all interactions with the web API to
prevent CSRF attacks.
* See
[the authentication methods documentation](prod-authentication-methods.html)
for details on Zulip's available authentication methods.
## Messages and History
* Zulip message content is rendered using a specialized Markdown
parser which escapes content to protect against cross-site scripting
attacks.
* Zulip supports both public streams and private ("invite-only")
streams. Any Zulip user can join any public stream in the realm,
and can view the complete message history of any public stream
without joining the stream.
* A private ("invite-only") stream is hidden from users who are not
subscribed to the stream. Users who are not members of a private
stream cannot read messages on the stream, send messages to the
stream, or join the stream, even if they are a Zulip realm
administrator. Users can join private streams only when they are
invited. However, any member of a private stream can invite other
users to the stream. When a new user joins a private stream, they
can see future messages sent to the stream, but they do not receive
access to the stream's message history.
* Zulip supports editing the content and topics of messages that have
already been sent. As a general philosophy, our policies provide
hard limits on the ways in which message content can be changed or
undone. In contrast, our policies around message topics favor
usefulness (e.g. for conversational organization) over faithfulness
to the original.
The message editing policy can be configured on the realm
administration page. There are three configurations provided out of
the box: (i) users cannot edit messages at all, (ii) users can edit
any message they have sent, and (iii) users can edit the content of
any message they have sent in the last N minutes, and the topic of
any message they have sent. In (ii) and (iii), topic edits can also
be propagated to other messages with the same original topic, even
if those messages were sent by other users. The default setting is
(iii), with N = 10.
In addition, and regardless of the configuration above, messages
with no topic can always be edited to have a topic, by anyone in the
organization, and the topic of any message can also always be edited
by a realm administrator.
Also note that while edited messages are synced immediately to open
browser windows, editing messages is not a safe way to redact secret
content (e.g. a password) shared unintentionally. Other users may
have seen and saved the content of the original message, or have an
integration (e.g. push notifications) forwarding all messages they
receive to another service. Zulip also stores and sends to clients
the content of every historical version of a message.
## Users and Bots
* There are three types of users in a Zulip realm: Administrators,
normal users, and bots. Administrators have the ability to
deactivate and reactivate other human and bot users, delete streams,
add/remove administrator privileges, as well as change configuration
for the overall realm (e.g. whether an invitation is required to
join the realm). Being a Zulip administrator does not provide the
ability to interact with other users' private messages or the
messages sent to private streams to which the administrator is not
subscribed. However, a Zulip administrator subscribed to a stream
can toggle whether that stream is public or private. Also, Zulip
realm administrators have administrative access to the API keys of
all bots in the realm, so a Zulip administrator may be able to
access messages sent to private streams that have bots subscribed,
by using the bot's credentials.
In the future, Zulip's security model may change to allow realm
administrators to access private messages (e.g. to support auditing
functionality).
* Every Zulip user has an API key, available on the settings page.
This API key can be used to do essentially everything the user can
do; for that reason, users should keep their API key safe. Users
can rotate their own API key if it is accidentally compromised.
* To properly remove a user's access to a Zulip team, it does not
suffice to change their password or deactivate their account in the
SSO system, since neither of those prevents authenticating with the
user's API key or those of bots the user has created. Instead, you
should deactivate the user's account in the Zulip administration
interface (`/#administration`); this will automatically also
deactivate any bots the user had created.
* The Zulip mobile apps authenticate to the server by sending the
user's password and retrieving the user's API key; the apps then use
the API key to authenticate all future interactions with the site.
Thus, if a user's phone is lost, in addition to changing passwords,
you should rotate the user's Zulip API key.
* Zulip bots are used for integrations. A Zulip bot can do everything
a normal user in the realm can do including reading other, with a
few exceptions (e.g. a bot cannot login to the web application or
create other bots). In particular, with the API key for a Zulip
bot, one can read any message sent to a public stream in that bot's
realm. A likely future feature for Zulip is [limited bots that can
only send messages](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues/373).
* Certain Zulip bots can be marked as "API super users"; these special
bots have the ability to send messages that appear to have been sent
by another user (an important feature for implementing integrations
like the Jabber, IRC, and Zephyr mirrors).
## User-uploaded content
* Zulip supports user-uploaded files; ideally they should be hosted
from a separate domain from the main Zulip server to protect against
various same-domain attacks (e.g. zulip-user-content.example.com)
using the S3 integration.
The URLs of user-uploaded files are secret; if you are using the
"local file upload" integration, anyone with the URL of an uploaded
file can access the file. This means the local uploads integration
is vulnerable to a subtle attack where if a user clicks on a link in
a secret .PDF or .HTML file that had been uploaded to Zulip, access
to the file might be leaked to the other server via the Referrer
header (see [the "Uploads world readable" issue on
GitHub](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues/320)).
The Zulip S3 file upload integration is relatively safe against that
attack, because the URLs of files presented to users don't host the
content. Instead, the S3 integration checks the user has a valid
Zulip session in the relevant realm, and if so then redirects the
browser to a one-time S3 URL that expires a short time later.
Keeping the URL secret is still important to avoid other users in
the Zulip realm from being able to access the file.
* Zulip supports using the Camo image proxy to proxy content like
inline image previews that can be inserted into the Zulip message
feed by other users over HTTPS.
* By default, Zulip will provide image previews inline in the body of
messages when a message contains a link to an image. You can
control this using the `INLINE_IMAGE_PREVIEW` setting.
## Final notes and security response
If you find some aspect of Zulip that seems inconsistent with this
security model, please report it to zulip-security@googlegroups.com so
that we can investigate and coordinate an appropriate security release
if needed.
Zulip security announcements will be sent to
zulip-announce@googlegroups.com, so you should subscribe if you are
running Zulip in production.