Release Zulip Server 1.7.2.

CVE-2018-9999: Fix XSS issue with user uploads.
This adds a basic Content-Security-Policy for user-uploaded files served by the LOCAL_UPLOADS backend. The local uploads backend is designed to share a domain with the main Zulip site, and thus without this fix, it can be used for XSS attacks with access to the user's Zulip cookies.
2025-10-29 19:13:53 +00:00 · 2018-04-12 09:50:52 -07:00 · 2018-04-11 09:58:17 -07:00 · 2018-04-10 14:14:58 -07:00 · 2018-04-10 13:05:53 -07:00 · 2018-04-10 13:05:27 -07:00
4745 changed files with 251191 additions and 551410 deletions
--- a/.browserslistrc
+++ b/.browserslistrc
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
 > 0.2%
 > 0.2% in US
 last 2 versions
 Firefox ESR
 not dead
 Chrome 26  # similar to PhantomJS
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -1,384 +0,0 @@
 # See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/continuous-integration.html for
 #   high-level documentation on our CircleCI setup.
 # See CircleCI upstream's docs on this config format:
 #   https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/language-python/
 #
 version: 2.0
 aliases:
  - &create_cache_directories
    run:
      name: create cache directories
      command: |
          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
          sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
  - &restore_cache_package_json
    restore_cache:
      keys:
        - v1-npm-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
  - &restore_cache_requirements
    restore_cache:
      keys:
        - v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor-dev.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
  - &restore_emoji_cache
    restore_cache:
      keys:
        - v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji" }}-{{checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py" }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}
  - &install_dependencies
    run:
      name: install dependencies
      command: |
          sudo apt-get update
          # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
          sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
          # CircleCI sets the following in Git config at clone time:
          #   url.ssh://git@github.com.insteadOf https://github.com
          # This breaks the Git clones in the NVM `install.sh` we run
          # in `install-node`.
          # TODO: figure out why that breaks, and whether we want it.
          #   (Is it an optimization?)
          rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
          # This is the main setup job for the test suite
          mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend --skip-dev-db-build" ts
          # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in Circle, because
          # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
          # mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0 2>&1" ts
  - &save_cache_package_json
    save_cache:
      paths:
        - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
      key: v1-npm-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
  - &save_cache_requirements
    save_cache:
      paths:
        - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
      key: v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor-dev.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
  - &save_emoji_cache
    save_cache:
      paths:
        - /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
      key: v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji" }}-{{checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py" }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}
  - &do_bionic_hack
    run:
      name: do Bionic hack
      command: |
          # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
          # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
          sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
  - &run_backend_tests
    run:
      name: run backend tests
      command: |
          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
          mispipe "./tools/ci/backend 2>&1" ts
  - &run_frontend_tests
    run:
      name: run frontend tests
      command: |
          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
          mispipe "./tools/ci/frontend 2>&1" ts
  - &upload_coverage_report
    run:
      name: upload coverage report
      command: |
          # codecov requires `.coverage` file to be stored in pwd for
          # uploading coverage results.
          mv /home/circleci/zulip/var/.coverage /home/circleci/zulip/.coverage
          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
          # TODO: Check that the next release of codecov doesn't
          # throw find error.
          # codecov==2.0.16 introduced a bug which uses "find"
          # for locating files which is buggy on some platforms.
          # It was fixed via https://github.com/codecov/codecov-python/pull/217
          # and should get automatically fixed here once it's released.
          # We cannot pin the version here because we need the latest version for uploading files.
          # see https://community.codecov.io/t/http-400-while-uploading-to-s3-with-python-codecov-from-travis/1428/7
          pip install codecov && codecov \
            || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
  - &build_production
    run:
      name: build production
      command: |
          sudo apt-get update
          # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
          sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
          mispipe "./tools/ci/production-build 2>&1" ts
  - &production_extract_tarball
    run:
      name: production extract tarball
      command: |
          sudo apt-get update
          # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
          sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
          mispipe "/tmp/production-extract-tarball 2>&1" ts
  - &install_production
    run:
      name: install production
      command: |
          sudo service rabbitmq-server restart
          sudo mispipe "/tmp/production-install 2>&1" ts
  - &verify_production
    run:
      name: verify install
      command: |
          sudo mispipe "/tmp/production-verify 2>&1" ts
  - &upgrade_postgresql
    run:
      name: upgrade postgresql
      command: |
          sudo mispipe "/tmp/production-upgrade-pg 2>&1" ts
  - &check_xenial_provision_error
    run:
      name: check tools/provision error message on xenial
      command: |
          ! tools/provision > >(tee provision.out)
          grep -Fqx 'CRITICAL:root:Unsupported platform: ubuntu 16.04' provision.out
  - &check_xenial_upgrade_error
    run:
      name: check scripts/lib/upgrade-zulip-stage-2 error message on xenial
      command: |
          ! sudo scripts/lib/upgrade-zulip-stage-2 2> >(tee upgrade.err >&2)
          grep -Fq 'upgrade-zulip-stage-2: Unsupported platform: ubuntu 16.04' upgrade.err
  - &notify_failure_status
    run:
      name: On fail
      when: on_fail
      branches:
        only: master
      command: |
          if [[ "$CIRCLE_REPOSITORY_URL" == "git@github.com:zulip/zulip.git" && "$ZULIP_BOT_KEY" != "" ]]; then
            curl  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
            -X POST -i 'https://chat.zulip.org/api/v1/external/circleci?api_key='"$ZULIP_BOT_KEY"'&stream=automated%20testing&topic=master%20failing' \
            -d '{"payload": { "branch": "'"$CIRCLE_BRANCH"'", "reponame": "'"$CIRCLE_PROJECT_REPONAME"'", "status": "failed", "build_url": "'"$CIRCLE_BUILD_URL"'", "username": "'"$CIRCLE_USERNAME"'"}}'
          fi
 jobs:
  "bionic-backend-frontend":
    docker:
      # This is built from tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
      # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
      - image: arpit551/circleci:bionic-python-test
    working_directory: ~/zulip
    steps:
      - checkout
      - *create_cache_directories
      - *do_bionic_hack
      - *restore_cache_package_json
      - *restore_cache_requirements
      - *restore_emoji_cache
      - *install_dependencies
      - *save_cache_package_json
      - *save_cache_requirements
      - *save_emoji_cache
      - *run_backend_tests
      - run:
          name: test locked requirements
          command: |
              . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
              mispipe "./tools/test-locked-requirements 2>&1" ts
      - *run_frontend_tests
        # We only need to upload coverage reports on whichever platform
        # runs the frontend tests.
      - *upload_coverage_report
      - store_artifacts:
          path: ./var/casper/
          destination: casper
      - store_artifacts:
          path: ./var/puppeteer/
          destination: puppeteer
      - store_artifacts:
          path: ../../../tmp/zulip-test-event-log/
          destination: test-reports
      - store_test_results:
          path: ./var/xunit-test-results/casper/
      - *notify_failure_status
  "focal-backend":
      docker:
        # This is built from tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile.
        # Focal ships with Python 3.8.2.
        - image: arpit551/circleci:focal-python-test
      working_directory: ~/zulip
      steps:
        - checkout
        - *create_cache_directories
        - *restore_cache_package_json
        - *restore_cache_requirements
        - *restore_emoji_cache
        - *install_dependencies
        - *save_cache_package_json
        - *save_cache_requirements
        - *save_emoji_cache
        - *run_backend_tests
        - run:
            name: Check development database build
            command: mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend" ts
        - *notify_failure_status
  "xenial-legacy":
    docker:
      - image: arpit551/circleci:xenial-python-test
    working_directory: ~/zulip
    steps:
      - checkout
      - *check_xenial_provision_error
      - *check_xenial_upgrade_error
      - *notify_failure_status
  "bionic-production-build":
    docker:
      # This is built from tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
      # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
      - image: arpit551/circleci:bionic-python-test
    working_directory: ~/zulip
    steps:
      - checkout
      - *create_cache_directories
      - *do_bionic_hack
      - *restore_cache_package_json
      - *restore_cache_requirements
      - *restore_emoji_cache
      - *build_production
      - *save_cache_package_json
      - *save_cache_requirements
      - *save_emoji_cache
      # Persist the built tarball to be used in downstream job
      # for installation of production server.
      # See https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/workflows/#using-workspaces-to-share-data-among-jobs
      - persist_to_workspace:
          # Must be an absolute path,
          # or relative path from working_directory.
          # This is a directory on the container which is
          # taken to be the root directory of the workspace.
          root: /tmp
          # Must be relative path from root
          paths:
            - zulip-server-test.tar.gz
            - success-http-headers.template.txt
            - production-install
            - production-verify
            - production-upgrade-pg
            - production
            - production-extract-tarball
      - *notify_failure_status
  "bionic-production-install":
    docker:
      # This is built from tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
      # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
      - image: arpit551/circleci:bionic-python-test
    working_directory: ~/zulip
    steps:
      # Contains the built tarball from bionic-production-build job
      - attach_workspace:
          # Must be absolute path or relative path from working_directory
          at: /tmp
      - *create_cache_directories
      - *do_bionic_hack
      - *production_extract_tarball
      - *restore_cache_package_json
      - *install_production
      - *verify_production
      - *upgrade_postgresql
      - *verify_production
      - *save_cache_package_json
      - *notify_failure_status
  "focal-production-install":
    docker:
      # This is built from tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile.
      # Focal ships with Python 3.8.2.
      - image: arpit551/circleci:focal-python-test
    working_directory: ~/zulip
    steps:
      # Contains the built tarball from bionic-production-build job
      - attach_workspace:
          # Must be absolute path or relative path from working_directory
          at: /tmp
      - *create_cache_directories
      - run:
          name: do memcached hack
          command: |
              # Temporary hack till memcached upstream is updated in Focal.
              # https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/memcached/+bug/1878721
              echo "export SASL_CONF_PATH=/etc/sasl2" | sudo tee - a /etc/default/memcached
      - *production_extract_tarball
      - *restore_cache_package_json
      - *install_production
      - *verify_production
      - *save_cache_package_json
      - *notify_failure_status
 workflows:
  version: 2
  "Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial (Python 3.5, legacy)":
    jobs:
      - "xenial-legacy"
  "Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic (Python 3.6, backend+frontend)":
    jobs:
      - "bionic-backend-frontend"
  "Ubuntu 20.04 Focal (Python 3.8, backend)":
    jobs:
      - "focal-backend"
  "Production":
    jobs:
      - "bionic-production-build"
      - "bionic-production-install":
          requires:
            - "bionic-production-build"
      - "focal-production-install":
          requires:
            - "bionic-production-build"
--- a/.codecov.yml
+++ b/.codecov.yml
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ coverage:
    project:
      default:
        target: auto
-        # Codecov has the tendency to report a lot of false negatives,
+        threshold: 0.03
        # so we basically suppress comments completely.
        threshold: 50%
        base: auto
    patch: off
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -6,16 +6,14 @@ charset = utf-8
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 insert_final_newline = true
-[*.{sh,py,pyi,js,ts,json,xml,css,scss,hbs,html}]
+[*.{sh,py,js,json,yml,xml,css,md,markdown,handlebars,html}]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 4
-[*.py]
+[*.{svg,rb,pp,pl}]
 max_line_length = 110
 [*.{js,ts}]
 max_line_length = 100
 [*.{svg,rb,pp}]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2
 [*.{cfg}]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 8
--- a/.eslintignore
+++ b/.eslintignore
@@ -1,10 +1,2 @@
-# This is intended for generated files and vendored third-party files.
+static/js/blueslip.js
-# For our source code, instead of adding files here, consider using
+static/webpack-bundles
 # specific eslint-disable comments in the files themselves.
 /docs/_build
 /static/generated
 /static/third
 /static/webpack-bundles
 /var
 /zulip-py3-venv
--- a/.eslintrc.json
+++ b/.eslintrc.json
@@ -3,125 +3,308 @@
        "node": true,
        "es6": true
    },
    "extends": [
        "eslint:recommended"
    ],
    "parserOptions": {
        "ecmaVersion": 2019,
        "warnOnUnsupportedTypeScriptVersion": false,
        "sourceType": "module"
    },
-    "plugins": [
+    "globals": {
-        "eslint-plugin-empty-returns"
+        "$": false,
-    ],
+        "_": false,
        "jQuery": false,
        "Spinner": false,
        "Handlebars": false,
        "XDate": false,
        "zxcvbn": false,
        "LazyLoad": false,
        "Dropbox": false,
        "SockJS": false,
        "marked": false,
        "moment": false,
        "i18n": false,
        "DynamicText": false,
        "LightboxCanvas": false,
        "bridge": false,
        "page_params": false,
        "attachments_ui": false,
        "csrf_token": false,
        "typeahead_helper": false,
        "pygments_data": false,
        "popovers": false,
        "server_events": false,
        "server_events_dispatch": false,
        "ui": false,
        "ui_report": false,
        "ui_util": false,
        "lightbox": false,
        "stream_color": false,
        "people": false,
        "navigate": false,
        "settings_account": false,
        "settings_display": false,
        "settings_notifications": false,
        "settings_muting": false,
        "settings_lab": false,
        "settings_bots": false,
        "settings_sections": false,
        "settings_emoji": false,
        "settings_org": false,
        "settings_users": false,
        "settings_streams": false,
        "settings_filters": false,
        "settings": false,
        "resize": false,
        "loading": false,
        "typing": false,
        "typing_events": false,
        "typing_data": false,
        "typing_status": false,
        "sent_messages": false,
        "compose": false,
        "compose_actions": false,
        "compose_state": false,
        "compose_fade": false,
        "overlays": false,
        "stream_create": false,
        "stream_edit": false,
        "subs": false,
        "stream_muting": false,
        "stream_events": false,
        "timerender": false,
        "message_live_update": false,
        "message_edit": false,
        "reload": false,
        "composebox_typeahead": false,
        "search": false,
        "topic_list": false,
        "topic_generator": false,
        "gear_menu": false,
        "hashchange": false,
        "hash_util": false,
        "message_list": false,
        "Filter": false,
        "pointer": false,
        "util": false,
        "MessageListView": false,
        "blueslip": false,
        "rows": false,
        "WinChan": false,
        "muting_ui": false,
        "Socket": false,
        "channel": false,
        "components": false,
        "message_viewport": false,
        "upload_widget": false,
        "avatar": false,
        "realm_icon": false,
        "feature_flags": false,
        "search_suggestion": false,
        "notifications": false,
        "message_flags": false,
        "bot_data": false,
        "top_left_corner": false,
        "stream_sort": false,
        "stream_list": false,
        "stream_popover": false,
        "narrow_state": false,
        "narrow": false,
        "admin_sections": false,
        "admin": false,
        "stream_data": false,
        "topic_data": false,
        "list_util": false,
        "muting": false,
        "Dict": false,
        "unread": false,
        "alert_words_ui": false,
        "message_store": false,
        "message_util": false,
        "message_events": false,
        "message_fetch": false,
        "favicon": false,
        "condense": false,
        "list_render": false,
        "floating_recipient_bar": false,
        "tab_bar": false,
        "emoji": false,
        "presence": false,
        "activity": false,
        "invite": false,
        "colorspace": false,
        "reactions": false,
        "tutorial": false,
        "templates": false,
        "alert_words": false,
        "fenced_code": false,
        "markdown": false,
        "echo": false,
        "localstorage": false,
        "localStorage": false,
        "current_msg_list": true,
        "home_msg_list": false,
        "pm_list": false,
        "pm_conversations": false,
        "recent_senders": false,
        "unread_ui": false,
        "unread_ops": false,
        "user_events": false,
        "Plotly": false,
        "emoji_codes": false,
        "drafts": false,
        "katex": false,
        "Clipboard": false,
        "emoji_picker": false,
        "hotspots": false,
        "compose_ui": false,
        "common": false,
        "desktop_notifications_panel": false
    },
    "rules": {
        "array-callback-return": "error",
        "array-bracket-spacing": "error",
        "arrow-body-style": "error",
        "arrow-parens": "error",
        "arrow-spacing": [ "error", { "before": true, "after": true } ],
-        "block-scoped-var": "error",
+        "block-scoped-var": 2,
        "brace-style": [ "error", "1tbs", { "allowSingleLine": true } ],
-        "comma-dangle": [ "error", "always-multiline" ],
+        "camelcase": 0,
-        "comma-spacing": [ "error",
+        "comma-dangle": [ "error",
            {
-                "before": false,
+                "arrays": "always-multiline",
-                "after": true
+                "objects": "always-multiline",
                "imports": "always-multiline",
                "exports": "always-multiline",
                "functions": "never"
            }
        ],
-        "curly": "error",
+        "complexity": [ 0, 4 ],
-        "dot-notation": "error",
+        "curly": 2,
-        "empty-returns/main": "error",
+        "dot-notation": [ "error", { "allowKeywords": true } ],
-        "eol-last": "error",
+        "eol-last": [ "error", "always" ],
-        "eqeqeq": "error",
+        "eqeqeq": 2,
-        "guard-for-in": "error",
+        "func-style": [ "off", "expression" ],
-        "indent": ["error", 4, {
+        "guard-for-in": 2,
-            "ArrayExpression": "first",
+        "keyword-spacing": [ "error",
-            "ObjectExpression": "first",
+            {
-            "CallExpression": {"arguments": "first"},
+                "before": true,
-            "FunctionExpression": {"parameters": "first"},
+                "after": true,
-            "FunctionDeclaration": {"parameters": "first"}
+                "overrides": {
-        }],
+                    "return": { "after": true },
-        "key-spacing": "error",
+                    "throw": { "after": true },
-        "keyword-spacing": "error",
+                    "case": { "after": true }
                }
            }
        ],
        "max-depth": [ 0, 4 ],
        "max-len": [ "error", 100, 2,
            {
                "ignoreUrls": true,
                "ignoreComments": false,
                "ignoreRegExpLiterals": true,
                "ignoreStrings": true,
                "ignoreTemplateLiterals": true
            }
        ],
        "max-params": [ 0, 3 ],
        "max-statements": [ 0, 10 ],
        "new-cap": [ "error",
            {
                "newIsCap": true,
                "capIsNew": false
            }
        ],
-        "new-parens": "error",
+        "new-parens": 2,
-        "no-alert": "error",
+        "newline-per-chained-call": 0,
        "no-alert": 2,
        "no-array-constructor": "error",
-        "no-bitwise": "error",
+        "no-bitwise": 2,
-        "no-caller": "error",
+        "no-caller": 2,
-        "no-catch-shadow": "error",
+        "no-case-declarations": "error",
-        "no-constant-condition": ["error", {"checkLoops": false}],
+        "no-catch-shadow": 2,
-        "no-div-regex": "error",
+        "no-console": 0,
        "no-const-assign": "error",
        "no-control-regex": 2,
        "no-debugger": 2,
        "no-delete-var": 2,
        "no-div-regex": 2,
        "no-dupe-class-members": "error",
        "no-dupe-keys": 2,
        "no-duplicate-imports": "error",
-        "no-else-return": "error",
+        "no-else-return": 2,
-        "no-eq-null": "error",
+        "no-empty": 2,
-        "no-eval": "error",
+        "no-empty-character-class": 2,
-        "no-extra-parens": "error",
+        "no-eq-null": 2,
-        "no-floating-decimal": "error",
+        "no-eval": 2,
-        "no-implied-eval": "error",
+        "no-ex-assign": 2,
-        "no-inner-declarations": "off",
+        "no-extra-parens": [ "error", "functions" ],
        "no-extra-semi": 2,
        "no-fallthrough": 2,
        "no-floating-decimal": 2,
        "no-func-assign": 2,
        "no-implied-eval": 2,
        "no-iterator": "error",
-        "no-label-var": "error",
+        "no-label-var": 2,
-        "no-labels": "error",
+        "no-labels": 2,
-        "no-loop-func": "error",
+        "no-loop-func": 2,
-        "no-multi-str": "error",
+        "no-mixed-requires": [ 0, false ],
-        "no-native-reassign": "error",
+        "no-multi-str": 2,
        "no-native-reassign": 2,
        "no-nested-ternary": 0,
        "no-new-func": "error",
-        "no-new-object": "error",
+        "no-new-object": 2,
-        "no-new-wrappers": "error",
+        "no-new-wrappers": 2,
-        "no-octal-escape": "error",
+        "no-obj-calls": 2,
-        "no-plusplus": "error",
+        "no-octal": 2,
-        "no-proto": "error",
+        "no-octal-escape": 2,
-        "no-return-assign": "error",
+        "no-param-reassign": 0,
-        "no-script-url": "error",
+        "no-plusplus": 2,
-        "no-self-compare": "error",
+        "no-proto": 2,
-        "no-sync": "error",
+        "no-redeclare": 2,
-        "no-trailing-spaces": "error",
+        "no-regex-spaces": 2,
-        "no-undef-init": "error",
+        "no-restricted-syntax": 0,
        "no-return-assign": 2,
        "no-script-url": 2,
        "no-self-compare": 2,
        "no-shadow": 0,
        "no-sync": 2,
        "no-ternary": 0,
        "no-undef": "error",
        "no-undef-init": 2,
        "no-underscore-dangle": 0,
        "no-unneeded-ternary": [ "error", { "defaultAssignment": false } ],
-        "no-unused-expressions": "error",
+        "no-unreachable": 2,
        "no-unused-expressions": 2,
        "no-unused-vars": [ "error",
            {
                "vars": "local",
                "args": "after-used",
                "varsIgnorePattern": "print_elapsed_time|check_duplicate_ids"
            }
        ],
-        "no-use-before-define": "error",
+        "no-use-before-define": 2,
        "no-useless-constructor": "error",
        // The Zulip codebase complies partially with the "no-useless-escape"
        // rule; only regex expressions haven't been updated yet.
        // Updated regex expressions are currently being tested in casper
        // files and will decide about a potential future enforcement of this rule.
-        "no-useless-escape": "off",
+        "no-useless-escape": 0,
-        "no-var": "error",
+        "no-whitespace-before-property": 0,
-        "space-unary-ops": "error",
+        "no-with": 2,
        "no-whitespace-before-property": "error",
        "one-var": [ "error", "never" ],
-        "prefer-arrow-callback": "error",
+        "padded-blocks": 0,
        "prefer-const": [ "error",
            {
                "destructuring": "any",
                "ignoreReadBeforeAssign": true
            }
        ],
-        "quote-props": [ "error", "as-needed" ],
+        "quote-props": [ "error", "as-needed",
-        "radix": "error",
+            {
-        "semi": "error",
+                "keywords": false,
-        "semi-spacing": "error",
+                "unnecessary": true,
-        "sort-imports": "error",
+                "numbers": false
-        "space-before-blocks": "error",
+            }
        ],
        "quotes": [ 0, "single" ],
        "radix": 2,
        "semi": 2,
        "space-before-blocks": 2,
        "space-before-function-paren": [ "error",
            {
                "anonymous": "always",
@@ -129,294 +312,16 @@
                "asyncArrow": "always"
            }
        ],
-        "space-in-parens": "error",
+        "space-in-parens": 2,
-        "space-infix-ops": "error",
+        "space-infix-ops": 0,
-        "spaced-comment": "off",
+        "spaced-comment": 0,
-        "strict": "off",
+        "strict": 0,
        "template-curly-spacing": "error",
        "unnecessary-strict": 0,
        "use-isnan": 2,
        "valid-typeof": [ "error", { "requireStringLiterals": true } ],
-        "wrap-iife": "error",
+        "wrap-iife": [ "error", "outside", { "functionPrototypeMethods": false } ],
-        "yoda": "error"
+        "wrap-regex": 0,
-    },
+        "yoda": 2
-    "overrides": [
+    }
        {
            "files": [
                "frontend_tests/**/*.{js,ts}",
                "static/js/**/*.{js,ts}"
            ],
            "globals": {
                "$": false,
                "ClipboardJS": false,
                "FetchStatus": false,
                "Filter": false,
                "Handlebars": false,
                "LightboxCanvas": false,
                "MessageListData": false,
                "MessageListView": false,
                "Plotly": false,
                "Sortable": false,
                "WinChan": false,
                "XDate": false,
                "_": false,
                "activity": false,
                "admin": false,
                "alert_words": false,
                "alert_words_ui": false,
                "attachments_ui": false,
                "avatar": false,
                "billing": false,
                "blueslip": false,
                "bot_data": false,
                "bridge": false,
                "buddy_data": false,
                "buddy_list": false,
                "channel": false,
                "click_handlers": false,
                "color_data": false,
                "colorspace": false,
                "common": false,
                "components": false,
                "compose": false,
                "compose_actions": false,
                "compose_fade": false,
                "compose_pm_pill": false,
                "compose_state": false,
                "compose_ui": false,
                "composebox_typeahead": false,
                "condense": false,
                "confirm_dialog": false,
                "copy_and_paste": false,
                "csrf_token": false,
                "current_msg_list": true,
                "drafts": false,
                "dropdown_list_widget": false,
                "echo": false,
                "emoji": false,
                "emoji_picker": false,
                "favicon": false,
                "feature_flags": false,
                "feedback_widget": false,
                "fenced_code": false,
                "flatpickr": false,
                "floating_recipient_bar": false,
                "gear_menu": false,
                "hash_util": false,
                "hashchange": false,
                "helpers": false,
                "history": false,
                "home_msg_list": false,
                "hotspots": false,
                "i18n": false,
                "info_overlay": false,
                "input_pill": false,
                "invite": false,
                "jQuery": false,
                "katex": false,
                "keydown_util": false,
                "lightbox": false,
                "list_cursor": false,
                "list_render": false,
                "list_util": false,
                "loading": false,
                "localStorage": false,
                "local_message": false,
                "localstorage": false,
                "location": false,
                "markdown": false,
                "marked": false,
                "md5": false,
                "message_edit": false,
                "message_edit_history": false,
                "message_events": false,
                "message_fetch": false,
                "message_flags": false,
                "message_list": false,
                "message_live_update": false,
                "message_scroll": false,
                "message_store": false,
                "message_util": false,
                "message_viewport": false,
                "moment": false,
                "muting": false,
                "muting_ui": false,
                "narrow": false,
                "narrow_state": false,
                "navigate": false,
                "night_mode": false,
                "notifications": false,
                "overlays": false,
                "padded_widget": false,
                "page_params": false,
                "panels": false,
                "people": false,
                "pm_conversations": false,
                "pm_list": false,
                "pm_list_dom": false,
                "pointer": false,
                "popovers": false,
                "presence": false,
                "reactions": false,
                "realm_icon": false,
                "realm_logo": false,
                "realm_night_logo": false,
                "recent_senders": false,
                "recent_topics": false,
                "reload": false,
                "reload_state": false,
                "reminder": false,
                "resize": false,
                "rows": false,
                "rtl": false,
                "run_test": false,
                "schema": false,
                "scroll_bar": false,
                "scroll_util": false,
                "search": false,
                "search_pill": false,
                "search_pill_widget": false,
                "search_suggestion": false,
                "search_util": false,
                "sent_messages": false,
                "server_events": false,
                "server_events_dispatch": false,
                "settings": false,
                "settings_account": false,
                "settings_bots": false,
                "settings_display": false,
                "settings_emoji": false,
                "settings_exports": false,
                "settings_linkifiers": false,
                "settings_invites": false,
                "settings_muting": false,
                "settings_notifications": false,
                "settings_org": false,
                "settings_panel_menu": false,
                "settings_profile_fields": false,
                "settings_sections": false,
                "settings_streams": false,
                "settings_toggle": false,
                "settings_ui": false,
                "settings_user_groups": false,
                "settings_users": false,
                "spoilers": false,
                "starred_messages": false,
                "stream_color": false,
                "stream_create": false,
                "stream_data": false,
                "stream_edit": false,
                "stream_events": false,
                "stream_topic_history": false,
                "stream_list": false,
                "stream_muting": false,
                "stream_popover": false,
                "stream_sort": false,
                "stream_ui_updates": false,
                "StripeCheckout": false,
                "submessage": false,
                "subs": false,
                "tab_bar": false,
                "templates": false,
                "tictactoe_widget": false,
                "timerender": false,
                "todo_widget": false,
                "top_left_corner": false,
                "topic_generator": false,
                "topic_list": false,
                "topic_zoom": false,
                "transmit": false,
                "tutorial": false,
                "typeahead_helper": false,
                "typing": false,
                "typing_data": false,
                "typing_events": false,
                "ui": false,
                "ui_init": false,
                "ui_report": false,
                "ui_util": false,
                "unread": false,
                "unread_ops": false,
                "unread_ui": false,
                "upgrade": false,
                "upload": false,
                "upload_widget": false,
                "user_events": false,
                "user_groups": false,
                "user_pill": false,
                "user_search": false,
                "user_status": false,
                "user_status_ui": false,
                "poll_widget": false,
                "vdom": false,
                "widgetize": false,
                "zcommand": false,
                "zform": false,
                "zxcvbn": false
            }
        },
        {
            "files": [
                "frontend_tests/casper_tests/*.js",
                "frontend_tests/casper_lib/*.js"
            ],
            "rules": {
                // Don’t require ES features that PhantomJS doesn’t support
                "comma-dangle": [
                    "error",
                    {
                        "arrays": "always-multiline",
                        "objects": "always-multiline",
                        "imports": "always-multiline",
                        "exports": "always-multiline",
                        "functions": "never"
                    }
                ],
                "no-var": "off",
                "prefer-arrow-callback": "off"
            }
        },
        {
            "files": ["**/*.ts"],
            "extends": [
                "plugin:@typescript-eslint/recommended"
            ],
            "parserOptions": {
                "project": "tsconfig.json"
            },
            "rules": {
                // Disable base rule to avoid conflict
                "empty-returns/main": "off",
                "indent": "off",
                "no-extra-parens": "off",
                "semi": "off",
                "no-unused-vars": "off",
                "no-useless-constructor": "off",
                "@typescript-eslint/array-type": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/await-thenable": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": ["error", { "allowExpressions": true }],
                "@typescript-eslint/func-call-spacing": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/indent": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/member-delimiter-style": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/member-ordering": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any": "off",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-extra-parens": ["error", "all"],
                "@typescript-eslint/no-extraneous-class": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion": "off",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-parameter-properties": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-qualifier": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-type-assertion": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": ["error", { "varsIgnorePattern": "^_" } ],
                "@typescript-eslint/no-use-before-define": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-useless-constructor": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-includes": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-regexp-exec": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-string-starts-ends-with": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/promise-function-async": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/semi": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/type-annotation-spacing": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/unified-signatures": "error"
            }
        }
    ]
 }
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 *   text=auto eol=lf
 *.gif binary
 *.jpg binary
 *.jpeg binary
 *.eot binary
 *.woff binary
 *.woff2 binary
@@ -10,4 +9,3 @@
 *.png binary
 *.otf binary
 *.tif binary
 *.ogg binary
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
 <!-- What's this PR for?  (Just a link to an issue is fine.) -->
 **Testing Plan:** <!-- How have you tested? -->
 **GIFs or Screenshots:** <!-- If a UI change.  See:
  https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/screenshot-and-gif-software.html
  -->
 <!-- Also be sure to make clear, coherent commits:
  https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/version-control.html
  -->
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
 name: "Code Scanning"
 on: [push, pull_request]
 jobs:
  CodeQL:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - name: Checkout repository
      uses: actions/checkout@v2
      with:
        # We must fetch at least the immediate parents so that if this is
        # a pull request then we can checkout the head.
        fetch-depth: 2
    # If this run was triggered by a pull request event, then checkout
    # the head of the pull request instead of the merge commit.
    - run: git checkout HEAD^2
      if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
    # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
    - name: Initialize CodeQL
      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
      # Override language selection by uncommenting this and choosing your languages
      # with:
      #   languages: go, javascript, csharp, python, cpp, java
    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1
--- a/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
 name: Zulip CI
 on: [push, pull_request]
 defaults:
  run:
    shell: bash
 jobs:
  focal_bionic:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        include:
          # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
          #   tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile
          # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
          - docker_image: mepriyank/actions:bionic
            name: Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic (Python 3.6, backend + frontend)
            os: bionic
            is_bionic: true
            include_frontend_tests: true
          # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
          #   tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile
          # Focal ships with Python 3.8.2.
          - docker_image: mepriyank/actions:focal
            name: Ubuntu 20.04 Focal (Python 3.8, backend)
            os: focal
            is_focal: true
            include_frontend_tests: false
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    name: ${{ matrix.name }}
    container: ${{ matrix.docker_image }}
    env:
      # GitHub Actions sets HOME to /github/home which causes
      # problem later in provison and frontend test that runs
      # tools/setup/postgres-init-dev-db because of the .pgpass
      # location. Postgresql (psql) expects .pgpass to be at
      # /home/github/.pgpass and setting home to `/home/github/`
      # ensures it written there because we write it to ~/.pgpass.
      HOME: /home/github/
    steps:
      - name: Add required permissions
        run: |
          # The checkout actions doesn't clone to ~/zulip or allow
          # us to use the path option to clone outside the current
          # /__w/zulip/zulip directory. Since this directory is owned
          # by root we need to change it's ownership to allow the
          # github user to clone the code here.
          # Note: /__w/ is a docker volume mounted to $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
          # which is /home/runner/work/.
          sudo chown -R github .
          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
          # the current github user must be able to access for the
          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
      - name: Create cache directories
        run: |
          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
      - name: Restore node_modules cache
        uses: actions/cache@v2
        with:
          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
          key: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('yarn.lock') }}
          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}
      - name: Restore python cache
        uses: actions/cache@v2
        with:
          path: /srv/zulip-venv-cache
          key: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/thumbor-dev.txt') }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/dev.txt') }}
          restore-keys: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}
      - name: Restore emoji cache
        uses: actions/cache@v2
        with:
          path: /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
          key: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}
          restore-keys: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}
      - name: Do Bionic hack
        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
        run: |
          # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
          # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
          sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
          # This is the main setup job for the test suite
          mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend --skip-dev-db-build" ts
          # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in GitHub Actions, because
          # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
          # mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0 2>&1" ts
      - name: Run backend tests
        run: |
          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate && \
          mispipe "./tools/ci/backend 2>&1" ts
      - name: Run frontend tests
        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
        run: |
          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
          mispipe "./tools/ci/frontend 2>&1" ts
      - name: Test locked requirements
        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
        run: |
          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate && \
          mispipe "./tools/test-locked-requirements 2>&1" ts
      - name: Upload coverage reports
        # Only upload coverage when both frontend and backend
        # tests are ran.
        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
        run: |
          # Codcov requires `.coverage` file to be stored in the
          # current working directory.
          mv ./var/.coverage ./.coverage
          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate || true
          # TODO: Check that the next release of codecov doesn't
          # throw find error.
          # codecov==2.0.16 introduced a bug which uses "find"
          # for locating files which is buggy on some platforms.
          # It was fixed via https://github.com/codecov/codecov-python/pull/217
          # and should get automatically fixed here once it's released.
          # We cannot pin the version here because we need the latest version for uploading files.
          # see https://community.codecov.io/t/http-400-while-uploading-to-s3-with-python-codecov-from-travis/1428/7
          pip install codecov && codecov || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
      - name: Store puppeteer artifacts
        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
        with:
          name: puppeteer
          path: ./var/puppeteer
      # We cannot use upload-artifacts actions to upload the test
      # reports from /tmp, that directory exists inside the docker
      # image. Move them to ./var so we access it outside docker since
      # the current directory is volume mounted outside the docker image.
      - name: Move test reports to var
        run: mv /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/ ./var/
      - name: Store test reports
        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
        with:
          name: test-reports
          path: ./var/zulip-test-event-log/
      - name: Check development database build
        if: ${{ matrix.is_focal }}
        run: mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend" ts
      # TODO: We need to port the notify_failure step from CircleCI
      # config, however, it might be the case that GitHub Notifications
      # make this unnesscary. More details on settings to configure it:
      # https://help.github.com/en/github/managing-subscriptions-and-notifications-on-github/configuring-notifications#github-actions-notification-options
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -12,34 +12,19 @@
 #  * Subdirectories with several internal things to ignore get their own
 #    `.gitignore` files.
 #
 #  * Comments must be on their own line.  (Otherwise they don't work.)
 #
 # See `git help ignore` for details on the format.
 ## Config files for the dev environment
 /zproject/dev-secrets.conf
 /tools/conf.ini
 /tools/custom_provision
 /tools/droplets/conf.ini
 ## Byproducts of setting up and using the dev environment
 *.pyc
 package-lock.json
 /.vagrant
 /var
 /.dmypy.json
 # Dockerfiles generated for CircleCI
 /tools/ci/images
 # Generated i18n data
 /locale/en
 /locale/language_options.json
 /locale/language_name_map.json
 /locale/*/mobile.json
 # Static build
 *.mo
 npm-debug.log
@@ -48,16 +33,10 @@ npm-debug.log
 /staticfiles.json
 /webpack-stats-production.json
 /yarn-error.log
 zulip-git-version
 # Test / analysis tools
 .coverage
 ## Files (or really symlinks) created in a prod deployment
 /zproject/prod_settings.py
 /zulip-current-venv
 /zulip-py3-venv
 ## Files left by various editors and local environments
 # (Ideally these should be in everyone's respective personal gitignore files.)
 *~
@@ -72,14 +51,6 @@ zulip.kdev4
 *.sublime-workspace
 .vscode/
 *.DS_Store
 # .cache/ is generated by VSCode's test runner
 .cache/
 .eslintcache
 # Core dump files
 core
 ## Miscellaneous
 # (Ideally this section is empty.)
 zthumbor/thumbor_local_settings.py
 .transifexrc
--- a/.gitlint
+++ b/.gitlint
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 [general]
-ignore=title-trailing-punctuation, body-min-length, body-is-missing, title-imperative-mood
+ignore=title-trailing-punctuation, body-min-length, body-is-missing
 extra-path=tools/lib/gitlint-rules.py
-[title-match-regex-allow-exception]
+[title-match-regex]
-regex=^(.+:\ )?[A-Z].+\.$
+regex=^.+\.$
 [title-max-length]
 line-length=76
--- a/.isort.cfg
+++ b/.isort.cfg
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
 [settings]
 src_paths = ., tools, tools/setup/emoji
 multi_line_output = 3
 known_third_party = zulip
 include_trailing_comma = True
 use_parentheses = True
 line_length = 100
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
 Aman Agrawal <amanagr@zulip.com> <f2016561@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in>
 Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <anders@zulipchat.com>
 Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <andersk@mit.edu>
 Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <bjwhitta@asu.edu>
 Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brockwhittaker@Brocks-MacBook.local>
 Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brock@zulipchat.org>
 Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <cbobbe@zulipchat.com>
 Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <csbobbe@gmail.com>
 Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <gnprice@gmail.com>
 Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <greg@zulipchat.com>
 Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <price@mit.edu>
 Ray Kraesig <rkraesig@zulip.com> <rkraesig@zulipchat.com>
 Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig+git@mit.edu>
 Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig@kandralabs.com>
 Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig@users.noreply.github.com>
 Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig@zulipchat.com>
 Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell30@yahoo.com>
 Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@yahoo.com>
 Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@zulipchat.com>
 Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@humbughq.com>
 Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@zulip.com>
 Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@dropbox.com>
 Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@humbughq.com>
 Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@mit.edu>
 Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@zulipchat.com>
 Vishnu KS <yo@vishnuks.com> <hackerkid@vishnuks.com>
 Vishnu KS <yo@vishnuks.com> <yo@vishnuks.com>
--- a/.pyre_configuration
+++ b/.pyre_configuration
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
 {
  "source_directories": ["."],
  "taint_models_path": [
      "stubs/taint",
      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/taint/"
  ],
  "search_path": [
      "stubs/",
      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/stubs/"
  ],
  "exclude": [
      "/srv/zulip/zulip-py3-venv/.*"
  ]
 }
--- a/.sonarcloud.properties
+++ b/.sonarcloud.properties
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
 sonar.inclusions=**/*.py,**/*.html
--- a/.stylelintrc
+++ b/.stylelintrc
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
 {
    "rules": {
        # Stylistic rules for CSS.
        "function-comma-space-after": "always",
        "function-comma-space-before": "never",
        "function-max-empty-lines": 0,
        "function-whitespace-after": "always",
        "value-keyword-case": "lower",
        "value-list-comma-newline-after": "always-multi-line",
        "value-list-comma-space-after": "always-single-line",
        "value-list-comma-space-before": "never",
        "value-list-max-empty-lines": 0,
        "unit-case": "lower",
        "property-case": "lower",
        "color-hex-case": "lower",
        "declaration-bang-space-before": "always",
        "declaration-colon-newline-after": "always-multi-line",
        "declaration-colon-space-after": "always-single-line",
        "declaration-colon-space-before": "never",
        "declaration-block-semicolon-newline-after": "always",
        "declaration-block-semicolon-space-before": "never",
        "declaration-block-trailing-semicolon": "always",
        "block-closing-brace-empty-line-before": "never",
        "block-closing-brace-newline-after": "always",
        "block-closing-brace-newline-before": "always",
        "block-opening-brace-newline-after": "always",
        "block-opening-brace-space-before": "always",
        "selector-attribute-brackets-space-inside": "never",
        "selector-attribute-operator-space-after": "never",
        "selector-attribute-operator-space-before": "never",
        "selector-combinator-space-after": "always",
        "selector-combinator-space-before": "always",
        "selector-descendant-combinator-no-non-space": true,
        "selector-pseudo-class-parentheses-space-inside": "never",
        "selector-pseudo-element-case": "lower",
        "selector-pseudo-element-colon-notation": "double",
        "selector-type-case": "lower",
        "selector-list-comma-newline-after": "always",
        "selector-list-comma-space-before": "never",
        "media-feature-colon-space-after": "always",
        "media-feature-colon-space-before": "never",
        "media-feature-name-case": "lower",
        "media-feature-parentheses-space-inside": "never",
        "media-feature-range-operator-space-after": "always",
        "media-feature-range-operator-space-before": "always",
        "media-query-list-comma-newline-after": "always",
        "media-query-list-comma-space-before": "never",
        "at-rule-name-case": "lower",
        "at-rule-name-space-after": "always",
        "at-rule-semicolon-newline-after": "always",
        "at-rule-semicolon-space-before": "never",
        "comment-whitespace-inside": "always",
        "indentation": 4,
        # Limit language features
        "color-no-hex": true,
        "color-named": "never",
    }
 }
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
 # See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/travis.html for
 # high-level documentation on our Travis CI setup.
 dist: trusty
 install:
  # Disable broken riak sources.list in Travis base image 2017-10-18
  - rm -vf "/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*riak*"
  # Disable Travis CI's built-in NVM installation
  - mispipe "mv ~/.nvm ~/.travis-nvm-disabled" ts
  # Install codecov, the library for the code coverage reporting tool we use
  # With a retry to minimize impact of transient networking errors.
  - mispipe "pip install codecov" ts || mispipe "pip install codecov" ts
  # This is the main setup job for the test suite
  - mispipe "tools/travis/setup-$TEST_SUITE" ts
  # Clean any caches that are not in use to avoid our cache
  # becoming huge.
  - mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0" ts
 script:
  # We unset GEM_PATH here as a hack to work around Travis CI having
  # broken running their system puppet with Ruby.  See
  # https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip/jobs/240120991 for an example traceback.
  - unset GEM_PATH
  - mispipe "./tools/travis/$TEST_SUITE" ts
 cache:
  yarn: true
  apt: false
  directories:
    - $HOME/zulip-venv-cache
    - $HOME/zulip-npm-cache
    - $HOME/zulip-emoji-cache
    - $HOME/node
 env:
  global:
    - BOTO_CONFIG=/tmp/nowhere
 language: python
 # Our test suites generally run on Python 3.4, the version in
 # Ubuntu 14.04 trusty, which is the oldest OS release we support.
 matrix:
  include:
    # Travis will actually run the jobs in the order they're listed here;
    # that doesn't seem to be documented, but it's what we see empirically.
    # We only get 4 jobs running at a time, so we try to make the first few
    # the most likely to break.
    - python: "3.4"
      env: TEST_SUITE=frontend
    - python: "3.4"
      env: TEST_SUITE=backend
    - python: "3.4"
      env: TEST_SUITE=production
    - python: "3.5"
      env: TEST_SUITE=backend
 sudo: required
 addons:
  artifacts:
    paths:
      # Casper debugging data (screenshots, etc.) is super useful for
      # debugging test flakes.
      - $(ls var/casper/* | tr "\n" ":")
      - $(ls /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/* | tr "\n" ":")
  postgresql: "9.3"
  apt:
    packages:
      - moreutils
 after_success:
  - codecov
 notifications:
  webhooks:
    urls:
      - https://zulip.org/zulipbot/travis
    on_success: always
    on_failure: always
--- a/.tx/config
+++ b/.tx/config
@@ -3,31 +3,13 @@ host = https://www.transifex.com
 lang_map = zh-Hans: zh_Hans, zh-Hant: zh_Hant
 [zulip.djangopo]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
+source_file = static/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_file = locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_lang = en
 type = PO
 file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 [zulip.translationsjson]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/translations.json
+source_file = static/locale/en/translations.json
 source_file = locale/en/translations.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
 [zulip.mobile]
 file_filter = locale/<lang>/mobile.json
 source_file = locale/en/mobile.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
 [zulip-test.djangopo]
 file_filter = locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_file = locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_lang = en
 type = PO
 [zulip-test.translationsjson]
 file_filter = locale/<lang>/translations.json
 source_file = locale/en/translations.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
 file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/translations.json
--- a/.yarnrc
+++ b/.yarnrc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
 ignore-scripts true
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ something you can do while a violation is happening, do it. A lot of the
 harms of harassment and other violations can be mitigated by the victim
 knowing that the other people present are on their side.
-All reports will be kept confidential. In some cases, we may determine that a
+All reports will be kept confidential. In some cases we may determine that a
 public statement will need to be made. In such cases, the identities of all
 victims and reporters will remain confidential unless those individuals
 instruct us otherwise.
@@ -101,5 +101,5 @@ This Code of Conduct is adapted from the
 [Citizen Code of Conduct](http://citizencodeofconduct.org/) and the
 [Django Code of Conduct](https://www.djangoproject.com/conduct/), and is
 under a
-[Creative Commons BY-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+[Creative Commons BY-SA](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
 license.
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -1,340 +0,0 @@
 # Contributing to Zulip
 Welcome to the Zulip community!
 ## Community
 The
 [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html)
 is the primary communication forum for the Zulip community. It is a good
 place to start whether you have a question, are a new contributor, are a new
 user, or anything else. Make sure to read the
 [community norms](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html#community-norms)
 before posting. The Zulip community is also governed by a
 [code of conduct](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct.html).
 You can subscribe to zulip-devel-announce@googlegroups.com or our
 [Twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip) account for a lower traffic (~1
 email/month) way to hear about things like mentorship opportunities with Google
 Code-in, in-person sprints at conferences, and other opportunities to
 contribute.
 ## Ways to contribute
 To make a code or documentation contribution, read our
 [step-by-step guide](#your-first-codebase-contribution) to getting
 started with the Zulip codebase. A small sample of the type of work that
 needs doing:
 * Bug squashing and feature development on our Python/Django
  [backend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), web
  [frontend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), React Native
  [mobile app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile), or Electron
  [desktop app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop).
 * Building out our
  [Python API and bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api) framework.
 * [Writing an integration](https://zulip.com/api/integrations-overview).
 * Improving our [user](https://zulip.com/help/) or
  [developer](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) documentation.
 * [Reviewing code](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html)
  and manually testing pull requests.
 **Non-code contributions**: Some of the most valuable ways to contribute
 don't require touching the codebase at all. We list a few of them below:
 * [Reporting issues](#reporting-issues), including both feature requests and
  bug reports.
 * [Giving feedback](#user-feedback) if you are evaluating or using Zulip.
 * [Translating](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html)
  Zulip.
 * [Outreach](#zulip-outreach): Star us on GitHub, upvote us
  on product comparison sites, or write for [the Zulip blog](https://blog.zulip.org/).
 ## Your first (codebase) contribution
 This section has a step by step guide to starting as a Zulip codebase
 contributor. It's long, but don't worry about doing all the steps perfectly;
 no one gets it right the first time, and there are a lot of people available
 to help.
 * First, make an account on the
  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html),
  paying special attention to the community norms. If you'd like, introduce
  yourself in
  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members), using
  your name as the topic. Bonus: tell us about your first impressions of
  Zulip, and anything that felt confusing/broken as you started using the
  product.
 * Read [What makes a great Zulip contributor](#what-makes-a-great-zulip-contributor).
 * [Install the development environment](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/development/overview.html),
  getting help in
  [#development help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/49-development-help)
  if you run into any troubles.
 * Read the
  [Zulip guide to Git](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/index.html)
  and do the Git tutorial (coming soon) if you are unfamiliar with
  Git, getting help in
  [#git help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/44-git-help) if
  you run into any troubles.  Be sure to check out the
  [extremely useful Zulip-specific tools page](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/zulip-tools.html).
 ### Picking an issue
 Now, you're ready to pick your first issue! There are hundreds of open issues
 in the main codebase alone. This section will help you find an issue to work
 on.
 * If you're interested in
  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
  or
  [bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue)
  development, check the respective links for open issues, or post in
  [#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/48-mobile),
  [#desktop](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/16-desktop), or
  [#integration](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/127-integrations).
 * For the main server and web repository, we recommend browsing
  recently opened issues to look for issues you are confident you can
  fix correctly in a way that clearly communicates why your changes
  are the correct fix.  Our GitHub workflow bot, zulipbot, limits
  users who have 0 commits merged to claiming a single issue labeled
  with "good first issue" or "help wanted".
 * We also partition all of our issues in the main repo into areas like
  admin, compose, emoji, hotkeys, i18n, onboarding, search, etc. Look
  through our [list of labels](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels), and
  click on some of the `area:` labels to see all the issues related to your
  areas of interest.
 * If the lists of issues are overwhelming, post in
  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with a
  bit about your background and interests, and we'll help you out. The most
  important thing to say is whether you're looking for a backend (Python),
  frontend (JavaScript and TypeScript), mobile (React Native), desktop (Electron),
  documentation (English) or visual design (JavaScript/TypeScript + CSS) issue, and a
  bit about your programming experience and available time.
 We also welcome suggestions of features that you feel would be valuable or
 changes that you feel would make Zulip a better open source project. If you
 have a new feature you'd like to add, we recommend you start by posting in
 [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with the
 feature idea and the problem that you're hoping to solve.
 Other notes:
 * For a first pull request, it's better to aim for a smaller contribution
  than a bigger one. Many first contributions have fewer than 10 lines of
  changes (not counting changes to tests).
 * The full list of issues explicitly looking for a contributor can be
  found with the
  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
  and
  [help wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
  labels.  Avoid issues with the "difficult" label unless you
  understand why it is difficult and are confident you can resolve the
  issue correctly and completely.  Issues without one of these labels
  are fair game if Tim has written a clear technical design proposal
  in the issue, or it is a bug that you can reproduce and you are
  confident you can fix the issue correctly.
 * For most new contributors, there's a lot to learn while making your first
  pull request. It's OK if it takes you a while; that's normal! You'll be
  able to work a lot faster as you build experience.
 ### Working on an issue
 To work on an issue, claim it by adding a comment with `@zulipbot claim` to
 the issue thread. [Zulipbot](https://github.com/zulip/zulipbot) is a GitHub
 workflow bot; it will assign you to the issue and label the issue as "in
 progress". Some additional notes:
 * You can only claim issues with the
  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
  or
  [help wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
  labels. Zulipbot will give you an error if you try to claim an issue
  without one of those labels.
 * You're encouraged to ask questions on how to best implement or debug your
  changes -- the Zulip maintainers are excited to answer questions to help
  you stay unblocked and working efficiently. You can ask questions on
  chat.zulip.org, or on the GitHub issue or pull request.
 * We encourage early pull requests for work in progress. Prefix the title of
  work in progress pull requests with `[WIP]`, and remove the prefix when
  you think it might be mergeable and want it to be reviewed.
 * After updating a PR, add a comment to the GitHub thread mentioning that it
  is ready for another review. GitHub only notifies maintainers of the
  changes when you post a comment, so if you don't, your PR will likely be
  neglected by accident!
 ### And beyond
 A great place to look for a second issue is to look for issues with the same
 `area:` label as the last issue you resolved. You'll be able to reuse the
 work you did learning how that part of the codebase works. Also, the path to
 becoming a core developer often involves taking ownership of one of these area
 labels.
 ## What makes a great Zulip contributor?
 Zulip has a lot of experience working with new contributors.  In our
 experience, these are the best predictors of success:
 * Posting good questions. This generally means explaining your current
  understanding, saying what you've done or tried so far, and including
  tracebacks or other error messages if appropriate.
 * Learning and practicing
  [Git commit discipline](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/version-control.html#commit-discipline).
 * Submitting carefully tested code. This generally means checking your work
  through a combination of automated tests and manually clicking around the
  UI trying to find bugs in your work. See
  [things to look for](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html#things-to-look-for)
  for additional ideas.
 * Posting
  [screenshots or GIFs](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/screenshot-and-gif-software.html)
  for frontend changes.
 * Being responsive to feedback on pull requests. This means incorporating or
  responding to all suggested changes, and leaving a note if you won't be
  able to address things within a few days.
 * Being helpful and friendly on chat.zulip.org.
 These are also the main criteria we use to select candidates for all
 of our outreach programs.
 ## Reporting issues
 If you find an easily reproducible bug and/or are experienced in reporting
 bugs, feel free to just open an issue on the relevant project on GitHub.
 If you have a feature request or are not yet sure what the underlying bug
 is, the best place to post issues is
 [#issues](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/9-issues) (or
 [#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/48-mobile) or
 [#desktop](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/16-desktop)) on the
 [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html).
 This allows us to interactively figure out what is going on, let you know if
 a similar issue has already been opened, and collect any other information
 we need. Choose a 2-4 word topic that describes the issue, explain the issue
 and how to reproduce it if known, your browser/OS if relevant, and a
 [screenshot or screenGIF](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/screenshot-and-gif-software.html)
 if appropriate.
 **Reporting security issues**. Please do not report security issues
  publicly, including on public streams on chat.zulip.org. You can
  email security@zulip.com.  We create a CVE for every security
  issue in our released software.
 ## User feedback
 Nearly every feature we develop starts with a user request. If you are part
 of a group that is either using or considering using Zulip, we would love to
 hear about your experience with the product. If you're not sure what to
 write, here are some questions we're always very curious to know the answer
 to:
 * Evaluation: What is the process by which your organization chose or will
  choose a group chat product?
 * Pros and cons: What are the pros and cons of Zulip for your organization,
  and the pros and cons of other products you are evaluating?
 * Features: What are the features that are most important for your
  organization? In the best-case scenario, what would your chat solution do
  for you?
 * Onboarding: If you remember it, what was your impression during your first
  few minutes of using Zulip? What did you notice, and how did you feel? Was
  there anything that stood out to you as confusing, or broken, or great?
 * Organization: What does your organization do? How big is the organization?
  A link to your organization's website?
 ## Outreach programs
 Zulip participates in [Google Summer of Code
 (GSoC)](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/) every year.
 In the past, we've also participated in
 [Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/), [Google
 Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/), and hosted
 summer interns from Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.
 While each third-party program has its own rules and requirements, the
 Zulip community's approaches all of these programs with these ideas in
 mind:
 * We try to make the application process as valuable for the applicant as
  possible. Expect high-quality code reviews, a supportive community, and
  publicly viewable patches you can link to from your resume, regardless of
  whether you are selected.
 * To apply, you'll have to submit at least one pull request to a Zulip
  repository.  Most students accepted to one of our programs have
  several merged pull requests (including at least one larger PR) by
  the time of the application deadline.
 * The main criteria we use is quality of your best contributions, and
  the bullets listed at
  [What makes a great Zulip contributor](#what-makes-a-great-zulip-contributor).
  Because we focus on evaluating your best work, it doesn't hurt your
  application to makes mistakes in your first few PRs as long as your
  work improves.
 Most of our outreach program participants end up sticking around the
 project long-term, and many have become core team members, maintaining
 important parts of the project. We hope you apply!
 ### Google Summer of Code
 The largest outreach program Zulip participates in is GSoC (14
 students in 2017; 11 in 2018; 17 in 2019).  While we don't control how
 many slots Google allocates to Zulip, we hope to mentor a similar
 number of students in future summers.
 If you're reading this well before the application deadline and want
 to make your application strong, we recommend getting involved in the
 community and fixing issues in Zulip now. Having good contributions
 and building a reputation for doing good work is the best way to have
 a strong application.  About half of Zulip's GSoC students for Summer
 2017 had made significant contributions to the project by February
 2017, and about half had not.  Our
 [GSoC project ideas page][gsoc-guide] has lots more details on how
 Zulip does GSoC, as well as project ideas (though the project idea
 list is maintained only during the GSoC application period, so if
 you're looking at some other time of year, the project list is likely
 out-of-date).
 We also have in some past years run a Zulip Summer of Code (ZSoC)
 program for students who we didn't have enough slots to accept for
 GSoC but were able to find funding for.  Student expectations are the
 same as with GSoC, and it has no separate application process; your
 GSoC application is your ZSoC application.  If we'd like to select you
 for ZSoC, we'll contact you when the GSoC results are announced.
 [gsoc-guide]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/gsoc-ideas.html
 [gsoc-faq]: https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/faq
 ## Zulip Outreach
 **Upvoting Zulip**. Upvotes and reviews make a big difference in the public
 perception of projects like Zulip. We've collected a few sites below
 where we know Zulip has been discussed. Doing everything in the following
 list typically takes about 15 minutes.
 * Star us on GitHub. There are four main repositories:
  [server/web](https://github.com/zulip/zulip),
  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile),
  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop), and
  [Python API](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api).
 * [Follow us](https://twitter.com/zulip) on Twitter.
 For both of the following, you'll need to make an account on the site if you
 don't already have one.
 * [Like Zulip](https://alternativeto.net/software/zulip-chat-server/) on
  AlternativeTo. We recommend upvoting a couple of other products you like
  as well, both to give back to their community, and since single-upvote
  accounts are generally given less weight. You can also
  [upvote Zulip](https://alternativeto.net/software/slack/) on their page
  for Slack.
 * [Add Zulip to your stack](https://stackshare.io/zulip) on StackShare, star
  it, and upvote the reasons why people like Zulip that you find most
  compelling. Again, we recommend adding a few other products that you like
  as well.
 We have a doc with more detailed instructions and a few other sites, if you
 have been using Zulip for a while and want to contribute more.
 **Blog posts**. Writing a blog post about your experiences with Zulip, or
 about a technical aspect of Zulip can be a great way to spread the word
 about Zulip.
 We also occasionally [publish](https://blog.zulip.org/) long-form
 articles related to Zulip. Our posts typically get tens of thousands
 of views, and we always have good ideas for blog posts that we can
 outline but don't have time to write. If you are an experienced writer
 or copyeditor, send us a portfolio; we'd love to talk!
--- a/17
+++ b/17
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
 FROM ubuntu:trusty
 EXPOSE 9991
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget
 RUN locale-gen en_US.UTF-8
 RUN useradd -d /home/zulip -m zulip && echo 'zulip ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' >> /etc/sudoers
 USER zulip
 RUN ln -nsf /srv/zulip ~/zulip
 RUN echo 'export LC_ALL="en_US.UTF-8" LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LANGUAGE="en_US.UTF-8"' >> ~zulip/.bashrc
 WORKDIR /srv/zulip
--- a/15
+++ b/15
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
 # To build run `docker build -f Dockerfile-postgresql .` from the root of the
 # zulip repo.
 # Currently the postgres images do not support automatic upgrading of
 # the on-disk data in volumes. So the base image can not currently be upgraded
 # without users needing a manual pgdump and restore.
 # Install hunspell, zulip stop words, and run zulip database
 # init.
 FROM groonga/pgroonga:latest-alpine-10-slim
 RUN apk add -U --no-cache hunspell-en
 RUN ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.dic /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.dict && ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.aff /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.affix 
 COPY puppet/zulip/files/postgresql/zulip_english.stop /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/zulip_english.stop
 COPY scripts/setup/create-db.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-db.sql
 COPY scripts/setup/create-pgroonga.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-pgroonga.sql
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 Copyright 2011-2020 Dropbox, Inc., Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors
                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
--- a/16
+++ b/16
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this project except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at
    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 The software includes some works released by third parties under other
 free and open source licenses. Those works are redistributed under the
 license terms under which the works were received. For more details,
 see the ``docs/THIRDPARTY`` file included with this distribution.
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,77 +1,301 @@
 **[Zulip overview](#zulip-overview)** |
 **[Community](#community)** |
 **[Installing for dev](#installing-the-zulip-development-environment)** |
 **[Installing for production](#running-zulip-in-production)** |
 **[Ways to contribute](#ways-to-contribute)** |
 **[How to get involved](#how-to-get-involved-with-contributing-to-zulip)** |
 **[License](#license)**
 # Zulip overview
-Zulip is a powerful, open source group chat application that combines the
+Zulip is a powerful, open source group chat application. Written in
-immediacy of real-time chat with the productivity benefits of threaded
+Python and using the Django framework, Zulip supports both private
-conversations. Zulip is used by open source projects, Fortune 500 companies,
+messaging and group chats via conversation streams.
 large standards bodies, and others who need a real-time chat system that
 allows users to easily process hundreds or thousands of messages a day. With
 over 500 contributors merging over 500 commits a month, Zulip is also the
 largest and fastest growing open source group chat project.
-[![CircleCI branch](https://img.shields.io/circleci/project/github/zulip/zulip/master.svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/zulip/zulip/tree/master)
+Zulip also supports fast search, drag-and-drop file uploads, image
-[![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip/master.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip/branch/master)
+previews, group private messages, audible notifications,
-[![Mypy coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/mypy-100%25-green.svg)][mypy-coverage]
+missed-message emails, desktop apps, and much more.
-[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/zulip/zulip.svg)](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/releases/latest)
+
-[![docs](https://readthedocs.org/projects/zulip/badge/?version=latest)](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
+Further information on the Zulip project and its features can be found
 at <https://www.zulip.org>.
 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip)
 [![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip)
 [![Mypy coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/mypy-100%25-green.svg)](http://blog.zulip.org/2016/10/13/static-types-in-python-oh-mypy/)
 [![docs](https://readthedocs.org/projects/zulip/badge/?version=latest)](http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
 [![Zulip chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-brightgreen.svg)](https://chat.zulip.org)
-[![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/twitter-@zulip-blue.svg?style=flat)](https://twitter.com/zulip)
+[![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/twitter-@zulip-blue.svg?style=flat)](http://twitter.com/zulip)
-[mypy-coverage]: https://blog.zulip.org/2016/10/13/static-types-in-python-oh-mypy/
+## Community
-## Getting started
+There are several places online where folks discuss Zulip.
-Click on the appropriate link below. If nothing seems to apply,
+* The primary place is the
-join us on the
+  [Zulip development community Zulip server][czo-doc] at
-[Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html)
+  chat.zulip.org.
 and tell us what's up!
-You might be interested in:
+* For Google Summer of Code students and applicants, we have
 [a mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/zulip-gsoc)
 for help, questions, and announcements.  But it's often simpler to
 [visit chat.zulip.org][czo-doc] instead.
-* **Contributing code**. Check out our
+* We have a [public development discussion mailing list][zulip-devel],
-  [guide for new contributors](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html)
+zulip-devel, which is currently pretty low traffic because most
-  to get started.  Zulip prides itself on maintaining a clean and
+discussions happen in our public Zulip instance.  We use it to
-  well-tested codebase, and a stock of hundreds of
+announce Zulip developer community gatherings and ask for feedback on
-  [beginner-friendly issues][beginner-friendly].
+major technical or design decisions.  It has several hundred
 subscribers, so you can use it to ask questions about features or
 possible bugs, but please don't use it ask for generic help getting
 started as a contributor (e.g. because you want to do Google Summer of
 Code).  The rest of this page covers how to get involved in the Zulip
 project in detail.
-* **Contributing non-code**.
+* Zulip also has a [blog](https://blog.zulip.org/) and
-  [Report an issue](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#reporting-issues),
+  [twitter account](https://twitter.com/zulip).
  [translate](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html) Zulip
  into your language,
  [write](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#zulip-outreach)
  for the Zulip blog, or
  [give us feedback](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#user-feedback). We
  would love to hear from you, even if you're just trying the product out.
-* **Supporting Zulip**. Advocate for your organization to use Zulip, write a
+* Last but not least, we use [GitHub](https://github.com/zulip/zulip)
-  review in the mobile app stores, or
+to track Zulip-related issues (and store our code, of course).
-  [upvote Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#zulip-outreach) on
+Anybody with a GitHub account should be able to create Issues there
-  product comparison sites.
+pertaining to bugs or enhancement requests.  We also use Pull Requests
 as our primary mechanism to receive code contributions.
-* **Checking Zulip out**. The best way to see Zulip in action is to drop by
+The Zulip community has a [Code of Conduct][code-of-conduct].
  the
  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html). We
  also recommend reading Zulip for
  [open source](https://zulip.com/for/open-source/), Zulip for
  [companies](https://zulip.com/for/companies/), or Zulip for
  [working groups and part time communities](https://zulip.com/for/working-groups-and-communities/).
-* **Running a Zulip server**. Use a preconfigured [Digital Ocean droplet](https://marketplace.digitalocean.com/apps/zulip),
+[zulip-devel]: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/zulip-devel
  [install Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/production/install.html)
  directly, or use Zulip's
  experimental [Docker image](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/deployment.html#zulip-in-docker).
  Commercial support is available; see <https://zulip.com/plans> for details.
-* **Using Zulip without setting up a server**. <https://zulip.com>
+## Installing the Zulip Development environment
  offers free and commercial hosting, including providing our paid
  plan for free to fellow open source projects.
-* **Participating in [outreach
+The Zulip development environment is the recommended option for folks
-  programs](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#outreach-programs)**
+interested in trying out Zulip, since it is very easy to install.
-  like Google Summer of Code.
+This is documented in [the developer installation guide][dev-install].
-You may also be interested in reading our [blog](https://blog.zulip.org/) or
+## Running Zulip in production
 following us on [twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip).
 Zulip is distributed under the
 [Apache 2.0](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/blob/master/LICENSE) license.
-[beginner-friendly]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22
+Zulip in production supports Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial and Ubuntu 14.04
 Trusty. We're happy to support work to enable Zulip to run on
 additional platforms. The installation process is
 [documented here](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/prod.html).
 ## Ways to contribute
 Zulip welcomes all forms of contributions!  This page documents the
 Zulip development process.
 * **Pull requests**. Before a pull request can be merged, you need to
 sign the [Dropbox Contributor License Agreement][cla].  Also,
 please skim our [commit message style guidelines][doc-commit-style].
 We encourage early pull requests for work in progress. Prefix the title
 of your pull request with `[WIP]` and reference it when asking for
 community feedback. When you are ready for final review, remove
 the `[WIP]`.
 * **Testing**. The Zulip automated tests all run automatically when
 you submit a pull request, but you can also run them all in your
 development environment following the instructions in the [testing
 docs][doc-test]. You can also try out [our new desktop
 client][electron], which is in alpha; we'd appreciate testing and
 [feedback](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron/issues/new).
 * **Developer Documentation**.  Zulip has a growing collection of
 developer documentation on [Read The Docs][doc].  Recommended reading
 for new contributors includes the [directory structure][doc-dirstruct]
 and [new feature tutorial][doc-newfeat]. You can also improve
 [Zulip.org][z-org].
 * **Mailing lists and bug tracker**. Zulip has a [development
 discussion mailing list](#community) and uses [GitHub issues
 ][gh-issues].  There are also lists for the [Android][email-android]
 and [iOS][email-ios] apps.  Feel free to send any questions or
 suggestions of areas where you'd love to see more documentation to the
 relevant list! Check out our [bug report guidelines][bug-report]
 before submitting. Please report any security issues you discover to
 zulip-security@googlegroups.com.
 * **App codebases**. This repository is for the Zulip server and web
 app (including most integrations).  The
 [beta React Native mobile app][mobile], [Java Android app][Android]
 (see [our mobile strategy][mobile-strategy]),
 [new Electron desktop app][electron], and
 [legacy Qt-based desktop app][desktop] are all separate repositories.
 * **Glue code**. We maintain a [Hubot adapter][hubot-adapter] and several
 integrations ([Phabricator][phab], [Jenkins][], [Puppet][], [Redmine][],
 and [Trello][]), plus [node.js API bindings][node], an [isomorphic
 JavaScript library][zulip-js], and a [full-text search PostgreSQL
 extension][tsearch], as separate repos.
 * **Translations**.  Zulip is in the process of being translated into
 10+ languages, and we love contributions to our translations.  See our
 [translating documentation][transifex] if you're interested in
 contributing!
 * **Code Reviews**. Zulip is all about community and helping each
 other out.  Check out [#code review][code-review] on
 [chat.zulip.org][czo-doc] to help review PRs and give comments on
 other people's work. Everyone is welcome to participate, even those
 new to Zulip! Even just checking out the code, manually testing it,
 and posting on whether or not it worked is valuable.
 [cla]: https://opensource.dropbox.com/cla/
 [code-of-conduct]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct.html
 [dev-install]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/dev-overview.html
 [doc]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/
 [doc-commit-style]: http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/version-control.html#commit-messages
 [doc-dirstruct]: http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/directory-structure.html
 [doc-newfeat]: http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/new-feature-tutorial.html
 [doc-test]: http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing.html
 [electron]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron
 [gh-issues]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues
 [desktop]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop
 [android]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-android
 [mobile]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile
 [mobile-strategy]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-android/blob/master/android-strategy.md
 [email-android]: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/zulip-android
 [email-ios]: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/zulip-ios
 [hubot-adapter]: https://github.com/zulip/hubot-zulip
 [jenkins]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-jenkins-plugin
 [node]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-node
 [zulip-js]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-js
 [phab]: https://github.com/zulip/phabricator-to-zulip
 [puppet]: https://github.com/matthewbarr/puppet-zulip
 [redmine]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip-redmine-plugin
 [trello]: https://github.com/zulip/trello-to-zulip
 [tsearch]: https://github.com/zulip/tsearch_extras
 [transifex]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating.html#testing-translations
 [z-org]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip.github.io
 [code-review]: https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/code.20review
 [bug-report]: http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/bug-reports.html
 ## Google Summer of Code
 We participated in
 [GSoC](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/) in 2016 (with
 [great results](https://blog.zulip.org/2016/10/13/static-types-in-python-oh-mypy/))
 and [are participating](https://github.com/zulip/zulip.github.io/blob/master/gsoc-ideas.md)
 in 2017 as well.
 ## How to get involved with contributing to Zulip
 First, subscribe to the Zulip [development discussion mailing
 list](#community).
 The Zulip project uses a system of labels in our [issue
 tracker][gh-issues] to make it easy to find a project if you don't
 have your own project idea in mind or want to get some experience with
 working on Zulip before embarking on a larger project you have in
 mind:
 * [Integrations](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels/area%3A%20integrations).
  Integrate Zulip with another piece of software and contribute it
  back to the community!  Writing an integration can be a great first
  contribution.  There's detailed documentation on how to write
  integrations in [the Zulip integration writing
  guide](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/integration-guide.html).
 * [Good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels/good%20first%20issue):
  Smaller projects that might be a great first contribution.
 * [Documentation](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels/area%3A%20documentation):
  The Zulip project loves contributions of new documentation.
 * [Help Wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels/help%20wanted):
  A broader list of projects that nobody is currently working on.
 * [Platform support](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels/Platform%20support):
  These are open issues about making it possible to install Zulip on a
  wider range of platforms.
 * [Bugs](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels/bug): Open bugs.
 * [Feature requests](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels/enhancement):
  Browsing this list can be a great way to find feature ideas to
  implement that other Zulip users are excited about.
 * [2016 roadmap milestone](http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/roadmap.html):
  The projects that are
  [priorities for the Zulip project](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/roadmap.html).
  These are great projects if you're looking to make an impact.
 Another way to find issues in Zulip is to take advantage of our
 `area:<foo>` convention in separating out issues.  We partition all of
 our issues into areas like admin, compose, emoji, hotkeys, i18n,
 onboarding, search, etc.  Look through our
 [list of labels](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels), and click on
 some of the `area:` labels to see all the tickets related to your
 areas of interest.
 If you're excited about helping with an open issue, make sure to claim
 the issue by commenting the following in the comment section:
 "**@zulipbot** claim". **@zulipbot** will assign you to the issue and
 label the issue as **in progress**. For more details, check out
 [**@zulipbot**](https://github.com/zulip/zulipbot).
 You're encouraged to ask questions on how to best implement or debug
 your changes -- the Zulip maintainers are excited to answer questions
 to help you stay unblocked and working efficiently. It's great to ask
 questions in comments on GitHub issues and pull requests, or
 [on chat.zulip.org][czo-doc].  We'll direct longer discussions to
 Zulip chat, but please post a summary of what you learned from the
 chat, or link to the conversation, in a comment on the GitHub issue.
 We also welcome suggestions of features that you feel would be
 valuable or changes that you feel would make Zulip a better open
 source project, and are happy to support you in adding new features or
 other user experience improvements to Zulip.
 If you have a new feature you'd like to add, we recommend you start by
 opening a GitHub issue about the feature idea explaining the problem
 that you're hoping to solve and that you're excited to work on it.  A
 Zulip maintainer will usually reply within a day with feedback on the
 idea, notes on any important issues or concerns, and and often tips on
 how to implement or test it.  Please feel free to ping the thread if
 you don't hear a response from the maintainers -- we try to be very
 responsive so this usually means we missed your message.
 For significant changes to the visual design, user experience, data
 model, or architecture, we highly recommend posting a mockup,
 screenshot, or description of what you have in mind to the
 [#design](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/design) stream on
 [chat.zulip.org][czo-doc] to get broad feedback before you spend too
 much time on implementation details.
 Finally, before implementing a larger feature, we highly recommend
 looking at the
 [new feature tutorial](http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/new-feature-tutorial.html)
 and [coding style guidelines](http://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code-style.html)
 on ReadTheDocs.
 Feedback on how to make this development process more efficient, fun,
 and friendly to new contributors is very welcome!  Just send an email
 to the [zulip-devel](#community) list with your thoughts.
 When you feel like you have completed your work on an issue, post your
 PR to the
 [#code review](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/code.20review)
 stream on [chat.zulip.org][czo-doc].  This is our lightweight process
 that gives other developers the opportunity to give you comments and
 suggestions on your work.
 ## License
 Copyright 2011-2017 Dropbox, Inc., Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors
 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at
    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 The software includes some works released by third parties under other
 free and open source licenses. Those works are redistributed under the
 license terms under which the works were received. For more details,
 see the ``docs/THIRDPARTY`` file included with this distribution.
 [czo-doc]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/chat-zulip-org.html
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
 # Security Policy
 Security announcements are sent to zulip-announce@googlegroups.com,
 so you should subscribe if you are running Zulip in production.
 ## Reporting a Vulnerability
 We love responsible reports of (potential) security issues in Zulip,
 whether in the latest release or our development branch.
 Our security contact is security@zulip.com.  Reporters should expect a
 response within 24 hours.
 Please include details on the issue and how you'd like to be credited
 in our release notes when we publish the fix.
 Our [security
 model](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/security-model.html)
 document may be a helpful resource.
 ## Supported Versions
 Zulip provides security support for the latest major release, in the
 form of minor security/maintenance releases.
 We work hard to make
 [upgrades](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/upgrade-or-modify.html#upgrading-to-a-release)
 reliable, so that there's no reason to run older major releases.
--- a/116
+++ b/116
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ end
 if Vagrant::VERSION == "1.8.7" then
    path = `which curl`
    if path.include?('/opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl') then
-        puts "In Vagrant 1.8.7, curl is broken. Please use Vagrant 2.0.2 "\
+        puts "In Vagrant 1.8.7, curl is broken. Please use Vagrant 1.8.6 "\
             "or run 'sudo rm -f /opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl' to fix the "\
             "issue before provisioning. See "\
             "https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/issues/7997 "\
@@ -19,46 +19,16 @@ if Vagrant::VERSION == "1.8.7" then
    end
 end
 # Workaround: Vagrant removed the atlas.hashicorp.com to
 # vagrantcloud.com redirect in February 2018. The value of
 # DEFAULT_SERVER_URL in Vagrant versions less than 1.9.3 is
 # atlas.hashicorp.com, which means that removal broke the fetching and
 # updating of boxes (since the old URL doesn't work).  See
 # https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues/9442
 if Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL == "atlas.hashicorp.com"
  Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL.replace('https://vagrantcloud.com')
 end
 # Monkey patch https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/pull/10879 so we
 # can fall back to another provider if docker is not installed.
 begin
  require Vagrant.source_root.join("plugins", "providers", "docker", "provider")
 rescue LoadError
 else
  VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Provider.class_eval do
    method(:usable?).owner == singleton_class or def self.usable?(raise_error=false)
      VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Driver.new.execute("docker", "version")
      true
    rescue Vagrant::Errors::CommandUnavailable, VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Errors::ExecuteError
      raise if raise_error
      return false
    end
  end
 end
 Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
  # For LXC. VirtualBox hosts use a different box, described below.
  config.vm.box = "fgrehm/trusty64-lxc"
  # The Zulip development environment runs on 9991 on the guest.
  host_port = 9991
  http_proxy = https_proxy = no_proxy = nil
  host_ip_addr = "127.0.0.1"
  # System settings for the virtual machine.
  vm_num_cpus = "2"
  vm_memory = "2048"
  ubuntu_mirror = ""
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", disabled: true
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip"
@@ -74,9 +44,6 @@ Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
      when "NO_PROXY"; no_proxy = value
      when "HOST_PORT"; host_port = value.to_i
      when "HOST_IP_ADDR"; host_ip_addr = value
      when "GUEST_CPUS"; vm_num_cpus = value
      when "GUEST_MEMORY_MB"; vm_memory = value
      when "UBUNTU_MIRROR"; ubuntu_mirror = value
      end
    end
  end
@@ -101,48 +68,42 @@ Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
  end
  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 9991, host: host_port, host_ip: host_ip_addr
-  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 9994, host: host_port + 3, host_ip: host_ip_addr
+  # Specify LXC provider before VirtualBox provider so it's preferred.
-  # Specify Docker provider before VirtualBox provider so it's preferred.
+  config.vm.provider "lxc" do |lxc|
-  config.vm.provider "docker" do |d, override|
+    if command? "lxc-ls"
-    d.build_dir = File.join(__dir__, "tools", "setup", "dev-vagrant-docker")
+      LXC_VERSION = `lxc-ls --version`.strip unless defined? LXC_VERSION
-    d.build_args = ["--build-arg", "VAGRANT_UID=#{Process.uid}"]
+      if LXC_VERSION >= "1.1.0"
-    if !ubuntu_mirror.empty?
+        # Allow start without AppArmor, otherwise Box will not Start on Ubuntu 14.10
-      d.build_args += ["--build-arg", "UBUNTU_MIRROR=#{ubuntu_mirror}"]
+        # see https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/333
        lxc.customize 'aa_allow_incomplete', 1
      end
      if LXC_VERSION >= "2.0.0"
        lxc.backingstore = 'dir'
      end
    end
    d.has_ssh = true
    d.create_args = ["--ulimit", "nofile=1024:65536"]
  end
  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb, override|
-    override.vm.box = "hashicorp/bionic64"
+    override.vm.box = "ubuntu/trusty64"
    # It's possible we can get away with just 1.5GB; more testing needed
-    vb.memory = vm_memory
+    vb.memory = 2048
-    vb.cpus = vm_num_cpus
+    vb.cpus = 2
  end
  config.vm.provider "vmware_fusion" do |vb, override|
    override.vm.box = "puphpet/ubuntu1404-x64"
    vb.vmx["memsize"] = "2048"
    vb.vmx["numvcpus"] = "2"
  end
 $provision_script = <<SCRIPT
 set -x
 set -e
 set -o pipefail
 # Code should go here, rather than tools/provision, only if it is
 # something that we don't want to happen when running provision in a
 # development environment not using Vagrant.
 # Set the Ubuntu mirror
 [ ! '#{ubuntu_mirror}' ] || sudo sed -i 's|http://\\(\\w*\\.\\)*archive\\.ubuntu\\.com/ubuntu/\\? |#{ubuntu_mirror} |' /etc/apt/sources.list
 # Set the MOTD on the system to have Zulip instructions
 sudo ln -nsf /srv/zulip/tools/setup/dev-motd /etc/update-motd.d/99-zulip-dev
 sudo rm -f /etc/update-motd.d/10-help-text
 sudo dpkg --purge landscape-client landscape-common ubuntu-release-upgrader-core update-manager-core update-notifier-common ubuntu-server
 sudo dpkg-divert --add --rename /etc/default/motd-news
 sudo sh -c 'echo ENABLED=0 > /etc/default/motd-news'
 # If the host is running SELinux remount the /sys/fs/selinux directory as read only,
 # needed for apt-get to work.
 if [ -d "/sys/fs/selinux" ]; then
-    sudo mount -o remount,ro /sys/fs/selinux
+  sudo mount -o remount,ro /sys/fs/selinux
 fi
 # Set default locale, this prevents errors if the user has another locale set.
@@ -150,35 +111,14 @@ if ! grep -q 'LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8' /etc/default/locale; then
    echo "LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8" | sudo tee -a /etc/default/locale
 fi
 # Set an environment variable, so that we won't print the virtualenv
 # shell warning (it'll be wrong, since the shell is dying anyway)
 export SKIP_VENV_SHELL_WARNING=1
 # End `set -x`, so that the end of provision doesn't look like an error
 # message after a successful run.
 set +x
 # Check if the zulip directory is writable
 if [ ! -w /srv/zulip ]; then
    echo "The vagrant user is unable to write to the zulip directory."
    echo "To fix this, run the following commands on the host machine:"
    # sudo is required since our uid is not 1000
    echo '    vagrant halt -f'
    echo '    rm -rf /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE/.vagrant'
    echo '    sudo chown -R 1000:$(id -g) /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE'
    echo "Replace /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE with the path to where zulip code is cloned."
    echo "You can resume setting up your vagrant environment by running:"
    echo "    vagrant up"
    exit 1
 fi
 # Provision the development environment
 ln -nsf /srv/zulip ~/zulip
 /srv/zulip/tools/provision
 # Run any custom provision hooks the user has configured
 if [ -f /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision ]; then
-    chmod +x /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision
+  chmod +x /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision
-    /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision
+  /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision
 fi
 SCRIPT
--- a/analytics/lib/counts.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/counts.py
@@ -1,58 +1,43 @@
 import logging
 import time
 from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, Union
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import connection
+from django.db import connection, models
 from django.db.models import F
 from psycopg2.sql import SQL, Composable, Identifier, Literal
-from analytics.models import (
+from analytics.models import InstallationCount, RealmCount, \
-    BaseCount,
+    UserCount, StreamCount, BaseCount, FillState, Anomaly, installation_epoch, \
-    FillState,
+    last_successful_fill
-    InstallationCount,
+from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, Message, Stream, \
-    RealmCount,
+    UserActivityInterval, RealmAuditLog, models
-    StreamCount,
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, ceiling_to_day, \
-    UserCount,
+    ceiling_to_hour, verify_UTC
-    installation_epoch,
+
-    last_successful_fill,
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Text, Tuple, Type, Union
-)
+
-from zerver.lib.logging_util import log_to_file
+from collections import defaultdict, OrderedDict
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, ceiling_to_hour, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
+from datetime import timedelta, datetime
-from zerver.models import (
+from zerver.lib.logging_util import create_logger
-    Message,
+import time
    Realm,
    RealmAuditLog,
    Stream,
    UserActivityInterval,
    UserProfile,
    models,
 )
 ## Logging setup ##
-logger = logging.getLogger('zulip.management')
+logger = create_logger('zulip.management', settings.ANALYTICS_LOG_PATH, 'INFO')
 log_to_file(logger, settings.ANALYTICS_LOG_PATH)
 # You can't subtract timedelta.max from a datetime, so use this instead
 TIMEDELTA_MAX = timedelta(days=365*1000)
 ## Class definitions ##
-class CountStat:
+class CountStat(object):
    HOUR = 'hour'
    DAY = 'day'
    FREQUENCIES = frozenset([HOUR, DAY])
-    def __init__(self, property: str, data_collector: 'DataCollector', frequency: str,
+    def __init__(self, property, data_collector, frequency, interval=None):
-                 interval: Optional[timedelta]=None) -> None:
+        # type: (str, DataCollector, str, Optional[timedelta]) -> None
        self.property = property
        self.data_collector = data_collector
        # might have to do something different for bitfields
        if frequency not in self.FREQUENCIES:
-            raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+            raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))
        self.frequency = frequency
        if interval is not None:
            self.interval = interval
@@ -61,48 +46,41 @@ class CountStat:
        else:  # frequency == CountStat.DAY
            self.interval = timedelta(days=1)
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
+    def __unicode__(self):
-        return f"<CountStat: {self.property}>"
+        # type: () -> Text
        return u"<CountStat: %s>" % (self.property,)
 class LoggingCountStat(CountStat):
-    def __init__(self, property: str, output_table: Type[BaseCount], frequency: str) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, property, output_table, frequency):
        # type: (str, Type[BaseCount], str) -> None
        CountStat.__init__(self, property, DataCollector(output_table, None), frequency)
 class DependentCountStat(CountStat):
-    def __init__(self, property: str, data_collector: 'DataCollector', frequency: str,
+    def __init__(self, property, data_collector, frequency, interval=None, dependencies=[]):
-                 interval: Optional[timedelta] = None, dependencies: Sequence[str] = []) -> None:
+        # type: (str, DataCollector, str, Optional[timedelta], List[str]) -> None
        CountStat.__init__(self, property, data_collector, frequency, interval=interval)
        self.dependencies = dependencies
-class DataCollector:
+class DataCollector(object):
-    def __init__(self, output_table: Type[BaseCount],
+    def __init__(self, output_table, pull_function):
-                 pull_function: Optional[Callable[[str, datetime, datetime, Optional[Realm]], int]]) -> None:
+        # type: (Type[BaseCount], Optional[Callable[[str, datetime, datetime], int]]) -> None
        self.output_table = output_table
        self.pull_function = pull_function
 ## CountStat-level operations ##
-def process_count_stat(stat: CountStat, fill_to_time: datetime,
+def process_count_stat(stat, fill_to_time):
-                       realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> None:
+    # type: (CountStat, datetime) -> None
    # TODO: The realm argument is not yet supported, in that we don't
    # have a solution for how to update FillState if it is passed.  It
    # exists solely as partial plumbing for when we do fully implement
    # doing single-realm analytics runs for use cases like data import.
    #
    # Also, note that for the realm argument to be properly supported,
    # the CountStat object passed in needs to have come from
    # E.g. get_count_stats(realm), i.e. have the realm_id already
    # entered into the SQL query defined by the CountState object.
    if stat.frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
        time_increment = timedelta(hours=1)
    elif stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
        time_increment = timedelta(days=1)
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {stat.frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (stat.frequency,))
    verify_UTC(fill_to_time)
    if floor_to_hour(fill_to_time) != fill_to_time:
-        raise ValueError(f"fill_to_time must be on an hour boundary: {fill_to_time}")
+        raise ValueError("fill_to_time must be on an hour boundary: %s" % (fill_to_time,))
    fill_state = FillState.objects.filter(property=stat.property).first()
    if fill_state is None:
@@ -110,56 +88,59 @@ def process_count_stat(stat: CountStat, fill_to_time: datetime,
        fill_state = FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property,
                                              end_time=currently_filled,
                                              state=FillState.DONE)
-        logger.info("INITIALIZED %s %s", stat.property, currently_filled)
+        logger.info("INITIALIZED %s %s" % (stat.property, currently_filled))
    elif fill_state.state == FillState.STARTED:
-        logger.info("UNDO START %s %s", stat.property, fill_state.end_time)
+        logger.info("UNDO START %s %s" % (stat.property, fill_state.end_time))
        do_delete_counts_at_hour(stat, fill_state.end_time)
        currently_filled = fill_state.end_time - time_increment
        do_update_fill_state(fill_state, currently_filled, FillState.DONE)
-        logger.info("UNDO DONE %s", stat.property)
+        logger.info("UNDO DONE %s" % (stat.property,))
    elif fill_state.state == FillState.DONE:
        currently_filled = fill_state.end_time
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown value for FillState.state: {fill_state.state}.")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown value for FillState.state: %s." % (fill_state.state,))
    if isinstance(stat, DependentCountStat):
        for dependency in stat.dependencies:
            dependency_fill_time = last_successful_fill(dependency)
            if dependency_fill_time is None:
-                logger.warning("DependentCountStat %s run before dependency %s.",
+                logger.warning("DependentCountStat %s run before dependency %s." %
-                               stat.property, dependency)
+                               (stat.property, dependency))
                return
            fill_to_time = min(fill_to_time, dependency_fill_time)
    currently_filled = currently_filled + time_increment
    while currently_filled <= fill_to_time:
-        logger.info("START %s %s", stat.property, currently_filled)
+        logger.info("START %s %s" % (stat.property, currently_filled))
        start = time.time()
        do_update_fill_state(fill_state, currently_filled, FillState.STARTED)
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, currently_filled, realm)
+        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, currently_filled)
        do_update_fill_state(fill_state, currently_filled, FillState.DONE)
        end = time.time()
        currently_filled = currently_filled + time_increment
-        logger.info("DONE %s (%dms)", stat.property, (end-start)*1000)
+        logger.info("DONE %s (%dms)" % (stat.property, (end-start)*1000))
-def do_update_fill_state(fill_state: FillState, end_time: datetime, state: int) -> None:
+def do_update_fill_state(fill_state, end_time, state):
    # type: (FillState, datetime, int) -> None
    fill_state.end_time = end_time
    fill_state.state = state
    fill_state.save()
 # We assume end_time is valid (e.g. is on a day or hour boundary as appropriate)
 # and is timezone aware. It is the caller's responsibility to enforce this!
-def do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime, realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> None:
+def do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, end_time):
    # type: (CountStat, datetime) -> None
    start_time = end_time - stat.interval
    if not isinstance(stat, LoggingCountStat):
        timer = time.time()
        assert(stat.data_collector.pull_function is not None)
-        rows_added = stat.data_collector.pull_function(stat.property, start_time, end_time, realm)
+        rows_added = stat.data_collector.pull_function(stat.property, start_time, end_time)
-        logger.info("%s run pull_function (%dms/%sr)",
+        logger.info("%s run pull_function (%dms/%sr)" %
-                    stat.property, (time.time()-timer)*1000, rows_added)
+                    (stat.property, (time.time()-timer)*1000, rows_added))
-    do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat, end_time, realm)
+    do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat, end_time)
-def do_delete_counts_at_hour(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime) -> None:
+def do_delete_counts_at_hour(stat, end_time):
    # type: (CountStat, datetime) -> None
    if isinstance(stat, LoggingCountStat):
        InstallationCount.objects.filter(property=stat.property, end_time=end_time).delete()
        if stat.data_collector.output_table in [UserCount, StreamCount]:
@@ -170,87 +151,57 @@ def do_delete_counts_at_hour(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime) -> None:
        RealmCount.objects.filter(property=stat.property, end_time=end_time).delete()
        InstallationCount.objects.filter(property=stat.property, end_time=end_time).delete()
-def do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime,
+def do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat, end_time):
-                                  realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> None:
+    # type: (CountStat, datetime) -> None
    cursor = connection.cursor()
    # Aggregate into RealmCount
    output_table = stat.data_collector.output_table
    if realm is not None:
        realm_clause = SQL("AND zerver_realm.id = {}").format(Literal(realm.id))
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    if output_table in (UserCount, StreamCount):
-        realmcount_query = SQL("""
+        realmcount_query = """
            INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
                (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
            SELECT
-                zerver_realm.id, COALESCE(sum({output_table}.value), 0), %(property)s,
+                zerver_realm.id, COALESCE(sum(%(output_table)s.value), 0), '%(property)s',
-                {output_table}.subgroup, %(end_time)s
+                %(output_table)s.subgroup, %%(end_time)s
            FROM zerver_realm
-            JOIN {output_table}
+            JOIN %(output_table)s
            ON
-                zerver_realm.id = {output_table}.realm_id
+                zerver_realm.id = %(output_table)s.realm_id
            WHERE
-                {output_table}.property = %(property)s AND
+                %(output_table)s.property = '%(property)s' AND
-                {output_table}.end_time = %(end_time)s
+                %(output_table)s.end_time = %%(end_time)s
-                {realm_clause}
+            GROUP BY zerver_realm.id, %(output_table)s.subgroup
-            GROUP BY zerver_realm.id, {output_table}.subgroup
+        """ % {'output_table': output_table._meta.db_table,
-        """).format(
+               'property': stat.property}
            output_table=Identifier(output_table._meta.db_table),
            realm_clause=realm_clause,
        )
        start = time.time()
-        cursor.execute(realmcount_query, {
+        cursor.execute(realmcount_query, {'end_time': end_time})
            'property': stat.property,
            'end_time': end_time,
        })
        end = time.time()
-        logger.info(
+        logger.info("%s RealmCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)" % (stat.property, (end-start)*1000, cursor.rowcount))
            "%s RealmCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)",
            stat.property, (end - start) * 1000, cursor.rowcount,
        )
    if realm is None:
        # Aggregate into InstallationCount.  Only run if we just
        # processed counts for all realms.
        #
        # TODO: Add support for updating installation data after
        # changing an individual realm's values.
        installationcount_query = SQL("""
            INSERT INTO analytics_installationcount
                (value, property, subgroup, end_time)
            SELECT
                sum(value), %(property)s, analytics_realmcount.subgroup, %(end_time)s
            FROM analytics_realmcount
            WHERE
                property = %(property)s AND
                end_time = %(end_time)s
            GROUP BY analytics_realmcount.subgroup
        """)
        start = time.time()
        cursor.execute(installationcount_query, {
            'property': stat.property,
            'end_time': end_time,
        })
        end = time.time()
        logger.info(
            "%s InstallationCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)",
            stat.property, (end - start) * 1000, cursor.rowcount,
        )
    # Aggregate into InstallationCount
    installationcount_query = """
        INSERT INTO analytics_installationcount
            (value, property, subgroup, end_time)
        SELECT
            sum(value), '%(property)s', analytics_realmcount.subgroup, %%(end_time)s
        FROM analytics_realmcount
        WHERE
            property = '%(property)s' AND
            end_time = %%(end_time)s
        GROUP BY analytics_realmcount.subgroup
    """ % {'property': stat.property}
    start = time.time()
    cursor.execute(installationcount_query, {'end_time': end_time})
    end = time.time()
    logger.info("%s InstallationCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)" % (stat.property, (end-start)*1000, cursor.rowcount))
    cursor.close()
 ## Utility functions called from outside counts.py ##
 # called from zerver/lib/actions.py; should not throw any errors
-def do_increment_logging_stat(zerver_object: Union[Realm, UserProfile, Stream], stat: CountStat,
+def do_increment_logging_stat(zerver_object, stat, subgroup, event_time, increment=1):
-                              subgroup: Optional[Union[str, int, bool]], event_time: datetime,
+    # type: (Union[Realm, UserProfile, Stream], CountStat, Optional[Union[str, int, bool]], datetime, int) -> None
                              increment: int=1) -> None:
    if not increment:
        return
    table = stat.data_collector.output_table
    if table == RealmCount:
        id_args = {'realm': zerver_object}
@@ -271,14 +222,17 @@ def do_increment_logging_stat(zerver_object: Union[Realm, UserProfile, Stream],
        row.value = F('value') + increment
        row.save(update_fields=['value'])
-def do_drop_all_analytics_tables() -> None:
+def do_drop_all_analytics_tables():
    # type: () -> None
    UserCount.objects.all().delete()
    StreamCount.objects.all().delete()
    RealmCount.objects.all().delete()
    InstallationCount.objects.all().delete()
    FillState.objects.all().delete()
    Anomaly.objects.all().delete()
-def do_drop_single_stat(property: str) -> None:
+def do_drop_single_stat(property):
    # type: (str) -> None
    UserCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    StreamCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    RealmCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
@@ -287,71 +241,48 @@ def do_drop_single_stat(property: str) -> None:
 ## DataCollector-level operations ##
-QueryFn = Callable[[Dict[str, Composable]], Composable]
+def do_pull_by_sql_query(property, start_time, end_time, query, group_by):
-
+    # type: (str, datetime, datetime, str, Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]]) -> int
 def do_pull_by_sql_query(
    property: str,
    start_time: datetime,
    end_time: datetime,
    query: QueryFn,
    group_by: Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]],
 ) -> int:
    if group_by is None:
-        subgroup = SQL('NULL')
+        subgroup = 'NULL'
-        group_by_clause = SQL('')
+        group_by_clause  = ''
    else:
-        subgroup = Identifier(group_by[0]._meta.db_table, group_by[1])
+        subgroup = '%s.%s' % (group_by[0]._meta.db_table, group_by[1])
-        group_by_clause = SQL(', {}').format(subgroup)
+        group_by_clause = ', ' + subgroup
    # We do string replacement here because cursor.execute will reject a
    # group_by_clause given as a param.
    # We pass in the datetimes as params to cursor.execute so that we don't have to
    # think about how to convert python datetimes to SQL datetimes.
-    query_ = query({
+    query_ = query % {'property': property, 'subgroup': subgroup,
-        'subgroup': subgroup,
+                      'group_by_clause': group_by_clause}
        'group_by_clause': group_by_clause,
    })
    cursor = connection.cursor()
-    cursor.execute(query_, {
+    cursor.execute(query_, {'time_start': start_time, 'time_end': end_time})
        'property': property,
        'time_start': start_time,
        'time_end': end_time,
    })
    rowcount = cursor.rowcount
    cursor.close()
    return rowcount
-def sql_data_collector(
+def sql_data_collector(output_table, query, group_by):
-    output_table: Type[BaseCount],
+    # type: (Type[BaseCount], str, Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]]) -> DataCollector
-    query: QueryFn,
+    def pull_function(property, start_time, end_time):
-    group_by: Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]],
+        # type: (str, datetime, datetime) -> int
 ) -> DataCollector:
    def pull_function(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: datetime,
                      realm: Optional[Realm] = None) -> int:
        # The pull function type needs to accept a Realm argument
        # because the 'minutes_active::day' CountStat uses
        # DataCollector directly for do_pull_minutes_active, which
        # requires the realm argument.  We ignore it here, because the
        # realm should have been already encoded in the `query` we're
        # passed.
        return do_pull_by_sql_query(property, start_time, end_time, query, group_by)
    return DataCollector(output_table, pull_function)
-def do_pull_minutes_active(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: datetime,
+def do_pull_minutes_active(property, start_time, end_time):
-                           realm: Optional[Realm] = None) -> int:
+    # type: (str, datetime, datetime) -> int
    user_activity_intervals = UserActivityInterval.objects.filter(
-        end__gt=start_time, start__lt=end_time,
+        end__gt=start_time, start__lt=end_time
    ).select_related(
-        'user_profile',
+        'user_profile'
    ).values_list(
        'user_profile_id', 'user_profile__realm_id', 'start', 'end')
-    seconds_active: Dict[Tuple[int, int], float] = defaultdict(float)
+    seconds_active = defaultdict(float)  # type: Dict[Tuple[int, int], float]
    for user_id, realm_id, interval_start, interval_end in user_activity_intervals:
-        if realm is None or realm.id == realm_id:
+        start = max(start_time, interval_start)
-            start = max(start_time, interval_start)
+        end = min(end_time, interval_end)
-            end = min(end_time, interval_end)
+        seconds_active[(user_id, realm_id)] += (end - start).total_seconds()
            seconds_active[(user_id, realm_id)] += (end - start).total_seconds()
    rows = [UserCount(user_id=ids[0], realm_id=ids[1], property=property,
                      end_time=end_time, value=int(seconds // 60))
@@ -359,39 +290,27 @@ def do_pull_minutes_active(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: dateti
    UserCount.objects.bulk_create(rows)
    return len(rows)
-def count_message_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
+count_message_by_user_query = """
    if realm is None:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
        (user_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_userprofile.realm_id, count(*),
+        zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_userprofile.realm_id, count(*), '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
        %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_userprofile
    JOIN zerver_message
    ON
        zerver_userprofile.id = zerver_message.sender_id
    WHERE
-        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %%(time_end)s AND
-        zerver_message.date_sent >= %(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_message.pub_date >= %%(time_start)s AND
-        {realm_clause}
+        zerver_message.pub_date < %%(time_end)s
-        zerver_message.date_sent < %(time_end)s
+    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id %(group_by_clause)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id {group_by_clause}
+"""
 """).format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
 # Note: ignores the group_by / group_by_clause.
-def count_message_type_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
+count_message_type_by_user_query = """
    if realm is None:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
            (realm_id, user_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
-    SELECT realm_id, id, SUM(count) AS value, %(property)s, message_type, %(time_end)s
+    SELECT realm_id, id, SUM(count) AS value, '%(property)s', message_type, %%(time_end)s
    FROM
    (
        SELECT zerver_userprofile.realm_id, zerver_userprofile.id, count(*),
@@ -409,36 +328,28 @@ def count_message_type_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
        JOIN zerver_message
        ON
            zerver_userprofile.id = zerver_message.sender_id AND
-            zerver_message.date_sent >= %(time_start)s AND
+            zerver_message.pub_date >= %%(time_start)s AND
-            {realm_clause}
+            zerver_message.pub_date < %%(time_end)s
            zerver_message.date_sent < %(time_end)s
        JOIN zerver_recipient
        ON
            zerver_message.recipient_id = zerver_recipient.id
        LEFT JOIN zerver_stream
        ON
            zerver_recipient.type_id = zerver_stream.id
-        GROUP BY
+        GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.realm_id, zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_recipient.type, zerver_stream.invite_only
            zerver_userprofile.realm_id, zerver_userprofile.id,
            zerver_recipient.type, zerver_stream.invite_only
    ) AS subquery
    GROUP BY realm_id, id, message_type
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+"""
 # This query joins to the UserProfile table since all current queries that
 # use this also subgroup on UserProfile.is_bot. If in the future there is a
 # stat that counts messages by stream and doesn't need the UserProfile
 # table, consider writing a new query for efficiency.
-def count_message_by_stream_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
+count_message_by_stream_query = """
    if realm is None:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_stream.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
    INSERT INTO analytics_streamcount
        (stream_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_stream.id, zerver_stream.realm_id, count(*), %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_stream.id, zerver_stream.realm_id, count(*), '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_stream
    JOIN zerver_recipient
    ON
@@ -450,61 +361,48 @@ def count_message_by_stream_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
    ON
        zerver_message.sender_id = zerver_userprofile.id
    WHERE
-        zerver_stream.date_created < %(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_stream.date_created < %%(time_end)s AND
        zerver_recipient.type = 2 AND
-        zerver_message.date_sent >= %(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_message.pub_date >= %%(time_start)s AND
-        {realm_clause}
+        zerver_message.pub_date < %%(time_end)s
-        zerver_message.date_sent < %(time_end)s
+    GROUP BY zerver_stream.id %(group_by_clause)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_stream.id {group_by_clause}
+"""
 """).format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
 # Hardcodes the query needed by active_users:is_bot:day, since that is
 # currently the only stat that uses this.
-def count_user_by_realm_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
+count_user_by_realm_query = """
    if realm is None:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
    INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
        (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_realm.id, count(*), %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_realm.id, count(*),'%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_realm
    JOIN zerver_userprofile
    ON
        zerver_realm.id = zerver_userprofile.realm_id
    WHERE
-        zerver_realm.date_created < %(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_realm.date_created < %%(time_end)s AND
-        zerver_userprofile.date_joined >= %(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_userprofile.date_joined >= %%(time_start)s AND
-        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %%(time_end)s AND
        {realm_clause}
        zerver_userprofile.is_active = TRUE
-    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id {group_by_clause}
+    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id %(group_by_clause)s
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+"""
 # Currently hardcodes the query needed for active_users_audit:is_bot:day.
 # Assumes that a user cannot have two RealmAuditLog entries with the same event_time and
-# event_type in [RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED, USER_DEACTIVATED, etc].
+# event_type in ['user_created', 'user_deactivated', etc].
 # In particular, it's important to ensure that migrations don't cause that to happen.
-def check_realmauditlog_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
+check_realmauditlog_by_user_query = """
    if realm is None:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
        (user_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        ral1.modified_user_id, ral1.realm_id, 1, %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        ral1.modified_user_id, ral1.realm_id, 1, '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_realmauditlog ral1
    JOIN (
        SELECT modified_user_id, max(event_time) AS max_event_time
        FROM zerver_realmauditlog
        WHERE
-            event_type in ({user_created}, {user_activated}, {user_deactivated}, {user_reactivated}) AND
+            event_type in ('user_created', 'user_deactivated', 'user_activated', 'user_reactivated') AND
-            {realm_clause}
+            event_time < %%(time_end)s
            event_time < %(time_end)s
        GROUP BY modified_user_id
    ) ral2
    ON
@@ -514,181 +412,123 @@ def check_realmauditlog_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
    ON
        ral1.modified_user_id = zerver_userprofile.id
    WHERE
-        ral1.event_type in ({user_created}, {user_activated}, {user_reactivated})
+        ral1.event_type in ('user_created', 'user_activated', 'user_reactivated')
-    """).format(
+"""
        **kwargs,
        user_created=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED),
        user_activated=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_ACTIVATED),
        user_deactivated=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_DEACTIVATED),
        user_reactivated=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_REACTIVATED),
        realm_clause=realm_clause,
    )
-def check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
+check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query = """
    if realm is None:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
        (user_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_userprofile.realm_id, 1, %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_userprofile.realm_id, 1, '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_userprofile
    JOIN zerver_useractivityinterval
    ON
        zerver_userprofile.id = zerver_useractivityinterval.user_profile_id
    WHERE
-        zerver_useractivityinterval.end >= %(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_useractivityinterval.end >= %%(time_start)s AND
-        {realm_clause}
+        zerver_useractivityinterval.start < %%(time_end)s
-        zerver_useractivityinterval.start < %(time_end)s
+    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id %(group_by_clause)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id {group_by_clause}
+"""
 """).format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
-def count_realm_active_humans_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
+count_realm_active_humans_query = """
    if realm is None:
        realm_clause = SQL("")
    else:
        realm_clause = SQL("realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
    INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
        (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        usercount1.realm_id, count(*), %(property)s, NULL, %(time_end)s
+        usercount1.realm_id, count(*), '%(property)s', NULL, %%(time_end)s
    FROM (
        SELECT realm_id, user_id
        FROM analytics_usercount
        WHERE
            property = 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' AND
            subgroup = 'false' AND
-            {realm_clause}
+            end_time = %%(time_end)s
            end_time = %(time_end)s
    ) usercount1
    JOIN (
        SELECT realm_id, user_id
        FROM analytics_usercount
        WHERE
            property = '15day_actives::day' AND
-            {realm_clause}
+            end_time = %%(time_end)s
            end_time = %(time_end)s
    ) usercount2
    ON
        usercount1.user_id = usercount2.user_id
    GROUP BY usercount1.realm_id
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+"""
 # Currently unused and untested
-count_stream_by_realm_query = lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+count_stream_by_realm_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
        (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_realm.id, count(*), %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_realm.id, count(*), '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_realm
    JOIN zerver_stream
    ON
        zerver_realm.id = zerver_stream.realm_id AND
    WHERE
-        zerver_realm.date_created < %(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_realm.date_created < %%(time_end)s AND
-        zerver_stream.date_created >= %(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_stream.date_created >= %%(time_start)s AND
-        zerver_stream.date_created < %(time_end)s
+        zerver_stream.date_created < %%(time_end)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id {group_by_clause}
+    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id %(group_by_clause)s
-""").format(**kwargs)
+"""
-def get_count_stats(realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> Dict[str, CountStat]:
+## CountStat declarations ##
    ## CountStat declarations ##
-    count_stats_ = [
+count_stats_ = [
-        # Messages Sent stats
+    # Messages Sent stats
-        # Stats that count the number of messages sent in various ways.
+    # Stats that count the number of messages sent in various ways.
-        # These are also the set of stats that read from the Message table.
+    # These are also the set of stats that read from the Message table.
-        CountStat('messages_sent:is_bot:hour',
+    CountStat('messages_sent:is_bot:hour',
-                  sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query(
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
-                      realm), (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
+              CountStat.HOUR),
-                  CountStat.HOUR),
+    CountStat('messages_sent:message_type:day',
-        CountStat('messages_sent:message_type:day',
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_type_by_user_query, None), CountStat.DAY),
-                  sql_data_collector(
+    CountStat('messages_sent:client:day',
-                      UserCount, count_message_type_by_user_query(realm), None),
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query, (Message, 'sending_client_id')),
-                  CountStat.DAY),
+              CountStat.DAY),
-        CountStat('messages_sent:client:day',
+    CountStat('messages_in_stream:is_bot:day',
-                  sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query(realm),
+              sql_data_collector(StreamCount, count_message_by_stream_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
-                                     (Message, 'sending_client_id')), CountStat.DAY),
+              CountStat.DAY),
        CountStat('messages_in_stream:is_bot:day',
                  sql_data_collector(StreamCount, count_message_by_stream_query(realm),
                                     (UserProfile, 'is_bot')), CountStat.DAY),
-        # Number of Users stats
+    # Number of Users stats
-        # Stats that count the number of active users in the UserProfile.is_active sense.
+    # Stats that count the number of active users in the UserProfile.is_active sense.
-        # 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' is the canonical record of which users were
+    # 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' is the canonical record of which users were
-        # active on which days (in the UserProfile.is_active sense).
+    # active on which days (in the UserProfile.is_active sense).
-        # Important that this stay a daily stat, so that 'realm_active_humans::day' works as expected.
+    # Important that this stay a daily stat, so that 'realm_active_humans::day' works as expected.
-        CountStat('active_users_audit:is_bot:day',
+    CountStat('active_users_audit:is_bot:day',
-                  sql_data_collector(UserCount, check_realmauditlog_by_user_query(
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, check_realmauditlog_by_user_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
-                      realm), (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
+              CountStat.DAY),
-                  CountStat.DAY),
+    # Sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day', and a archetype for future LoggingCountStats.
    # In RealmCount, 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' should be the partial
    # sum sequence of 'active_users_log:is_bot:day', for any realm that
    # started after the latter stat was introduced.
    LoggingCountStat('active_users_log:is_bot:day', RealmCount, CountStat.DAY),
    # Another sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day'. Is only an
    # approximation, e.g. if a user is deactivated between the end of the
    # day and when this stat is run, they won't be counted. However, is the
    # simplest of the three to inspect by hand.
    CountStat('active_users:is_bot:day',
              sql_data_collector(RealmCount, count_user_by_realm_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
              CountStat.DAY, interval=TIMEDELTA_MAX),
-        # Important note: LoggingCountStat objects aren't passed the
+    # User Activity stats
-        # Realm argument, because by nature they have a logging
+    # Stats that measure user activity in the UserActivityInterval sense.
        # structure, not a pull-from-database structure, so there's no
        # way to compute them for a single realm after the fact (the
        # use case for passing a Realm argument).
-        # Sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day', and a archetype for future LoggingCountStats.
+    CountStat('15day_actives::day',
-        # In RealmCount, 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' should be the partial
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query, None),
-        # sum sequence of 'active_users_log:is_bot:day', for any realm that
+              CountStat.DAY, interval=timedelta(days=15)-UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH),
-        # started after the latter stat was introduced.
+    CountStat('minutes_active::day', DataCollector(UserCount, do_pull_minutes_active), CountStat.DAY),
        LoggingCountStat('active_users_log:is_bot:day',
                         RealmCount, CountStat.DAY),
        # Another sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day'. Is only an
        # approximation, e.g. if a user is deactivated between the end of the
        # day and when this stat is run, they won't be counted. However, is the
        # simplest of the three to inspect by hand.
        CountStat('active_users:is_bot:day',
                  sql_data_collector(RealmCount, count_user_by_realm_query(realm), (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
                  CountStat.DAY, interval=TIMEDELTA_MAX),
-        # Messages read stats.  messages_read::hour is the total
+    # Dependent stats
-        # number of messages read, whereas
+    # Must come after their dependencies.
        # messages_read_interactions::hour tries to count the total
        # number of UI interactions resulting in messages being marked
        # as read (imperfect because of batching of some request
        # types, but less likely to be overwhelmed by a single bulk
        # operation).
        LoggingCountStat('messages_read::hour', UserCount, CountStat.HOUR),
        LoggingCountStat('messages_read_interactions::hour', UserCount, CountStat.HOUR),
-        # User Activity stats
+    # Canonical account of the number of active humans in a realm on each day.
-        # Stats that measure user activity in the UserActivityInterval sense.
+    DependentCountStat('realm_active_humans::day',
                       sql_data_collector(RealmCount, count_realm_active_humans_query, None),
                       CountStat.DAY,
                       dependencies=['active_users_audit:is_bot:day', '15day_actives::day'])
 ]
-        CountStat('1day_actives::day',
+COUNT_STATS = OrderedDict([(stat.property, stat) for stat in count_stats_])
                  sql_data_collector(
                      UserCount, check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query(realm), None),
                  CountStat.DAY, interval=timedelta(days=1)-UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH),
        CountStat('15day_actives::day',
                  sql_data_collector(
                      UserCount, check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query(realm), None),
                  CountStat.DAY, interval=timedelta(days=15)-UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH),
        CountStat('minutes_active::day', DataCollector(
            UserCount, do_pull_minutes_active), CountStat.DAY),
        # Rate limiting stats
        # Used to limit the number of invitation emails sent by a realm
        LoggingCountStat('invites_sent::day', RealmCount, CountStat.DAY),
        # Dependent stats
        # Must come after their dependencies.
        # Canonical account of the number of active humans in a realm on each day.
        DependentCountStat('realm_active_humans::day',
                           sql_data_collector(
                               RealmCount, count_realm_active_humans_query(realm), None),
                           CountStat.DAY,
                           dependencies=['active_users_audit:is_bot:day', '15day_actives::day']),
    ]
    return OrderedDict([(stat.property, stat) for stat in count_stats_])
 # To avoid refactoring for now COUNT_STATS can be used as before
 COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats()
--- a/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, Stream, Message
 from analytics.models import InstallationCount, RealmCount, UserCount, StreamCount
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
 from datetime import datetime
 from math import sqrt
 from random import gauss, random, seed
 from typing import List
-from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
+from six.moves import zip
-
+def generate_time_series_data(days=100, business_hours_base=10, non_business_hours_base=10,
-def generate_time_series_data(days: int=100, business_hours_base: float=10,
+                              growth=1, autocorrelation=0, spikiness=1, holiday_rate=0,
-                              non_business_hours_base: float=10, growth: float=1,
+                              frequency=CountStat.DAY, partial_sum=False, random_seed=26):
-                              autocorrelation: float=0, spikiness: float=1,
+    # type: (int, float, float, float, float, float, float, str, bool, int) -> List[int]
                              holiday_rate: float=0, frequency: str=CountStat.DAY,
                              partial_sum: bool=False, random_seed: int=26) -> List[int]:
    """
    Generate semi-realistic looking time series data for testing analytics graphs.
@@ -44,10 +48,10 @@ def generate_time_series_data(days: int=100, business_hours_base: float=10,
                      [24*non_business_hours_base] * 2
        holidays = [random() < holiday_rate for i in range(days)]
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))
    if length < 2:
        raise AssertionError("Must be generating at least 2 data points. "
-                             f"Currently generating {length}")
+                             "Currently generating %s" % (length,))
    growth_base = growth ** (1. / (length-1))
    values_no_noise = [seasonality[i % len(seasonality)] * (growth_base**i) for i in range(length)]
--- a/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour, floor_to_day, \
    timestamp_to_datetime, verify_UTC
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from typing import List, Optional
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
 # If min_length is None, returns end_times from ceiling(start) to floor(end), inclusive.
 # If min_length is greater than 0, pads the list to the left.
 # So informally, time_range(Sep 20, Sep 22, day, None) returns [Sep 20, Sep 21, Sep 22],
 # and time_range(Sep 20, Sep 22, day, 5) returns [Sep 18, Sep 19, Sep 20, Sep 21, Sep 22]
-def time_range(start: datetime, end: datetime, frequency: str,
+def time_range(start, end, frequency, min_length):
-               min_length: Optional[int]) -> List[datetime]:
+    # type: (datetime, datetime, str, Optional[int]) -> List[datetime]
    verify_UTC(start)
    verify_UTC(end)
    if frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def time_range(start: datetime, end: datetime, frequency: str,
        end = floor_to_day(end)
        step = timedelta(days=1)
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))
    times = []
    if min_length is not None:
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
 import datetime
 import logging
 import time
 from typing import Any, Dict
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
-
+from zerver.models import Recipient, Message
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import timestamp_to_datetime
-from zerver.models import Message, Recipient
+import datetime
 import time
 import logging
-
+def compute_stats(log_level):
-def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
+    # type: (int) -> None
    logger = logging.getLogger()
    logger.setLevel(log_level)
    one_week_ago = timestamp_to_datetime(time.time()) - datetime.timedelta(weeks=1)
    mit_query = Message.objects.filter(sender__realm__string_id="zephyr",
                                       recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM,
-                                       date_sent__gt=one_week_ago)
+                                       pub_date__gt=one_week_ago)
    for bot_sender_start in ["imap.", "rcmd.", "sys."]:
        mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__startswith=(bot_sender_start))
    # Filtering for "/" covers tabbott/extra@ and all the daemon/foo bots.
@@ -27,15 +26,15 @@ def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
                           "bitcoin@mit.edu", "lp@mit.edu", "clocks@mit.edu",
                           "root@mit.edu", "nagios@mit.edu",
                           "www-data|local-realm@mit.edu"])
-    user_counts: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]] = {}
+    user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]]
    for m in mit_query.select_related("sending_client", "sender"):
        email = m.sender.email
        user_counts.setdefault(email, {})
        user_counts[email].setdefault(m.sending_client.name, 0)
        user_counts[email][m.sending_client.name] += 1
-    total_counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
+    total_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
-    total_user_counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
+    total_user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
    for email, counts in user_counts.items():
        total_user_counts.setdefault(email, 0)
        for client_name, count in counts.items():
@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
            total_counts[client_name] += count
            total_user_counts[email] += count
-    logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s", "User", "Messages", "Percentage Zulip")
+    logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s" % ("User", "Messages", "Percentage Zulip"))
-    top_percents: Dict[int, float] = {}
+    top_percents = {}  # type: Dict[int, float]
    for size in [10, 25, 50, 100, 200, len(total_user_counts.keys())]:
        top_percents[size] = 0.0
    for i, email in enumerate(sorted(total_user_counts.keys(),
@@ -56,26 +55,28 @@ def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
            if i < size:
                top_percents[size] += (percent_zulip * 1.0 / size)
-        logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s%%", email, total_user_counts[email],
+        logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s%%" % (email, total_user_counts[email],
-                      percent_zulip)
+                                              percent_zulip))
    logging.info("")
    for size in sorted(top_percents.keys()):
-        logging.info("Top %6s | %s%%", size, round(top_percents[size], 1))
+        logging.info("Top %6s | %s%%" % (size, round(top_percents[size], 1)))
    grand_total = sum(total_counts.values())
    print(grand_total)
-    logging.info("%15s | %s", "Client", "Percentage")
+    logging.info("%15s | %s" % ("Client", "Percentage"))
    for client in total_counts.keys():
-        logging.info("%15s | %s%%", client, round(100. * total_counts[client] / grand_total, 1))
+        logging.info("%15s | %s%%" % (client, round(100. * total_counts[client] / grand_total, 1)))
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Compute statistics on MIT Zephyr usage."
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: CommandParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (CommandParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=False, action='store_true')
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        level = logging.INFO
        if options["verbose"]:
            level = logging.DEBUG
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 import datetime
 from typing import Any, Dict
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
 from zerver.lib.statistics import seconds_usage_between
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
 from zerver.models import UserProfile
 import datetime
 from django.utils.timezone import utc
-
+def analyze_activity(options):
-def analyze_activity(options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    # type: (Dict[str, Any]) -> None
-    day_start = datetime.datetime.strptime(options["date"], "%Y-%m-%d").replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+    day_start = datetime.datetime.strptime(options["date"], "%Y-%m-%d").replace(tzinfo=utc)
    day_end = day_start + datetime.timedelta(days=options["duration"])
    user_profile_query = UserProfile.objects.all()
@@ -24,11 +25,11 @@ def analyze_activity(options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            continue
        total_duration += duration
-        print(f"{user_profile.email:<37}{duration}")
+        print("%-*s%s" % (37, user_profile.email, duration,))
-    print(f"\nTotal Duration:                      {total_duration}")
+    print("\nTotal Duration:                      %s" % (total_duration,))
-    print(f"\nTotal Duration in minutes:           {total_duration.total_seconds() / 60.}")
+    print("\nTotal Duration in minutes:           %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() / 60.,))
-    print(f"Total Duration amortized to a month: {total_duration.total_seconds() * 30. / 60.}")
+    print("Total Duration amortized to a month: %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() * 30. / 60.,))
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Report analytics of user activity on a per-user and realm basis.
@@ -46,11 +47,13 @@ Usage: ./manage.py analyze_user_activity [--realm=zulip] [--date=2013-09-10] [--
 By default, if no date is selected 2013-09-10 is used. If no realm is provided, information
 is shown for all realms"""
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: CommandParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (CommandParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('--realm', action='store')
        parser.add_argument('--date', action='store', default="2013-09-06")
        parser.add_argument('--duration', action='store', default=1, type=int,
                            help="How many days to show usage information for")
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        analyze_activity(options)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
 import os
 import time
 from datetime import timedelta
 from typing import Any, Dict
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
 from analytics.models import installation_epoch, last_successful_fill
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import TimezoneNotUTCException, floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
 from zerver.models import Realm
 states = {
    0: "OK",
    1: "WARNING",
    2: "CRITICAL",
    3: "UNKNOWN",
 }
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Checks FillState table.
    Run as a cron job that runs every hour."""
    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        fill_state = self.get_fill_state()
        status = fill_state['status']
        message = fill_state['message']
        state_file_path = "/var/lib/nagios_state/check-analytics-state"
        state_file_tmp = state_file_path + "-tmp"
        with open(state_file_tmp, "w") as f:
            f.write(f"{int(time.time())}|{status}|{states[status]}|{message}\n")
        os.rename(state_file_tmp, state_file_path)
    def get_fill_state(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        if not Realm.objects.exists():
            return {'status': 0, 'message': 'No realms exist, so not checking FillState.'}
        warning_unfilled_properties = []
        critical_unfilled_properties = []
        for property, stat in COUNT_STATS.items():
            last_fill = last_successful_fill(property)
            if last_fill is None:
                last_fill = installation_epoch()
            try:
                verify_UTC(last_fill)
            except TimezoneNotUTCException:
                return {'status': 2, 'message': f'FillState not in UTC for {property}'}
            if stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
                floor_function = floor_to_day
                warning_threshold = timedelta(hours=26)
                critical_threshold = timedelta(hours=50)
            else:  # CountStat.HOUR
                floor_function = floor_to_hour
                warning_threshold = timedelta(minutes=90)
                critical_threshold = timedelta(minutes=150)
            if floor_function(last_fill) != last_fill:
                return {'status': 2, 'message': f'FillState not on {stat.frequency} boundary for {property}'}
            time_to_last_fill = timezone_now() - last_fill
            if time_to_last_fill > critical_threshold:
                critical_unfilled_properties.append(property)
            elif time_to_last_fill > warning_threshold:
                warning_unfilled_properties.append(property)
        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0 and len(warning_unfilled_properties) == 0:
            return {'status': 0, 'message': 'FillState looks fine.'}
        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0:
            return {
                'status': 1,
                'message': 'Missed filling {} once.'.format(
                    ', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties),
                ),
            }
        return {
            'status': 2,
            'message': 'Missed filling {} once. Missed filling {} at least twice.'.format(
                ', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties),
                ', '.join(critical_unfilled_properties),
            ),
        }
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -1,21 +1,26 @@
-from argparse import ArgumentParser
+import sys
 from typing import Any
-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from django.db import connection
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from analytics.lib.counts import do_drop_all_analytics_tables
 from typing import Any
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (ArgumentParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('--force',
                            action='store_true',
                            help="Clear analytics tables.")
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        if options['force']:
            do_drop_all_analytics_tables()
        else:
-            raise CommandError("Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so.")
+            print("Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so.")
            sys.exit(1)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from django.db import connection
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from analytics.lib.counts import do_drop_single_stat, COUNT_STATS
 from typing import Any
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, do_drop_single_stat
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (ArgumentParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('--force',
                            action='store_true',
                            help="Actually do it.")
@@ -17,11 +20,14 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                            type=str,
                            help="The property of the stat to be cleared.")
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        property = options['property']
        if property not in COUNT_STATS:
-            raise CommandError(f"Invalid property: {property}")
+            print("Invalid property: %s" % (property,))
            sys.exit(1)
        if not options['force']:
-            raise CommandError("No action taken. Use --force.")
+            print("No action taken. Use --force.")
            sys.exit(1)
        do_drop_single_stat(property)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-import datetime
+from typing import Any
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any, Optional
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from django.db.models import Count, QuerySet
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from zerver.lib.management import ZulipBaseCommand
 from zerver.models import UserActivity
 import datetime
 class Command(ZulipBaseCommand):
    help = """Report rough client activity globally, for a realm, or for a user
@@ -18,16 +18,18 @@ Usage examples:
 ./manage.py client_activity --target realm --realm zulip
 ./manage.py client_activity --target user --user hamlet@zulip.com --realm zulip"""
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (ArgumentParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('--target', dest='target', required=True, type=str,
                            help="'server' will calculate client activity of the entire server. "
                                 "'realm' will calculate client activity of realm. "
                                 "'user' will calculate client activity of the user.")
        parser.add_argument('--user', dest='user', type=str,
-                            help="The email address of the user you want to calculate activity.")
+                            help="The email adress of the user you want to calculate activity.")
        self.add_realm_args(parser)
-    def compute_activity(self, user_activity_objects: QuerySet) -> None:
+    def compute_activity(self, user_activity_objects):
        # type: (QuerySet) -> None
        # Report data from the past week.
        #
        # This is a rough report of client activity because we inconsistently
@@ -54,10 +56,11 @@ Usage examples:
        counts.sort()
        for count in counts:
-            print(f"{count[1]:>25} {count[0]:15}")
+            print("%25s %15d" % (count[1], count[0]))
        print("Total:", total)
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **str) -> None
        realm = self.get_realm(options)
        if options["user"] is None:
            if options["target"] == "server" and realm is None:
--- a/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-from datetime import timedelta
+
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Type
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from unittest import mock
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
@@ -8,19 +7,16 @@ from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat, do_drop_all_analytics_tables
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
-from analytics.models import (
+from analytics.models import BaseCount, InstallationCount, RealmCount, \
-    BaseCount,
+    UserCount, StreamCount, FillState
    FillState,
    InstallationCount,
    RealmCount,
    StreamCount,
    UserCount,
 )
 from zerver.lib.actions import STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS, do_change_user_role
 from zerver.lib.create_user import create_user
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
-from zerver.models import Client, Realm, Recipient, Stream, Subscription, UserProfile
+from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, Stream, Message, Client, \
    RealmAuditLog
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from six.moves import zip
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Text, Type, Union, Mapping
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Populates analytics tables with randomly generated data."""
@@ -28,10 +24,21 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
    DAYS_OF_DATA = 100
    random_seed = 26
-    def generate_fixture_data(self, stat: CountStat, business_hours_base: float,
+    def create_user(self, email, full_name, is_staff, date_joined, realm):
-                              non_business_hours_base: float, growth: float,
+        # type: (Text, Text, Text, bool, datetime, Realm) -> UserProfile
-                              autocorrelation: float, spikiness: float,
+        user = UserProfile.objects.create(
-                              holiday_rate: float=0, partial_sum: bool=False) -> List[int]:
+            email=email, full_name=full_name, is_staff=is_staff,
            realm=realm, short_name=full_name, pointer=-1, last_pointer_updater='none',
            api_key='42', date_joined=date_joined)
        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
            realm=realm, modified_user=user, event_type='user_created',
            event_time=user.date_joined)
        return user
    def generate_fixture_data(self, stat, business_hours_base, non_business_hours_base,
                              growth, autocorrelation, spikiness, holiday_rate=0,
                              partial_sum=False):
        # type: (CountStat, float, float, float, float, float, float, bool) -> List[int]
        self.random_seed += 1
        return generate_time_series_data(
            days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA, business_hours_base=business_hours_base,
@@ -39,114 +46,47 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            autocorrelation=autocorrelation, spikiness=spikiness, holiday_rate=holiday_rate,
            frequency=stat.frequency, partial_sum=partial_sum, random_seed=self.random_seed)
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
-        # TODO: This should arguably only delete the objects
+        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        # associated with the "analytics" realm.
        do_drop_all_analytics_tables()
-
+        # I believe this also deletes any objects with this realm as a foreign key
        # This also deletes any objects with this realm as a foreign key
        Realm.objects.filter(string_id='analytics').delete()
        # Because we just deleted a bunch of objects in the database
        # directly (rather than deleting individual objects in Django,
        # in which case our post_save hooks would have flushed the
        # individual objects from memcached for us), we need to flush
        # memcached in order to ensure deleted objects aren't still
        # present in the memcached cache.
        from zerver.apps import flush_cache
        flush_cache(None)
        installation_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA)
        last_end_time = floor_to_day(timezone_now())
        realm = Realm.objects.create(
            string_id='analytics', name='Analytics', date_created=installation_time)
-        with mock.patch("zerver.lib.create_user.timezone_now", return_value=installation_time):
+        shylock = self.create_user('shylock@analytics.ds', 'Shylock', True, installation_time, realm)
            shylock = create_user('shylock@analytics.ds', 'Shylock', realm,
                                  full_name='Shylock', short_name='shylock',
                                  role=UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_ADMINISTRATOR)
        do_change_user_role(shylock, UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_ADMINISTRATOR, acting_user=None)
        stream = Stream.objects.create(
            name='all', realm=realm, date_created=installation_time)
        recipient = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=stream.id, type=Recipient.STREAM)
        stream.recipient = recipient
        stream.save(update_fields=["recipient"])
-        # Subscribe shylock to the stream to avoid invariant failures.
+        def insert_fixture_data(stat, fixture_data, table):
-        # TODO: This should use subscribe_users_to_streams from populate_db.
+            # type: (CountStat, Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]], Type[BaseCount]) -> None
        subs = [
            Subscription(recipient=recipient,
                         user_profile=shylock,
                         color=STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS[0]),
        ]
        Subscription.objects.bulk_create(subs)
        def insert_fixture_data(stat: CountStat,
                                fixture_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]],
                                table: Type[BaseCount]) -> None:
            end_times = time_range(last_end_time, last_end_time, stat.frequency,
                                   len(list(fixture_data.values())[0]))
            if table == InstallationCount:
                id_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
            if table == RealmCount:
                id_args = {'realm': realm}
            if table == UserCount:
                id_args = {'realm': realm, 'user': shylock}
            if table == StreamCount:
                id_args = {'stream': stream, 'realm': realm}
            for subgroup, values in fixture_data.items():
                table.objects.bulk_create([
                    table(property=stat.property, subgroup=subgroup, end_time=end_time,
                          value=value, **id_args)
                    for end_time, value in zip(end_times, values) if value != 0])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
        realm_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .08, .02, 3, .3, 6, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .8, .2, 4, .3, 6, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        realm_data = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .1, .03, 3, .5, 3, partial_sum=True),
-        }
+        }  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, .3, 4, .5, 3, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
        realm_data = {
            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .1, .03, 3.5, .8, 2, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, .3, 6, .8, 2, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
-        user_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
+        user_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(
-            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1),
+            stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1)}  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 35, 15, 6, .6, 4),
                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 15, 15, 3, .4, 2)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 350, 150, 6, .6, 4),
                             'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 150, 150, 3, .4, 2)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
@@ -162,12 +102,6 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            'private_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 13, 5, 5, .6, 4),
            'huddle_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 6, 3, 3, .6, 4)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
            'public_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 80, 5, .6, 4),
            'private_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 70, 70, 5, .6, 4),
            'private_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 130, 50, 5, .6, 4),
            'huddle_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 60, 30, 3, .6, 4)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
@@ -197,40 +131,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            unused.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, .6, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 200, 5, .6, 3),
            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 30, 8, .6, 3),
            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, .6, 3),
            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, .6, 3),
            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, .6, 3),
            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 5, .6, 3),
            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 10, 3, .6, 3),
            unused.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, .6, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_in_stream:is_bot:day']
+        # TODO: messages_sent_to_stream:is_bot
        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 5, 6, .6, 4),
                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 20, 2, 3, .2, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        stream_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 7, 5, .6, 4),
            'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 2, .4, 2),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, stream_data, StreamCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_read::hour']
        user_data = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 3, 2, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
        realm_data = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 35, 6, .6, 4)
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
 import datetime
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any, List
-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
 import datetime
 import pytz
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.db.models import Count
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from zerver.models import (
+from zerver.models import UserProfile, Realm, Stream, Message, Recipient, UserActivity, \
-    Message,
+    Subscription, UserMessage, get_realm
    Realm,
    Recipient,
    Stream,
    Subscription,
    UserActivity,
    UserMessage,
    UserProfile,
    get_realm,
 )
 MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST = ["Android", "ios"]
 HUMAN_CLIENT_LIST = MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST + ["website"]
@@ -26,11 +19,13 @@ human_messages = Message.objects.filter(sending_client__name__in=HUMAN_CLIENT_LI
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Generate statistics on realm activity."
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (ArgumentParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
-    def active_users(self, realm: Realm) -> List[UserProfile]:
+    def active_users(self, realm):
        # type: (Realm) -> List[UserProfile]
        # Has been active (on the website, for now) in the last 7 days.
        activity_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)
        return [activity.user_profile for activity in (
@@ -40,49 +35,59 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                                        query="/json/users/me/pointer",
                                        client__name="website"))]
-    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, days_ago: int) -> int:
+    def messages_sent_by(self, user, days_ago):
        # type: (UserProfile, int) -> int
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender=user, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+        return human_messages.filter(sender=user, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
-    def total_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+    def total_messages(self, realm, days_ago):
        # type: (Realm, int) -> int
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return Message.objects.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
-    def human_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+    def human_messages(self, realm, days_ago):
        # type: (Realm, int) -> int
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
-    def api_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+    def api_messages(self, realm, days_ago):
        # type: (Realm, int) -> int
        return (self.total_messages(realm, days_ago) - self.human_messages(realm, days_ago))
-    def stream_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+    def stream_messages(self, realm, days_ago):
        # type: (Realm, int) -> int
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff,
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff,
                                     recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).count()
-    def private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+    def private_messages(self, realm, days_ago):
        # type: (Realm, int) -> int
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.HUDDLE).count()
-    def group_private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+    def group_private_messages(self, realm, days_ago):
        # type: (Realm, int) -> int
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.PERSONAL).count()
-    def report_percentage(self, numerator: float, denominator: float, text: str) -> None:
+    def report_percentage(self, numerator, denominator, text):
        # type: (float, float, str) -> None
        if not denominator:
            fraction = 0.0
        else:
            fraction = numerator / float(denominator)
-        print(f"{fraction * 100:.2f}% of", text)
+        print("%.2f%% of" % (fraction * 100,), text)
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        if options['realms']:
            try:
                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
-                raise CommandError(e)
+                print(e)
                exit(1)
        else:
            realms = Realm.objects.all()
@@ -93,26 +98,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            active_users = self.active_users(realm)
            num_active = len(active_users)
-            print(f"{num_active} active users ({len(user_profiles)} total)")
+            print("%d active users (%d total)" % (num_active, len(user_profiles)))
            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).extra(
                tables=['zerver_subscription', 'zerver_recipient'],
                where=['zerver_subscription.recipient_id = zerver_recipient.id',
                       'zerver_recipient.type = 2',
                       'zerver_recipient.type_id = zerver_stream.id',
                       'zerver_subscription.active = true']).annotate(count=Count("name"))
-            print(f"{streams.count()} streams")
+            print("%d streams" % (streams.count(),))
            for days_ago in (1, 7, 30):
-                print(f"In last {days_ago} days, users sent:")
+                print("In last %d days, users sent:" % (days_ago,))
                sender_quantities = [self.messages_sent_by(user, days_ago) for user in user_profiles]
                for quantity in sorted(sender_quantities, reverse=True):
                    print(quantity, end=' ')
                print("")
-                print(f"{self.stream_messages(realm, days_ago)} stream messages")
+                print("%d stream messages" % (self.stream_messages(realm, days_ago),))
-                print(f"{self.private_messages(realm, days_ago)} one-on-one private messages")
+                print("%d one-on-one private messages" % (self.private_messages(realm, days_ago),))
-                print(f"{self.api_messages(realm, days_ago)} messages sent via the API")
+                print("%d messages sent via the API" % (self.api_messages(realm, days_ago),))
-                print(f"{self.group_private_messages(realm, days_ago)} group private messages")
+                print("%d group private messages" % (self.group_private_messages(realm, days_ago),))
            num_notifications_enabled = len([x for x in active_users if x.enable_desktop_notifications])
            self.report_percentage(num_notifications_enabled, num_active,
@@ -132,29 +137,29 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            starrers = UserMessage.objects.filter(user_profile__in=user_profiles,
                                                  flags=UserMessage.flags.starred).values(
                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
-            print("{} users have starred {} messages".format(
+            print("%d users have starred %d messages" % (
                len(starrers), sum([elt["count"] for elt in starrers])))
            active_user_subs = Subscription.objects.filter(
                user_profile__in=user_profiles, active=True)
            # Streams not in home view
-            non_home_view = active_user_subs.filter(is_muted=True).values(
+            non_home_view = active_user_subs.filter(in_home_view=False).values(
                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
-            print("{} users have {} streams not in home view".format(
+            print("%d users have %d streams not in home view" % (
                len(non_home_view), sum([elt["count"] for elt in non_home_view])))
            # Code block markup
            markup_messages = human_messages.filter(
                sender__realm=realm, content__contains="~~~").values(
                "sender").annotate(count=Count("sender"))
-            print("{} users have used code block markup on {} messages".format(
+            print("%d users have used code block markup on %s messages" % (
                len(markup_messages), sum([elt["count"] for elt in markup_messages])))
            # Notifications for stream messages
-            notifications = active_user_subs.filter(desktop_notifications=True).values(
+            notifications = active_user_subs.filter(notifications=True).values(
                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
-            print("{} users receive desktop notifications for {} streams".format(
+            print("%d users receive desktop notifications for %d streams" % (
                len(notifications), sum([elt["count"] for elt in notifications])))
            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
@@ -1,56 +1,43 @@
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any
-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.db.models import Q
-
+from zerver.models import Realm, Stream, Message, Subscription, Recipient, get_realm
 from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Recipient, Stream, Subscription, get_realm
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Generate statistics on the streams for a realm."
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (ArgumentParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: str) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **str) -> None
        if options['realms']:
            try:
                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
-                raise CommandError(e)
+                print(e)
                exit(1)
        else:
            realms = Realm.objects.all()
        for realm in realms:
            print(realm.string_id)
            print("------------")
            print("%25s %15s %10s" % ("stream", "subscribers", "messages"))
            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).exclude(Q(name__istartswith="tutorial-"))
-            # private stream count
+            invite_only_count = 0
            private_count = 0
            # public stream count
            public_count = 0
            for stream in streams:
                if stream.invite_only:
-                    private_count += 1
+                    invite_only_count += 1
-                else:
+                    continue
-                    public_count += 1
+                print("%25s" % (stream.name,), end=' ')
            print("------------")
            print(realm.string_id, end=' ')
            print("{:>10} {} public streams and".format("(", public_count), end=' ')
            print(f"{private_count} private streams )")
            print("------------")
            print("{:>25} {:>15} {:>10} {:>12}".format("stream", "subscribers", "messages", "type"))
            for stream in streams:
                if stream.invite_only:
                    stream_type = 'private'
                else:
                    stream_type = 'public'
                print(f"{stream.name:>25}", end=' ')
                recipient = Recipient.objects.filter(type=Recipient.STREAM, type_id=stream.id)
-                print("{:10}".format(len(Subscription.objects.filter(recipient=recipient,
+                print("%10d" % (len(Subscription.objects.filter(recipient=recipient, active=True)),), end=' ')
                                                                     active=True))), end=' ')
                num_messages = len(Message.objects.filter(recipient=recipient))
-                print(f"{num_messages:12}", end=' ')
+                print("%12d" % (num_messages,))
-                print(f"{stream_type:>15}")
+            print("%d invite-only streams" % (invite_only_count,))
            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
@@ -1,31 +1,34 @@
 import os
-import time
+import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from datetime import timezone
 from typing import Any, Dict
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_datetime
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, logger, process_count_stat
 from scripts.lib.zulip_tools import ENDC, WARNING
 from zerver.lib.remote_server import send_analytics_to_remote_server
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour
 from zerver.models import Realm
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from datetime import timedelta
 import time
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from django.utils.timezone import utc as timezone_utc
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_datetime
 from django.conf import settings
 from analytics.models import RealmCount, UserCount
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, logger, process_count_stat
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour
 from zerver.models import UserProfile, Message, Realm
 from typing import Any, Dict
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Fills Analytics tables.
    Run as a cron job that runs every hour."""
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (ArgumentParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('--time', '-t',
                            type=str,
-                            help='Update stat tables from current state to'
+                            help='Update stat tables from current state to --time. Defaults to the current time.',
                                 '--time. Defaults to the current time.',
                            default=timezone_now().isoformat())
        parser.add_argument('--utc',
                            action='store_true',
@@ -39,7 +42,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                            help="Print timing information to stdout.",
                            default=False)
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        try:
            os.mkdir(settings.ANALYTICS_LOCK_DIR)
        except OSError:
@@ -51,7 +55,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        finally:
            os.rmdir(settings.ANALYTICS_LOCK_DIR)
-    def run_update_analytics_counts(self, options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    def run_update_analytics_counts(self, options):
        # type: (Dict[str, Any]) -> None
        # installation_epoch relies on there being at least one realm; we
        # shouldn't run the analytics code if that condition isn't satisfied
        if not Realm.objects.exists():
@@ -60,18 +65,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        fill_to_time = parse_datetime(options['time'])
        if options['utc']:
-            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone_utc)
        if fill_to_time.tzinfo is None:
            raise ValueError("--time must be timezone aware. Maybe you meant to use the --utc option?")
-        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone.utc))
+        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone_utc))
        if options['stat'] is not None:
            stats = [COUNT_STATS[options['stat']]]
        else:
            stats = list(COUNT_STATS.values())
-        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
+        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))
        if options['verbose']:
            start = time.time()
            last = start
@@ -79,12 +84,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        for stat in stats:
            process_count_stat(stat, fill_to_time)
            if options['verbose']:
-                print(f"Updated {stat.property} in {time.time() - last:.3f}s")
+                print("Updated %s in %.3fs" % (stat.property, time.time() - last))
                last = time.time()
        if options['verbose']:
-            print(f"Finished updating analytics counts through {fill_to_time} in {time.time() - start:.3f}s")
+            print("Finished updating analytics counts through %s in %.3fs" %
-        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
+                  (fill_to_time, time.time() - start))
-
+        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))
        if settings.PUSH_NOTIFICATION_BOUNCER_URL and settings.SUBMIT_USAGE_STATISTICS:
            send_analytics_to_remote_server()
--- a/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
@@ -1,42 +1,46 @@
 import datetime
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 import datetime
 import pytz
 from typing import Any
-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Stream, UserProfile, get_realm
+from zerver.models import UserProfile, Realm, Stream, Message, get_realm
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Generate statistics on user activity."
-    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    def add_arguments(self, parser):
        # type: (ArgumentParser) -> None
        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
-    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, week: int) -> int:
+    def messages_sent_by(self, user, week):
        # type: (UserProfile, int) -> int
        start = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=(week + 1)*7)
        end = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=week*7)
-        return Message.objects.filter(sender=user, date_sent__gt=start, date_sent__lte=end).count()
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender=user, pub_date__gt=start, pub_date__lte=end).count()
-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        # type: (*Any, **Any) -> None
        if options['realms']:
            try:
                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
-                raise CommandError(e)
+                print(e)
                exit(1)
        else:
            realms = Realm.objects.all()
        for realm in realms:
            print(realm.string_id)
            user_profiles = UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True)
-            print(f"{len(user_profiles)} users")
+            print("%d users" % (len(user_profiles),))
-            print(f"{len(Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm))} streams")
+            print("%d streams" % (len(Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm)),))
            for user_profile in user_profiles:
-                print(f"{user_profile.email:>35}", end=' ')
+                print("%35s" % (user_profile.email,), end=' ')
                for week in range(10):
-                    print(f"{self.messages_sent_by(user_profile, week):5}", end=' ')
+                    print("%5d" % (self.messages_sent_by(user_profile, week)), end=' ')
                print("")
--- a/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import migrations, models
+import zerver.lib.str_utils
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
                ('info', models.CharField(max_length=1000)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='HuddleCount',
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='InstallationCount',
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='RealmCount',
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='StreamCount',
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='UserCount',
@@ -85,26 +87,26 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            unique_together={('user', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            unique_together={('stream', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            unique_together={('realm', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='installationcount',
-            unique_together={('property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='huddlecount',
-            unique_together={('huddle', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('huddle', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from django.db import migrations
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='huddlecount',
-            unique_together=set(),
+            unique_together=set([]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='huddlecount',
--- a/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models
 import zerver.lib.str_utils
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
@@ -17,6 +19,6 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
                ('state', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()),
                ('last_modified', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models
--- a/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models
--- a/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-from django.db import migrations
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
@@ -10,18 +11,18 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='installationcount',
-            unique_together={('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            unique_together={('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            unique_together={('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            unique_together={('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-16 20:50
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import migrations
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='installationcount',
-            unique_together={('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='installationcount',
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            unique_together={('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='realmcount',
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            unique_together={('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='streamcount',
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            unique_together={('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='usercount',
--- a/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.5 on 2017-02-01 22:28
 from django.db import migrations
@@ -12,14 +13,14 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            index_together={('property', 'end_time')},
+            index_together=set([('property', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            index_together={('property', 'realm', 'end_time')},
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            index_together={('property', 'realm', 'end_time')},
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-from django.db import migrations
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
 from django.db import migrations
-def delete_messages_sent_to_stream_stat(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
+def delete_messages_sent_to_stream_stat(apps, schema_editor):
    # type: (StateApps, DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None
    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
--- a/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-from django.db import migrations
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
 from django.db import migrations
-
+def clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values(apps, schema_editor):
-def clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
+    # type: (StateApps, DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None
    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
--- a/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-from django.db import migrations
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
 from django.db import migrations
-def clear_analytics_tables(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
+def clear_analytics_tables(apps, schema_editor):
    # type: (StateApps, DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None
    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
--- a/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 08:14
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('analytics', '0011_clear_analytics_tables'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='installationcount',
            name='anomaly',
            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='realmcount',
            name='anomaly',
            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='streamcount',
            name='anomaly',
            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='usercount',
            name='anomaly',
            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-02-02 02:47
 from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('analytics', '0012_add_on_delete'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='installationcount',
            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='realmcount',
            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='streamcount',
            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='usercount',
            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.DeleteModel(
            name='Anomaly',
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.26 on 2020-01-27 04:32
 from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('analytics', '0013_remove_anomaly'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='fillstate',
            name='last_modified',
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
 from django.db import migrations
 from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
 from django.db.models import Count, Sum
 def clear_duplicate_counts(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
    """This is a preparatory migration for our Analytics tables.
    The backstory is that Django's unique_together indexes do not properly
    handle the subgroup=None corner case (allowing duplicate rows that have a
    subgroup of None), which meant that in race conditions, rather than updating
    an existing row for the property/realm/time with subgroup=None, Django would
    create a duplicate row.
    In the next migration, we'll add a proper constraint to fix this bug, but
    we need to fix any existing problematic rows before we can add that constraint.
    We fix this in an appropriate fashion for each type of CountStat object; mainly
    this means deleting the extra rows, but for LoggingCountStat objects, we need to
    additionally combine the sums.
    """
    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
    realm_counts = RealmCount.objects.filter(subgroup=None).values(
        'realm_id', 'property', 'end_time').annotate(
            Count('id'), Sum('value')).filter(id__count__gt=1)
    for realm_count in realm_counts:
        realm_count.pop('id__count')
        total_value = realm_count.pop('value__sum')
        duplicate_counts = list(RealmCount.objects.filter(**realm_count))
        first_count = duplicate_counts[0]
        if realm_count['property'] in ["invites_sent::day", "active_users_log:is_bot:day"]:
            # For LoggingCountStat objects, the right fix is to combine the totals;
            # for other CountStat objects, we expect the duplicates to have the same value.
            # And so all we need to do is delete them.
            first_count.value = total_value
            first_count.save()
        to_cleanup = duplicate_counts[1:]
        for duplicate_count in to_cleanup:
            duplicate_count.delete()
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('analytics', '0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.RunPython(clear_duplicate_counts,
                             reverse_code=migrations.RunPython.noop),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-02-29 19:40
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('analytics', '0015_clear_duplicate_counts'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='installationcount',
            unique_together=set(),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='realmcount',
            unique_together=set(),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='streamcount',
            unique_together=set(),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='usercount',
            unique_together=set(),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='installationcount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_installation_count'),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='installationcount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('property', 'end_time'), name='unique_installation_count_null_subgroup'),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='realmcount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_realm_count'),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='realmcount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('realm', 'property', 'end_time'), name='unique_realm_count_null_subgroup'),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='streamcount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_stream_count'),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='streamcount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('stream', 'property', 'end_time'), name='unique_stream_count_null_subgroup'),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='usercount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_user_count'),
        ),
        migrations.AddConstraint(
            model_name='usercount',
            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('user', 'property', 'end_time'), name='unique_user_count_null_subgroup'),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/models.py
+++ b/analytics/models.py
@@ -1,32 +1,37 @@
 import datetime
 from typing import Optional
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models import Q, UniqueConstraint
 from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, Stream, Recipient
 from zerver.lib.str_utils import ModelReprMixin
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
 from zerver.models import Realm, Stream, UserProfile
 import datetime
-class FillState(models.Model):
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union, Dict, Any, Text
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
+
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
+class FillState(ModelReprMixin, models.Model):
    property = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)  # type: Text
    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
    # Valid states are {DONE, STARTED}
    DONE = 1
    STARTED = 2
-    state: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
+    state = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
+    last_modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)  # type: datetime.datetime
-        return f"<FillState: {self.property} {self.end_time} {self.state}>"
+
    def __unicode__(self):
        # type: () -> Text
        return u"<FillState: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.end_time, self.state)
 # The earliest/starting end_time in FillState
 # We assume there is at least one realm
-def installation_epoch() -> datetime.datetime:
+def installation_epoch():
    # type: () -> datetime.datetime
    earliest_realm_creation = Realm.objects.aggregate(models.Min('date_created'))['date_created__min']
    return floor_to_day(earliest_realm_creation)
-def last_successful_fill(property: str) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
+def last_successful_fill(property):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]
    fillstate = FillState.objects.filter(property=property).first()
    if fillstate is None:
        return None
@@ -34,98 +39,71 @@ def last_successful_fill(property: str) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
        return fillstate.end_time
    return fillstate.end_time - datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
-class BaseCount(models.Model):
+# would only ever make entries here by hand
 class Anomaly(ModelReprMixin, models.Model):
    info = models.CharField(max_length=1000)  # type: Text
    def __unicode__(self):
        # type: () -> Text
        return u"<Anomaly: %s... %s>" % (self.info, self.id)
 class BaseCount(ModelReprMixin, models.Model):
    # Note: When inheriting from BaseCount, you may want to rearrange
    # the order of the columns in the migration to make sure they
    # match how you'd like the table to be arranged.
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=32)
+    property = models.CharField(max_length=32)  # type: Text
-    subgroup: Optional[str] = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)
+    subgroup = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)  # type: Optional[Text]
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
+    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
-    value: int = models.BigIntegerField()
+    value = models.BigIntegerField()  # type: int
    anomaly = models.ForeignKey(Anomaly, null=True)  # type: Optional[Anomaly]
-    class Meta:
+    class Meta(object):
        abstract = True
 class InstallationCount(BaseCount):
-    class Meta:
+    class Meta(object):
-        # Handles invalid duplicate InstallationCount data
+        unique_together = ("property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        constraints = [
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
                name='unique_installation_count'),
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["property", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
                name='unique_installation_count_null_subgroup'),
        ]
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
+    def __unicode__(self):
-        return f"<InstallationCount: {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
+        # type: () -> Text
        return u"<InstallationCount: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)
 class RealmCount(BaseCount):
-    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm)
-    class Meta:
+    class Meta(object):
-        # Handles invalid duplicate RealmCount data
+        unique_together = ("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        constraints = [
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
                name='unique_realm_count'),
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["realm", "property", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
                name='unique_realm_count_null_subgroup'),
        ]
        index_together = ["property", "end_time"]
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
+    def __unicode__(self):
-        return f"<RealmCount: {self.realm} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
+        # type: () -> Text
        return u"<RealmCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.realm, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)
 class UserCount(BaseCount):
-    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile)
-    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm)
-    class Meta:
+    class Meta(object):
-        # Handles invalid duplicate UserCount data
+        unique_together = ("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        constraints = [
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
                name='unique_user_count'),
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["user", "property", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
                name='unique_user_count_null_subgroup'),
        ]
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from users to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
+    def __unicode__(self):
-        return f"<UserCount: {self.user} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
+        # type: () -> Text
        return u"<UserCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.user, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)
 class StreamCount(BaseCount):
-    stream = models.ForeignKey(Stream, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    stream = models.ForeignKey(Stream)
-    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
+    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm)
-    class Meta:
+    class Meta(object):
-        # Handles invalid duplicate StreamCount data
+        unique_together = ("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        constraints = [
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
                name='unique_stream_count'),
            UniqueConstraint(
                fields=["stream", "property", "end_time"],
                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
                name='unique_stream_count_null_subgroup'),
        ]
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from streams to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
+    def __unicode__(self):
-        return f"<StreamCount: {self.stream} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value} {self.id}>"
+        # type: () -> Text
        return u"<StreamCount: %s %s %s %s %s>" % (self.stream, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value, self.id)
--- a/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
--- a/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 # A very light test suite; the code being tested is not run in production.
 class TestFixtures(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_deterministic_settings(self) -> None:
+    def test_deterministic_settings(self):
        # type: () -> None
        # test basic business_hour / non_business_hour calculation
        # test we get an array of the right length with frequency=CountStat.DAY
        data = generate_time_series_data(
--- a/analytics/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_views.py
@@ -1,90 +1,49 @@
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from django.utils.timezone import get_fixed_timezone, utc
 from typing import List, Optional
 from unittest import mock
 import ujson
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
 from analytics.models import FillState, RealmCount, UserCount, last_successful_fill
 from analytics.views import rewrite_client_arrays, sort_by_totals, sort_client_labels
 from corporate.models import get_customer_by_realm
 from zerver.lib.actions import do_create_multiuse_invite_link, do_send_realm_reactivation_email
 from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
-from zerver.lib.test_helpers import reset_emails_in_zulip_realm
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_hour, ceiling_to_day, \
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, ceiling_to_hour, datetime_to_timestamp
+    datetime_to_timestamp
-from zerver.models import Client, MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, get_realm
+from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, Client, get_realm
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat, COUNT_STATS
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
 from analytics.models import RealmCount, UserCount, BaseCount, \
    FillState, last_successful_fill
 from analytics.views import stats, get_chart_data, sort_by_totals, \
    sort_client_labels, rewrite_client_arrays
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 import mock
 import ujson
 from typing import List, Dict, Optional
 class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_stats(self) -> None:
+    def test_stats(self):
        # type: () -> None
        self.user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(self.user)
+        self.login(self.user.email)
        result = self.client_get('/stats')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
        # Check that we get something back
        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
    def test_guest_user_cant_access_stats(self) -> None:
        self.user = self.example_user('polonius')
        self.login_user(self.user)
        result = self.client_get('/stats')
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data')
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)
    def test_stats_for_realm(self) -> None:
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        self.login_user(user)
        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/zulip/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        user.is_staff = True
        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/not_existing_realm/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/zulip/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
    def test_stats_for_installation(self) -> None:
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        self.login_user(user)
        result = self.client_get('/stats/installation')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        user.is_staff = True
        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
        result = self.client_get('/stats/installation')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
 class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
-    def setUp(self) -> None:
+    def setUp(self):
-        super().setUp()
+        # type: () -> None
        self.realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self.user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(self.user)
+        self.login(self.user.email)
        self.end_times_hour = [ceiling_to_hour(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(hours=i)
                               for i in range(4)]
        self.end_times_day = [ceiling_to_day(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(days=i)
                              for i in range(4)]
-    def data(self, i: int) -> List[int]:
+    def data(self, i):
        # type: (int) -> List[int]
        return [0, 0, i, 0]
-    def insert_data(self, stat: CountStat, realm_subgroups: List[Optional[str]],
+    def insert_data(self, stat, realm_subgroups, user_subgroups):
-                    user_subgroups: List[str]) -> None:
+        # type: (CountStat, List[Optional[str]], List[str]) -> None
        if stat.frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
            insert_time = self.end_times_hour[2]
            fill_time = self.end_times_hour[-1]
@@ -102,13 +61,10 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
            for i, subgroup in enumerate(user_subgroups)])
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=fill_time, state=FillState.DONE)
-    def test_number_of_humans(self) -> None:
+    def test_number_of_humans(self):
        # type: () -> None
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
        self.insert_data(stat, ['false'], [])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
@@ -117,12 +73,13 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
            'msg': '',
            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
            'frequency': CountStat.DAY,
-            'everyone': {'_1day': self.data(100), '_15day': self.data(100), 'all_time': self.data(100)},
+            'realm': {'human': self.data(100)},
            'display_order': None,
            'result': 'success',
        })
-    def test_messages_sent_over_time(self) -> None:
+    def test_messages_sent_over_time(self):
        # type: () -> None
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
        self.insert_data(stat, ['true', 'false'], ['false'])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
@@ -133,13 +90,14 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
            'msg': '',
            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_hour],
            'frequency': CountStat.HOUR,
-            'everyone': {'bot': self.data(100), 'human': self.data(101)},
+            'realm': {'bot': self.data(100), 'human': self.data(101)},
            'user': {'bot': self.data(0), 'human': self.data(200)},
            'display_order': None,
            'result': 'success',
        })
-    def test_messages_sent_by_message_type(self) -> None:
+    def test_messages_sent_by_message_type(self):
        # type: () -> None
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:message_type:day']
        self.insert_data(stat, ['public_stream', 'private_message'],
                         ['public_stream', 'private_stream'])
@@ -151,15 +109,16 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
            'msg': '',
            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
            'frequency': CountStat.DAY,
-            'everyone': {'Public streams': self.data(100), 'Private streams': self.data(0),
+            'realm': {'Public streams': self.data(100), 'Private streams': self.data(0),
-                         'Private messages': self.data(101), 'Group private messages': self.data(0)},
+                      'Private messages': self.data(101), 'Group private messages': self.data(0)},
            'user': {'Public streams': self.data(200), 'Private streams': self.data(201),
                     'Private messages': self.data(0), 'Group private messages': self.data(0)},
            'display_order': ['Private messages', 'Public streams', 'Private streams', 'Group private messages'],
            'result': 'success',
        })
-    def test_messages_sent_by_client(self) -> None:
+    def test_messages_sent_by_client(self):
        # type: () -> None
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:client:day']
        client1 = Client.objects.create(name='client 1')
        client2 = Client.objects.create(name='client 2')
@@ -175,82 +134,57 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
            'msg': '',
            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
            'frequency': CountStat.DAY,
-            'everyone': {'client 4': self.data(100), 'client 3': self.data(101),
+            'realm': {'client 4': self.data(100), 'client 3': self.data(101),
-                         'client 2': self.data(102)},
+                      'client 2': self.data(102)},
            'user': {'client 3': self.data(200), 'client 1': self.data(201)},
            'display_order': ['client 1', 'client 2', 'client 3', 'client 4'],
            'result': 'success',
        })
-    def test_messages_read_over_time(self) -> None:
+    def test_include_empty_subgroups(self):
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_read::hour']
+        # type: () -> None
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_read_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        data = result.json()
        self.assertEqual(data, {
            'msg': '',
            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_hour],
            'frequency': CountStat.HOUR,
            'everyone': {'read': self.data(100)},
            'user': {'read': self.data(0)},
            'display_order': None,
            'result': 'success',
        })
    def test_include_empty_subgroups(self) -> None:
        FillState.objects.create(
-            property='realm_active_humans::day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
+            property='realm_active_humans::day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0], state=FillState.DONE)
            state=FillState.DONE)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {"_1day": [0], "_15day": [0], "all_time": [0]})
+        self.assertEqual(data['realm'], {'human': [0]})
        self.assertFalse('user' in data)
        FillState.objects.create(
-            property='messages_sent:is_bot:hour', end_time=self.end_times_hour[0],
+            property='messages_sent:is_bot:hour', end_time=self.end_times_hour[0], state=FillState.DONE)
            state=FillState.DONE)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'human': [0], 'bot': [0]})
+        self.assertEqual(data['realm'], {'human': [0], 'bot': [0]})
        self.assertEqual(data['user'], {'human': [0], 'bot': [0]})
        FillState.objects.create(
-            property='messages_sent:message_type:day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
+            property='messages_sent:message_type:day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0], state=FillState.DONE)
            state=FillState.DONE)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_by_message_type'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {
+        self.assertEqual(data['realm'], {
-            'Public streams': [0], 'Private streams': [0],
+            'Public streams': [0], 'Private streams': [0], 'Private messages': [0], 'Group private messages': [0]})
            'Private messages': [0], 'Group private messages': [0]})
        self.assertEqual(data['user'], {
-            'Public streams': [0], 'Private streams': [0],
+            'Public streams': [0], 'Private streams': [0], 'Private messages': [0], 'Group private messages': [0]})
            'Private messages': [0], 'Group private messages': [0]})
        FillState.objects.create(
-            property='messages_sent:client:day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
+            property='messages_sent:client:day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0], state=FillState.DONE)
            state=FillState.DONE)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_by_client'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {})
+        self.assertEqual(data['realm'], {})
        self.assertEqual(data['user'], {})
-    def test_start_and_end(self) -> None:
+    def test_start_and_end(self):
        # type: () -> None
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
        self.insert_data(stat, ['false'], [])
        end_time_timestamps = [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day]
        # valid start and end
@@ -261,7 +195,7 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        data = result.json()
        self.assertEqual(data['end_times'], end_time_timestamps[1:3])
-        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'_1day': [0, 100], '_15day': [0, 100], 'all_time': [0, 100]})
+        self.assertEqual(data['realm'], {'human': [0, 100]})
        # start later then end
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
@@ -270,13 +204,10 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
                                  'end': end_time_timestamps[1]})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'Start time is later than')
-    def test_min_length(self) -> None:
+    def test_min_length(self):
        # type: () -> None
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
        self.insert_data(stat, ['false'], [])
        # test min_length is too short to change anything
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans',
@@ -284,7 +215,7 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        data = result.json()
        self.assertEqual(data['end_times'], [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day])
-        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'_1day': self.data(100), '_15day': self.data(100), 'all_time': self.data(100)})
+        self.assertEqual(data['realm'], {'human': self.data(100)})
        # test min_length larger than filled data
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans',
@@ -293,367 +224,31 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
        data = result.json()
        end_times = [ceiling_to_day(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(days=i) for i in range(-1, 4)]
        self.assertEqual(data['end_times'], [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in end_times])
-        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'_1day': [0]+self.data(100), '_15day': [0]+self.data(100), 'all_time': [0]+self.data(100)})
+        self.assertEqual(data['realm'], {'human': [0]+self.data(100)})
-    def test_non_existent_chart(self) -> None:
+    def test_non_existent_chart(self):
        # type: () -> None
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'does_not_exist'})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'Unknown chart name')
-    def test_analytics_not_running(self) -> None:
+    def test_analytics_not_running(self):
-        realm = get_realm("zulip")
+        # type: () -> None
-
+        # try to get data for a valid chart, but before we've put anything in the database
-        self.assertEqual(FillState.objects.count(), 0)
+        # (e.g. before update_analytics_counts has been run)
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
+                                     {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, hours=2)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(hours=10)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        end_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=5)
        fill_state = FillState.objects.create(property='messages_sent:is_bot:hour', end_time=end_time,
                                              state=FillState.DONE)
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        end_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=2)
        fill_state.end_time = end_time
        fill_state.save(update_fields=["end_time"])
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, hours=2)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data', {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
    def test_get_chart_data_for_realm(self) -> None:
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        self.login_user(user)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        user.is_staff = True
        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/not_existing_realm',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_error(result, 'Invalid organization', 400)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
    def test_get_chart_data_for_installation(self) -> None:
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        self.login_user(user)
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/installation',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)
        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
        user.is_staff = True
        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/installation',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)
 class TestSupportEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_search(self) -> None:
        reset_emails_in_zulip_realm()
        def check_hamlet_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">user</span>\n', '<h3>King Hamlet</h3>',
                                             '<b>Email</b>: hamlet@zulip.com', '<b>Is active</b>: True<br>',
                                             '<b>Admins</b>: desdemona@zulip.com, iago@zulip.com\n',
                                             'class="copy-button" data-copytext="desdemona@zulip.com, iago@zulip.com"',
                                             ], result)
        def check_zulip_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
            zulip_realm = get_realm("zulip")
            self.assert_in_success_response([f'<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="{zulip_realm.id}"',
                                             'Zulip Dev</h3>',
                                             '<option value="1" selected>Self Hosted</option>',
                                             '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
                                             'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
                                             '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
                                             '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
                                             'scrub-realm-button">',
                                             'data-string-id="zulip"'], result)
        def check_lear_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
            lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
            self.assert_in_success_response([f'<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="{lear_realm.id}"',
                                             'Lear &amp; Co.</h3>',
                                             '<option value="1" selected>Self Hosted</option>',
                                             '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
                                             'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
                                             '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
                                             '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
                                             'scrub-realm-button">',
                                             'data-string-id="lear"'], result)
        def check_preregistration_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse, email: str, invite: bool=False) -> None:
            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
                                             f'<b>Email</b>: {email}',
                                             ], result)
            if invite:
                self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
                self.assert_in_success_response(['<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3',
                                                 '<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked'], result)
                self.assert_in_success_response([], result)
            else:
                self.assert_not_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
                self.assert_in_success_response(['<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day',
                                                 '<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked'], result)
        def check_realm_creation_query_result(result: HttpResponse, email: str) -> None:
            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
                                             '<span class="label">realm creation</span>\n',
                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://testserver/accounts/do_confirm/',
                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day<br>\n',
                                             ], result)
        def check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">multiuse invite</span>\n',
                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/join/',
                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3',
                                             ], result)
        def check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">realm reactivation</span>\n',
                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/reactivate/',
                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day',
                                             ], result)
        self.login('cordelia')
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
        self.login('iago')
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
        self.assert_in_success_response(['<input type="text" name="q" class="input-xxlarge search-query"'], result)
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "hamlet@zulip.com"})
        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear"})
        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://lear.testserver"})
        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
        with self.settings(REALM_HOSTS={'zulip': 'localhost'}):
            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://localhost"})
            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "hamlet@zulip.com, lear"})
        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear, Hamlet <hamlet@zulip.com>"})
        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
        self.client_post('/accounts/home/', {'email': self.nonreg_email("test")})
        self.login('iago')
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test")})
        check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test"))
        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
        stream_ids = [self.get_stream_id("Denmark")]
        invitee_emails = [self.nonreg_email("test1")]
        self.client_post("/json/invites", {"invitee_emails": invitee_emails,
                                           "stream_ids": ujson.dumps(stream_ids),
                                           "invite_as": PreregistrationUser.INVITE_AS['MEMBER']})
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test1")})
        check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test1"), invite=True)
        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
        email = self.nonreg_email('alice')
        self.client_post('/new/', {'email': email})
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": email})
        check_realm_creation_query_result(result, email)
        do_create_multiuse_invite_link(self.example_user("hamlet"), invited_as=1)
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
        check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result)
        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
        MultiuseInvite.objects.all().delete()
        do_send_realm_reactivation_email(get_realm("zulip"))
        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
        check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result)
        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
    def test_change_plan_type(self) -> None:
        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
        self.login_user(cordelia)
        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{cordelia.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"})
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
        iago = self.example_user("iago")
        self.login_user(iago)
        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_change_plan_type") as m:
            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"})
            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), 2)
            self.assert_in_success_response(["Plan type of Zulip Dev changed from self hosted to limited"], result)
    def test_attach_discount(self) -> None:
        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
        lear_realm = get_realm('lear')
        self.login_user(cordelia)
        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"})
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
        self.login('iago')
        with mock.patch("analytics.views.attach_discount_to_realm") as m:
            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"})
            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("lear"), 25)
            self.assert_in_success_response(["Discount of Lear &amp; Co. changed to 25 from None"], result)
    def test_change_sponsorship_status(self) -> None:
        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
        self.assertIsNone(get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm))
        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
        self.login_user(cordelia)
        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}",
                                                        "sponsorship_pending": "true"})
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
        iago = self.example_user("iago")
        self.login_user(iago)
        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}",
                                                        "sponsorship_pending": "true"})
        self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. marked as pending sponsorship."], result)
        customer = get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm)
        assert(customer is not None)
        self.assertTrue(customer.sponsorship_pending)
        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}",
                                                        "sponsorship_pending": "false"})
        self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. is no longer pending sponsorship."], result)
        customer = get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm)
        assert(customer is not None)
        self.assertFalse(customer.sponsorship_pending)
    def test_activate_or_deactivate_realm(self) -> None:
        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
        lear_realm = get_realm('lear')
        self.login_user(cordelia)
        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "deactivated"})
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
        self.login('iago')
        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_deactivate_realm") as m:
            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "deactivated"})
            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, self.example_user("iago"))
            self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. deactivated"], result)
        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_send_realm_reactivation_email") as m:
            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "active"})
            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm)
            self.assert_in_success_response(["Realm reactivation email sent to admins of Lear"], result)
    def test_scrub_realm(self) -> None:
        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
        lear_realm = get_realm('lear')
        self.login_user(cordelia)
        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"})
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
        self.login('iago')
        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_scrub_realm") as m:
            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "scrub_realm": "scrub_realm"})
            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, acting_user=self.example_user("iago"))
            self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. scrubbed"], result)
        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_scrub_realm") as m:
            with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
                result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}"})
            m.assert_not_called()
 class TestGetChartDataHelpers(ZulipTestCase):
    # last_successful_fill is in analytics/models.py, but get_chart_data is
    # the only function that uses it at the moment
-    def test_last_successful_fill(self) -> None:
+    def test_last_successful_fill(self):
        # type: () -> None
        self.assertIsNone(last_successful_fill('non-existant'))
-        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 19, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 19).replace(tzinfo=utc)
-        one_hour_before = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 18, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        one_hour_before = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 18).replace(tzinfo=utc)
        fillstate = FillState.objects.create(property='property', end_time=a_time,
                                             state=FillState.DONE)
        self.assertEqual(last_successful_fill('property'), a_time)
@@ -661,24 +256,27 @@ class TestGetChartDataHelpers(ZulipTestCase):
        fillstate.save()
        self.assertEqual(last_successful_fill('property'), one_hour_before)
-    def test_sort_by_totals(self) -> None:
+    def test_sort_by_totals(self):
-        empty: List[int] = []
+        # type: () -> None
        empty = []  # type: List[int]
        value_arrays = {'c': [0, 1], 'a': [9], 'b': [1, 1, 1], 'd': empty}
        self.assertEqual(sort_by_totals(value_arrays), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
-    def test_sort_client_labels(self) -> None:
+    def test_sort_client_labels(self):
-        data = {'everyone': {'a': [16], 'c': [15], 'b': [14], 'e': [13], 'd': [12], 'h': [11]},
+        # type: () -> None
        data = {'realm': {'a': [16], 'c': [15], 'b': [14], 'e': [13], 'd': [12], 'h': [11]},
                'user': {'a': [6], 'b': [5], 'd': [4], 'e': [3], 'f': [2], 'g': [1]}}
        self.assertEqual(sort_client_labels(data), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'])
 class TestTimeRange(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_time_range(self) -> None:
+    def test_time_range(self):
        # type: () -> None
        HOUR = timedelta(hours=1)
        DAY = timedelta(days=1)
-        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, 59, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, 59).replace(tzinfo=utc)
-        floor_hour = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        floor_hour = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22).replace(tzinfo=utc)
-        floor_day = datetime(2016, 3, 14, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        floor_day = datetime(2016, 3, 14).replace(tzinfo=utc)
        # test start == end
        self.assertEqual(time_range(a_time, a_time, CountStat.HOUR, None), [])
@@ -698,7 +296,8 @@ class TestTimeRange(ZulipTestCase):
                         [floor_day-2*DAY, floor_day-DAY, floor_day, floor_day+DAY])
 class TestMapArrays(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_map_arrays(self) -> None:
+    def test_map_arrays(self):
        # type: () -> None
        a = {'desktop app 1.0': [1, 2, 3],
             'desktop app 2.0': [10, 12, 13],
             'desktop app 3.0': [21, 22, 23],
--- a/analytics/urls.py
+++ b/analytics/urls.py
@@ -1,34 +1,20 @@
-from django.conf.urls import include
+from django.conf.urls import url, include
-from django.urls import path
+from zerver.lib.rest import rest_dispatch
 import analytics.views
 from zerver.lib.rest import rest_dispatch
 i18n_urlpatterns = [
    # Server admin (user_profile.is_staff) visible stats pages
-    path('activity', analytics.views.get_activity,
+    url(r'^activity$', analytics.views.get_activity,
-         name='analytics.views.get_activity'),
+        name='analytics.views.get_activity'),
-    path('activity/support', analytics.views.support,
+    url(r'^realm_activity/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_realm_activity,
-         name='analytics.views.support'),
+        name='analytics.views.get_realm_activity'),
-    path('realm_activity/<str:realm_str>/', analytics.views.get_realm_activity,
+    url(r'^user_activity/(?P<email>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_user_activity,
-         name='analytics.views.get_realm_activity'),
+        name='analytics.views.get_user_activity'),
    path('user_activity/<str:email>/', analytics.views.get_user_activity,
         name='analytics.views.get_user_activity'),
    path('stats/realm/<str:realm_str>/', analytics.views.stats_for_realm,
         name='analytics.views.stats_for_realm'),
    path('stats/installation', analytics.views.stats_for_installation,
         name='analytics.views.stats_for_installation'),
    path('stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation',
         analytics.views.stats_for_remote_installation,
         name='analytics.views.stats_for_remote_installation'),
    path('stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>/',
         analytics.views.stats_for_remote_realm,
         name='analytics.views.stats_for_remote_realm'),
    # User-visible stats page
-    path('stats', analytics.views.stats,
+    url(r'^stats$', analytics.views.stats,
-         name='analytics.views.stats'),
+        name='analytics.views.stats'),
 ]
 # These endpoints are a part of the API (V1), which uses:
@@ -41,22 +27,13 @@ i18n_urlpatterns = [
 # All of these paths are accessed by either a /json or /api prefix
 v1_api_and_json_patterns = [
    # get data for the graphs at /stats
-    path('analytics/chart_data', rest_dispatch,
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data$', rest_dispatch,
-         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data'}),
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data'}),
    path('analytics/chart_data/realm/<str:realm_str>', rest_dispatch,
         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_realm'}),
    path('analytics/chart_data/installation', rest_dispatch,
         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_installation'}),
    path('analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation', rest_dispatch,
         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_remote_installation'}),
    path('analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>',
         rest_dispatch,
         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_remote_realm'}),
 ]
 i18n_urlpatterns += [
-    path('api/v1/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^api/v1/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
-    path('json/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^json/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
 ]
 urlpatterns = i18n_urlpatterns
--- a/analytics/views.py
+++ b/analytics/views.py
--- a/babel.config.js
+++ b/babel.config.js
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 module.exports = {
    presets: [
        [
            "@babel/preset-env",
            {
                corejs: 3,
                loose: true,  // Loose mode for…of loops are 5× faster in Firefox
                useBuiltIns: "usage",
            },
        ],
        "@babel/typescript",
    ],
    plugins: [
        "@babel/proposal-class-properties",
        ["@babel/plugin-proposal-unicode-property-regex", { useUnicodeFlag: false }],
    ],
    sourceType: "unambiguous",
 };
--- a/confirmation/init.py
+++ b/confirmation/init.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.utils.timezone
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-17 09:16
 from django.db import migrations
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.2 on 2017-07-08 04:23
 from django.db import migrations, models
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2017-11-30 00:13
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('zerver', '0124_stream_enable_notifications'),
        ('confirmation', '0004_remove_confirmationmanager'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='confirmation',
            name='realm',
            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm'),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 18:39
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('confirmation', '0005_confirmation_realm'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='realmcreationkey',
            name='presume_email_valid',
            field=models.BooleanField(default=False),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-03-27 09:02
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('confirmation', '0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='confirmation',
            name='confirmation_key',
            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='confirmation',
            name='date_sent',
            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='confirmation',
            name='object_id',
            field=models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='realmcreationkey',
            name='creation_key',
            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40, verbose_name='activation key'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='confirmation',
            unique_together={('type', 'confirmation_key')},
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/models.py
+++ b/confirmation/models.py
@@ -1,56 +1,59 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>
 __revision__ = '$Id: models.py 28 2009-10-22 15:03:02Z jarek.zgoda $'
 import datetime
 import string
 from random import SystemRandom
 from typing import Mapping, Optional, Union
 from urllib.parse import urljoin
-from django.conf import settings
+import datetime
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
+
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
-from django.db.models import CASCADE
+from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.contrib.sites.models import Site
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
 from django.shortcuts import render
 from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from zerver.models import EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, Realm, UserProfile
+from zerver.lib.send_email import send_email
-
+from zerver.lib.utils import generate_random_token
 from zerver.models import PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite
 from random import SystemRandom
 import string
 from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Text, Union
 class ConfirmationKeyException(Exception):
    WRONG_LENGTH = 1
    EXPIRED = 2
    DOES_NOT_EXIST = 3
-    def __init__(self, error_type: int) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, error_type):
-        super().__init__()
+        # type: (int) -> None
        super(ConfirmationKeyException, self).__init__()
        self.error_type = error_type
-def render_confirmation_key_error(request: HttpRequest, exception: ConfirmationKeyException) -> HttpResponse:
+def render_confirmation_key_error(request, exception):
    # type: (HttpRequest, ConfirmationKeyException) -> HttpResponse
    if exception.error_type == ConfirmationKeyException.WRONG_LENGTH:
        return render(request, 'confirmation/link_malformed.html')
    if exception.error_type == ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED:
        return render(request, 'confirmation/link_expired.html')
    return render(request, 'confirmation/link_does_not_exist.html')
-def generate_key() -> str:
+def generate_key():
    # type: () -> str
    generator = SystemRandom()
    # 24 characters * 5 bits of entropy/character = 120 bits of entropy
    return ''.join(generator.choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for _ in range(24))
-ConfirmationObjT = Union[MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus]
+def get_object_from_key(confirmation_key):
-def get_object_from_key(confirmation_key: str,
+    # type: (str) -> Union[MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus]
                        confirmation_type: int,
                        activate_object: bool=True) -> ConfirmationObjT:
    # Confirmation keys used to be 40 characters
    if len(confirmation_key) not in (24, 40):
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.WRONG_LENGTH)
    try:
-        confirmation = Confirmation.objects.get(confirmation_key=confirmation_key,
+        confirmation = Confirmation.objects.get(confirmation_key=confirmation_key)
                                                type=confirmation_type)
    except Confirmation.DoesNotExist:
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.DOES_NOT_EXIST)
@@ -59,42 +62,32 @@ def get_object_from_key(confirmation_key: str,
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED)
    obj = confirmation.content_object
-    if activate_object and hasattr(obj, "status"):
+    if hasattr(obj, "status"):
        obj.status = getattr(settings, 'STATUS_ACTIVE', 1)
        obj.save(update_fields=['status'])
    return obj
-def create_confirmation_link(obj: ContentType,
+def create_confirmation_link(obj, host, confirmation_type, url_args=None):
-                             confirmation_type: int,
+    # type: (Union[ContentType, int], str, int, Optional[Dict[str, str]]) -> str
                             url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {}) -> str:
    key = generate_key()
    realm = None
    if hasattr(obj, 'realm'):
        realm = obj.realm
    elif isinstance(obj, Realm):
        realm = obj
    Confirmation.objects.create(content_object=obj, date_sent=timezone_now(), confirmation_key=key,
-                                realm=realm, type=confirmation_type)
+                                type=confirmation_type)
-    return confirmation_url(key, realm, confirmation_type, url_args)
+    return confirmation_url(key, host, confirmation_type, url_args)
-def confirmation_url(confirmation_key: str, realm: Optional[Realm],
+def confirmation_url(confirmation_key, host, confirmation_type, url_args=None):
-                     confirmation_type: int,
+    # type: (str, str, int, Optional[Dict[str, str]]) -> str
-                     url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {}) -> str:
+    if url_args is None:
-    url_args = dict(url_args)
+        url_args = {}
    url_args['confirmation_key'] = confirmation_key
-    return urljoin(
+    return '%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME, host,
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI if realm is None else realm.uri,
+                       reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args))
        reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args),
    )
 class Confirmation(models.Model):
-    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=CASCADE)
+    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType)
-    object_id: int = models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True)
+    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()  # type: int
    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
-    date_sent: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)
+    date_sent = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
-    confirmation_key: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, db_index=True)
+    confirmation_key = models.CharField(max_length=40)  # type: str
    realm: Optional[Realm] = models.ForeignKey(Realm, null=True, on_delete=CASCADE)
    # The following list is the set of valid types
    USER_REGISTRATION = 1
@@ -103,83 +96,51 @@ class Confirmation(models.Model):
    UNSUBSCRIBE = 4
    SERVER_REGISTRATION = 5
    MULTIUSE_INVITE = 6
-    REALM_CREATION = 7
+    type = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int
    REALM_REACTIVATION = 8
    type: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
+    def __unicode__(self):
-        return f'<Confirmation: {self.content_object}>'
+        # type: () -> Text
        return '<Confirmation: %s>' % (self.content_object,)
-    class Meta:
+class ConfirmationType(object):
-        unique_together = ("type", "confirmation_key")
+    def __init__(self, url_name, validity_in_days=settings.CONFIRMATION_LINK_DEFAULT_VALIDITY_DAYS):
-
+        # type: (str, int) -> None
 class ConfirmationType:
    def __init__(self, url_name: str,
                 validity_in_days: int=settings.CONFIRMATION_LINK_DEFAULT_VALIDITY_DAYS) -> None:
        self.url_name = url_name
        self.validity_in_days = validity_in_days
 _properties = {
-    Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect'),
+    Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION: ConfirmationType('confirmation.views.confirm'),
-    Confirmation.INVITATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect',
+    Confirmation.INVITATION: ConfirmationType('confirmation.views.confirm',
                                              validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS),
    Confirmation.EMAIL_CHANGE: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.user_settings.confirm_email_change'),
    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.unsubscribe.email_unsubscribe',
                                               validity_in_days=1000000),  # should never expire
-    Confirmation.MULTIUSE_INVITE: ConfirmationType(
+    Confirmation.MULTIUSE_INVITE: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.registration.accounts_home_from_multiuse_invite',
-        'zerver.views.registration.accounts_home_from_multiuse_invite',
+                                                   validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS)
        validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS),
    Confirmation.REALM_CREATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect'),
    Confirmation.REALM_REACTIVATION: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.realm.realm_reactivation'),
 }
-def one_click_unsubscribe_link(user_profile: UserProfile, email_type: str) -> str:
+# Conirmation pathways for which there is no content_object that we need to
-    """
+# keep track of.
    Generate a unique link that a logged-out user can visit to unsubscribe from
    Zulip e-mails without having to first log in.
    """
    return create_confirmation_link(user_profile,
                                    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE,
                                    url_args = {'email_type': email_type})
-# Functions related to links generated by the generate_realm_creation_link.py
+def check_key_is_valid(creation_key):
-# management command.
+    # type: (Text) -> bool
-# Note that being validated here will just allow the user to access the create_realm
+    if not RealmCreationKey.objects.filter(creation_key=creation_key).exists():
-# form, where they will enter their email and go through the regular
+        return False
-# Confirmation.REALM_CREATION pathway.
+    days_sofar = (timezone_now() - RealmCreationKey.objects.get(creation_key=creation_key).date_created).days
-# Arguably RealmCreationKey should just be another ConfirmationObjT and we should
+    # Realm creation link expires after settings.REALM_CREATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS
-# add another Confirmation.type for this; it's this way for historical reasons.
+    if days_sofar <= settings.REALM_CREATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS:
        return True
    return False
-def validate_key(creation_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional['RealmCreationKey']:
+def generate_realm_creation_url():
-    """Get the record for this key, raising InvalidCreationKey if non-None but invalid."""
+    # type: () -> Text
    if creation_key is None:
        return None
    try:
        key_record = RealmCreationKey.objects.get(creation_key=creation_key)
    except RealmCreationKey.DoesNotExist:
        raise RealmCreationKey.Invalid()
    time_elapsed = timezone_now() - key_record.date_created
    if time_elapsed.total_seconds() > settings.REALM_CREATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS * 24 * 3600:
        raise RealmCreationKey.Invalid()
    return key_record
 def generate_realm_creation_url(by_admin: bool=False) -> str:
    key = generate_key()
-    RealmCreationKey.objects.create(creation_key=key,
+    RealmCreationKey.objects.create(creation_key=key, date_created=timezone_now())
-                                    date_created=timezone_now(),
+    return u'%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME,
-                                    presume_email_valid=by_admin)
+                        settings.EXTERNAL_HOST,
-    return urljoin(
+                        reverse('zerver.views.create_realm',
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI,
+                                kwargs={'creation_key': key}))
        reverse('zerver.views.create_realm', kwargs={'creation_key': key}),
    )
 class RealmCreationKey(models.Model):
-    creation_key = models.CharField('activation key', db_index=True, max_length=40)
+    creation_key = models.CharField('activation key', max_length=40)
    date_created = models.DateTimeField('created', default=timezone_now)
    # True just if we should presume the email address the user enters
    # is theirs, and skip sending mail to it to confirm that.
    presume_email_valid: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    class Invalid(Exception):
        pass
--- a/confirmation/settings.py
+++ b/confirmation/settings.py
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>
 from typing import Any, Dict
 __revision__ = '$Id: settings.py 12 2008-11-23 19:38:52Z jarek.zgoda $'
 STATUS_ACTIVE = 1
 STATUS_REVOKED = 2
--- a/confirmation/views.py
+++ b/confirmation/views.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>
 __revision__ = '$Id: views.py 21 2008-12-05 09:21:03Z jarek.zgoda $'
 from django.shortcuts import render
 from django.template import RequestContext
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
 from confirmation.models import Confirmation, get_object_from_key, ConfirmationKeyException, \
    render_confirmation_key_error
 from zerver.models import PreregistrationUser
 from typing import Any, Dict
 # This is currently only used for confirming PreregistrationUser.
 # Do not add other confirmation paths here.
 def confirm(request, confirmation_key):
    # type: (HttpRequest, str) -> HttpResponse
    try:
        get_object_from_key(confirmation_key)
    except ConfirmationKeyException as exception:
        return render_confirmation_key_error(request, exception)
    return render(request, 'confirmation/confirm_preregistrationuser.html',
                  context={
                      'key': confirmation_key,
                      'full_name': request.GET.get("full_name", None)})
--- a/corporate/lib/stripe.py
+++ b/corporate/lib/stripe.py
@@ -1,610 +0,0 @@
 import logging
 import math
 import os
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from decimal import Decimal
 from functools import wraps
 from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, cast
 import stripe
 import ujson
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.signing import Signer
 from django.db import transaction
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
 from corporate.models import (
    Customer,
    CustomerPlan,
    LicenseLedger,
    get_current_plan_by_customer,
    get_current_plan_by_realm,
    get_customer_by_realm,
 )
 from zerver.lib.logging_util import log_to_file
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import datetime_to_timestamp, timestamp_to_datetime
 from zerver.lib.utils import generate_random_token
 from zerver.models import Realm, RealmAuditLog, UserProfile
 from zproject.config import get_secret
 STRIPE_PUBLISHABLE_KEY = get_secret('stripe_publishable_key')
 stripe.api_key = get_secret('stripe_secret_key')
 BILLING_LOG_PATH = os.path.join('/var/log/zulip'
                                if not settings.DEVELOPMENT
                                else settings.DEVELOPMENT_LOG_DIRECTORY,
                                'billing.log')
 billing_logger = logging.getLogger('corporate.stripe')
 log_to_file(billing_logger, BILLING_LOG_PATH)
 log_to_file(logging.getLogger('stripe'), BILLING_LOG_PATH)
 CallableT = TypeVar('CallableT', bound=Callable[..., object])
 MIN_INVOICED_LICENSES = 30
 MAX_INVOICED_LICENSES = 1000
 DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE = 30
 def get_latest_seat_count(realm: Realm) -> int:
    non_guests = UserProfile.objects.filter(
        realm=realm, is_active=True, is_bot=False).exclude(role=UserProfile.ROLE_GUEST).count()
    guests = UserProfile.objects.filter(
        realm=realm, is_active=True, is_bot=False, role=UserProfile.ROLE_GUEST).count()
    return max(non_guests, math.ceil(guests / 5))
 def sign_string(string: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
    salt = generate_random_token(64)
    signer = Signer(salt=salt)
    return signer.sign(string), salt
 def unsign_string(signed_string: str, salt: str) -> str:
    signer = Signer(salt=salt)
    return signer.unsign(signed_string)
 # Be extremely careful changing this function. Historical billing periods
 # are not stored anywhere, and are just computed on the fly using this
 # function. Any change you make here should return the same value (or be
 # within a few seconds) for basically any value from when the billing system
 # went online to within a year from now.
 def add_months(dt: datetime, months: int) -> datetime:
    assert(months >= 0)
    # It's fine that the max day in Feb is 28 for leap years.
    MAX_DAY_FOR_MONTH = {1: 31, 2: 28, 3: 31, 4: 30, 5: 31, 6: 30,
                         7: 31, 8: 31, 9: 30, 10: 31, 11: 30, 12: 31}
    year = dt.year
    month = dt.month + months
    while month > 12:
        year += 1
        month -= 12
    day = min(dt.day, MAX_DAY_FOR_MONTH[month])
    # datetimes don't support leap seconds, so don't need to worry about those
    return dt.replace(year=year, month=month, day=day)
 def next_month(billing_cycle_anchor: datetime, dt: datetime) -> datetime:
    estimated_months = round((dt - billing_cycle_anchor).days * 12. / 365)
    for months in range(max(estimated_months - 1, 0), estimated_months + 2):
        proposed_next_month = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, months)
        if 20 < (proposed_next_month - dt).days < 40:
            return proposed_next_month
    raise AssertionError('Something wrong in next_month calculation with '
                         f'billing_cycle_anchor: {billing_cycle_anchor}, dt: {dt}')
 def start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> datetime:
    if plan.status == CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL:
        assert(plan.next_invoice_date is not None)  # for mypy
        return plan.next_invoice_date
    months_per_period = {
        CustomerPlan.ANNUAL: 12,
        CustomerPlan.MONTHLY: 1,
    }[plan.billing_schedule]
    periods = 1
    dt = plan.billing_cycle_anchor
    while dt <= event_time:
        dt = add_months(plan.billing_cycle_anchor, months_per_period * periods)
        periods += 1
    return dt
 def next_invoice_date(plan: CustomerPlan) -> Optional[datetime]:
    if plan.status == CustomerPlan.ENDED:
        return None
    assert(plan.next_invoice_date is not None)  # for mypy
    months_per_period = {
        CustomerPlan.ANNUAL: 12,
        CustomerPlan.MONTHLY: 1,
    }[plan.billing_schedule]
    if plan.automanage_licenses:
        months_per_period = 1
    periods = 1
    dt = plan.billing_cycle_anchor
    while dt <= plan.next_invoice_date:
        dt = add_months(plan.billing_cycle_anchor, months_per_period * periods)
        periods += 1
    return dt
 def renewal_amount(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> int:  # nocoverage: TODO
    if plan.fixed_price is not None:
        return plan.fixed_price
    new_plan, last_ledger_entry = make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
    if last_ledger_entry is None:
        return 0
    if last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal is None:
        return 0
    if new_plan is not None:
        plan = new_plan
    assert(plan.price_per_license is not None)  # for mypy
    return plan.price_per_license * last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal
 def get_idempotency_key(ledger_entry: LicenseLedger) -> Optional[str]:
    if settings.TEST_SUITE:
        return None
    return f'ledger_entry:{ledger_entry.id}'  # nocoverage
 class BillingError(Exception):
    # error messages
    CONTACT_SUPPORT = _("Something went wrong. Please contact {email}.").format(
        email=settings.ZULIP_ADMINISTRATOR,
    )
    TRY_RELOADING = _("Something went wrong. Please reload the page.")
    # description is used only for tests
    def __init__(self, description: str, message: str=CONTACT_SUPPORT) -> None:
        self.description = description
        self.message = message
 class StripeCardError(BillingError):
    pass
 class StripeConnectionError(BillingError):
    pass
 def catch_stripe_errors(func: CallableT) -> CallableT:
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapped(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
        if settings.DEVELOPMENT and not settings.TEST_SUITE:  # nocoverage
            if STRIPE_PUBLISHABLE_KEY is None:
                raise BillingError('missing stripe config', "Missing Stripe config. "
                                   "See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/subsystems/billing.html.")
        try:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        # See https://stripe.com/docs/api/python#error_handling, though
        # https://stripe.com/docs/api/ruby#error_handling suggests there are additional fields, and
        # https://stripe.com/docs/error-codes gives a more detailed set of error codes
        except stripe.error.StripeError as e:
            err = e.json_body.get('error', {})
            billing_logger.error(
                "Stripe error: %s %s %s %s",
                e.http_status, err.get('type'), err.get('code'), err.get('param'),
            )
            if isinstance(e, stripe.error.CardError):
                # TODO: Look into i18n for this
                raise StripeCardError('card error', err.get('message'))
            if isinstance(e, (stripe.error.RateLimitError, stripe.error.APIConnectionError)):  # nocoverage TODO
                raise StripeConnectionError(
                    'stripe connection error',
                    _("Something went wrong. Please wait a few seconds and try again."))
            raise BillingError('other stripe error', BillingError.CONTACT_SUPPORT)
    return cast(CallableT, wrapped)
@catch_stripe_errors
 def stripe_get_customer(stripe_customer_id: str) -> stripe.Customer:
    return stripe.Customer.retrieve(stripe_customer_id, expand=["default_source"])
@catch_stripe_errors
 def do_create_stripe_customer(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str]=None) -> Customer:
    realm = user.realm
    # We could do a better job of handling race conditions here, but if two
    # people from a realm try to upgrade at exactly the same time, the main
    # bad thing that will happen is that we will create an extra stripe
    # customer that we can delete or ignore.
    stripe_customer = stripe.Customer.create(
        description=f"{realm.string_id} ({realm.name})",
        email=user.delivery_email,
        metadata={'realm_id': realm.id, 'realm_str': realm.string_id},
        source=stripe_token)
    event_time = timestamp_to_datetime(stripe_customer.created)
    with transaction.atomic():
        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
            realm=user.realm, acting_user=user, event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CUSTOMER_CREATED,
            event_time=event_time)
        if stripe_token is not None:
            RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
                realm=user.realm, acting_user=user, event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CARD_CHANGED,
                event_time=event_time)
        customer, created = Customer.objects.update_or_create(realm=realm, defaults={
            'stripe_customer_id': stripe_customer.id})
        user.is_billing_admin = True
        user.save(update_fields=["is_billing_admin"])
    return customer
@catch_stripe_errors
 def do_replace_payment_source(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: str,
                              pay_invoices: bool=False) -> stripe.Customer:
    customer = get_customer_by_realm(user.realm)
    assert(customer is not None)  # for mypy
    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(customer.stripe_customer_id)
    stripe_customer.source = stripe_token
    # Deletes existing card: https://stripe.com/docs/api#update_customer-source
    updated_stripe_customer = stripe.Customer.save(stripe_customer)
    RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
        realm=user.realm, acting_user=user, event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CARD_CHANGED,
        event_time=timezone_now())
    if pay_invoices:
        for stripe_invoice in stripe.Invoice.list(
                billing='charge_automatically', customer=stripe_customer.id, status='open'):
            # The user will get either a receipt or a "failed payment" email, but the in-app
            # messaging could be clearer here (e.g. it could explicitly tell the user that there
            # were payment(s) and that they succeeded or failed).
            # Worth fixing if we notice that a lot of cards end up failing at this step.
            stripe.Invoice.pay(stripe_invoice)
    return updated_stripe_customer
 # event_time should roughly be timezone_now(). Not designed to handle
 # event_times in the past or future
@transaction.atomic
 def make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan: CustomerPlan,
                                        event_time: datetime) -> Tuple[Optional[CustomerPlan], Optional[LicenseLedger]]:
    last_ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan).order_by('-id').first()
    last_renewal = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan, is_renewal=True) \
                                        .order_by('-id').first().event_time
    next_billing_cycle = start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, last_renewal)
    if next_billing_cycle <= event_time:
        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.ACTIVE:
            return None, LicenseLedger.objects.create(
                plan=plan, is_renewal=True, event_time=next_billing_cycle,
                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal)
        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL:
            plan.invoiced_through = last_ledger_entry
            assert(plan.next_invoice_date is not None)
            plan.billing_cycle_anchor = plan.next_invoice_date.replace(microsecond=0)
            plan.status = CustomerPlan.ACTIVE
            plan.save(update_fields=["invoiced_through", "billing_cycle_anchor", "status"])
            return None, LicenseLedger.objects.create(
                plan=plan, is_renewal=True, event_time=next_billing_cycle,
                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal)
        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.SWITCH_TO_ANNUAL_AT_END_OF_CYCLE:
            if plan.fixed_price is not None:  # nocoverage
                raise NotImplementedError("Can't switch fixed priced monthly plan to annual.")
            plan.status = CustomerPlan.ENDED
            plan.save(update_fields=["status"])
            discount = plan.customer.default_discount or plan.discount
            _, _, _, price_per_license = compute_plan_parameters(
                automanage_licenses=plan.automanage_licenses, billing_schedule=CustomerPlan.ANNUAL,
                discount=plan.discount
            )
            new_plan = CustomerPlan.objects.create(
                customer=plan.customer, billing_schedule=CustomerPlan.ANNUAL, automanage_licenses=plan.automanage_licenses,
                charge_automatically=plan.charge_automatically, price_per_license=price_per_license,
                discount=discount, billing_cycle_anchor=next_billing_cycle,
                tier=plan.tier, status=CustomerPlan.ACTIVE, next_invoice_date=next_billing_cycle,
                invoiced_through=None, invoicing_status=CustomerPlan.INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT,
            )
            new_plan_ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.create(
                plan=new_plan, is_renewal=True, event_time=next_billing_cycle,
                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal
            )
            RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
                realm=new_plan.customer.realm, event_time=event_time,
                event_type=RealmAuditLog.CUSTOMER_SWITCHED_FROM_MONTHLY_TO_ANNUAL_PLAN,
                extra_data=ujson.dumps({
                    "monthly_plan_id": plan.id,
                    "annual_plan_id": new_plan.id,
                })
            )
            return new_plan, new_plan_ledger_entry
        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE:
            process_downgrade(plan)
        return None, None
    return None, last_ledger_entry
 # Returns Customer instead of stripe_customer so that we don't make a Stripe
 # API call if there's nothing to update
 def update_or_create_stripe_customer(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str]=None) -> Customer:
    realm = user.realm
    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
    if customer is None or customer.stripe_customer_id is None:
        return do_create_stripe_customer(user, stripe_token=stripe_token)
    if stripe_token is not None:
        do_replace_payment_source(user, stripe_token)
    return customer
 def compute_plan_parameters(
        automanage_licenses: bool, billing_schedule: int,
        discount: Optional[Decimal],
        free_trial: bool=False) -> Tuple[datetime, datetime, datetime, int]:
    # Everything in Stripe is stored as timestamps with 1 second resolution,
    # so standardize on 1 second resolution.
    # TODO talk about leapseconds?
    billing_cycle_anchor = timezone_now().replace(microsecond=0)
    if billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.ANNUAL:
        # TODO use variables to account for Zulip Plus
        price_per_license = 8000
        period_end = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 12)
    elif billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.MONTHLY:
        price_per_license = 800
        period_end = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 1)
    else:
        raise AssertionError(f'Unknown billing_schedule: {billing_schedule}')
    if discount is not None:
        # There are no fractional cents in Stripe, so round down to nearest integer.
        price_per_license = int(float(price_per_license * (1 - discount / 100)) + .00001)
    next_invoice_date = period_end
    if automanage_licenses:
        next_invoice_date = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 1)
    if free_trial:
        period_end = billing_cycle_anchor + timedelta(days=settings.FREE_TRIAL_DAYS)
        next_invoice_date = period_end
    return billing_cycle_anchor, next_invoice_date, period_end, price_per_license
 # Only used for cloud signups
@catch_stripe_errors
 def process_initial_upgrade(user: UserProfile, licenses: int, automanage_licenses: bool,
                            billing_schedule: int, stripe_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
    realm = user.realm
    customer = update_or_create_stripe_customer(user, stripe_token=stripe_token)
    charge_automatically = stripe_token is not None
    free_trial = settings.FREE_TRIAL_DAYS not in (None, 0)
    if get_current_plan_by_customer(customer) is not None:
        # Unlikely race condition from two people upgrading (clicking "Make payment")
        # at exactly the same time. Doesn't fully resolve the race condition, but having
        # a check here reduces the likelihood.
        billing_logger.warning(
            "Customer %s trying to upgrade, but has an active subscription", customer,
        )
        raise BillingError('subscribing with existing subscription', BillingError.TRY_RELOADING)
    billing_cycle_anchor, next_invoice_date, period_end, price_per_license = compute_plan_parameters(
        automanage_licenses, billing_schedule, customer.default_discount, free_trial)
    # The main design constraint in this function is that if you upgrade with a credit card, and the
    # charge fails, everything should be rolled back as if nothing had happened. This is because we
    # expect frequent card failures on initial signup.
    # Hence, if we're going to charge a card, do it at the beginning, even if we later may have to
    # adjust the number of licenses.
    if charge_automatically:
        if not free_trial:
            stripe_charge = stripe.Charge.create(
                amount=price_per_license * licenses,
                currency='usd',
                customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
                description=f"Upgrade to Zulip Standard, ${price_per_license/100} x {licenses}",
                receipt_email=user.delivery_email,
                statement_descriptor='Zulip Standard')
            # Not setting a period start and end, but maybe we should? Unclear what will make things
            # most similar to the renewal case from an accounting perspective.
            assert isinstance(stripe_charge.source, stripe.Card)
            description = f"Payment (Card ending in {stripe_charge.source.last4})"
            stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
                amount=price_per_license * licenses * -1,
                currency='usd',
                customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
                description=description,
                discountable=False)
    # TODO: The correctness of this relies on user creation, deactivation, etc being
    # in a transaction.atomic() with the relevant RealmAuditLog entries
    with transaction.atomic():
        # billed_licenses can greater than licenses if users are added between the start of
        # this function (process_initial_upgrade) and now
        billed_licenses = max(get_latest_seat_count(realm), licenses)
        plan_params = {
            'automanage_licenses': automanage_licenses,
            'charge_automatically': charge_automatically,
            'price_per_license': price_per_license,
            'discount': customer.default_discount,
            'billing_cycle_anchor': billing_cycle_anchor,
            'billing_schedule': billing_schedule,
            'tier': CustomerPlan.STANDARD}
        if free_trial:
            plan_params['status'] = CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL
        plan = CustomerPlan.objects.create(
            customer=customer,
            next_invoice_date=next_invoice_date,
            **plan_params)
        ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.create(
            plan=plan,
            is_renewal=True,
            event_time=billing_cycle_anchor,
            licenses=billed_licenses,
            licenses_at_next_renewal=billed_licenses)
        plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
        plan.save(update_fields=['invoiced_through'])
        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
            realm=realm, acting_user=user, event_time=billing_cycle_anchor,
            event_type=RealmAuditLog.CUSTOMER_PLAN_CREATED,
            extra_data=ujson.dumps(plan_params))
    if not free_trial:
        stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
            currency='usd',
            customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
            description='Zulip Standard',
            discountable=False,
            period = {'start': datetime_to_timestamp(billing_cycle_anchor),
                      'end': datetime_to_timestamp(period_end)},
            quantity=billed_licenses,
            unit_amount=price_per_license)
        if charge_automatically:
            billing_method = 'charge_automatically'
            days_until_due = None
        else:
            billing_method = 'send_invoice'
            days_until_due = DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE
        stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.create(
            auto_advance=True,
            billing=billing_method,
            customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
            days_until_due=days_until_due,
            statement_descriptor='Zulip Standard')
        stripe.Invoice.finalize_invoice(stripe_invoice)
    from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type
    do_change_plan_type(realm, Realm.STANDARD)
 def update_license_ledger_for_automanaged_plan(realm: Realm, plan: CustomerPlan,
                                               event_time: datetime) -> None:
    new_plan, last_ledger_entry = make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
    if last_ledger_entry is None:
        return
    if new_plan is not None:
        plan = new_plan
    licenses_at_next_renewal = get_latest_seat_count(realm)
    licenses = max(licenses_at_next_renewal, last_ledger_entry.licenses)
    LicenseLedger.objects.create(
        plan=plan, event_time=event_time, licenses=licenses,
        licenses_at_next_renewal=licenses_at_next_renewal)
 def update_license_ledger_if_needed(realm: Realm, event_time: datetime) -> None:
    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
    if plan is None:
        return
    if not plan.automanage_licenses:
        return
    update_license_ledger_for_automanaged_plan(realm, plan, event_time)
 def invoice_plan(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> None:
    if plan.invoicing_status == CustomerPlan.STARTED:
        raise NotImplementedError('Plan with invoicing_status==STARTED needs manual resolution.')
    make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
    if plan.invoicing_status == CustomerPlan.INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT:
        invoiced_through_id = -1
        licenses_base = None
    else:
        assert(plan.invoiced_through is not None)
        licenses_base = plan.invoiced_through.licenses
        invoiced_through_id = plan.invoiced_through.id
    invoice_item_created = False
    for ledger_entry in LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan, id__gt=invoiced_through_id,
                                                     event_time__lte=event_time).order_by('id'):
        price_args: Dict[str, int] = {}
        if ledger_entry.is_renewal:
            if plan.fixed_price is not None:
                price_args = {'amount': plan.fixed_price}
            else:
                assert(plan.price_per_license is not None)  # needed for mypy
                price_args = {'unit_amount': plan.price_per_license,
                              'quantity': ledger_entry.licenses}
            description = "Zulip Standard - renewal"
        elif licenses_base is not None and ledger_entry.licenses != licenses_base:
            assert(plan.price_per_license)
            last_renewal = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(
                plan=plan, is_renewal=True, event_time__lte=ledger_entry.event_time) \
                .order_by('-id').first().event_time
            period_end = start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, ledger_entry.event_time)
            proration_fraction = (period_end - ledger_entry.event_time) / (period_end - last_renewal)
            price_args = {'unit_amount': int(plan.price_per_license * proration_fraction + .5),
                          'quantity': ledger_entry.licenses - licenses_base}
            description = "Additional license ({} - {})".format(
                ledger_entry.event_time.strftime('%b %-d, %Y'), period_end.strftime('%b %-d, %Y'))
        if price_args:
            plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
            plan.invoicing_status = CustomerPlan.STARTED
            plan.save(update_fields=['invoicing_status', 'invoiced_through'])
            stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
                currency='usd',
                customer=plan.customer.stripe_customer_id,
                description=description,
                discountable=False,
                period = {'start': datetime_to_timestamp(ledger_entry.event_time),
                          'end': datetime_to_timestamp(
                              start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, ledger_entry.event_time))},
                idempotency_key=get_idempotency_key(ledger_entry),
                **price_args)
            invoice_item_created = True
        plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
        plan.invoicing_status = CustomerPlan.DONE
        plan.save(update_fields=['invoicing_status', 'invoiced_through'])
        licenses_base = ledger_entry.licenses
    if invoice_item_created:
        if plan.charge_automatically:
            billing_method = 'charge_automatically'
            days_until_due = None
        else:
            billing_method = 'send_invoice'
            days_until_due = DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE
        stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.create(
            auto_advance=True,
            billing=billing_method,
            customer=plan.customer.stripe_customer_id,
            days_until_due=days_until_due,
            statement_descriptor='Zulip Standard')
        stripe.Invoice.finalize_invoice(stripe_invoice)
    plan.next_invoice_date = next_invoice_date(plan)
    plan.save(update_fields=['next_invoice_date'])
 def invoice_plans_as_needed(event_time: datetime=timezone_now()) -> None:
    for plan in CustomerPlan.objects.filter(next_invoice_date__lte=event_time):
        invoice_plan(plan, event_time)
 def attach_discount_to_realm(realm: Realm, discount: Decimal) -> None:
    Customer.objects.update_or_create(realm=realm, defaults={'default_discount': discount})
 def update_sponsorship_status(realm: Realm, sponsorship_pending: bool) -> None:
    customer, _ = Customer.objects.get_or_create(realm=realm)
    customer.sponsorship_pending = sponsorship_pending
    customer.save(update_fields=["sponsorship_pending"])
 def get_discount_for_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[Decimal]:
    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
    if customer is not None:
        return customer.default_discount
    return None
 def do_change_plan_status(plan: CustomerPlan, status: int) -> None:
    plan.status = status
    plan.save(update_fields=['status'])
    billing_logger.info(
        'Change plan status: Customer.id: %s, CustomerPlan.id: %s, status: %s',
        plan.customer.id, plan.id, status,
    )
 def process_downgrade(plan: CustomerPlan) -> None:
    from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type
    do_change_plan_type(plan.customer.realm, Realm.LIMITED)
    plan.status = CustomerPlan.ENDED
    plan.save(update_fields=['status'])
 def estimate_annual_recurring_revenue_by_realm() -> Dict[str, int]:  # nocoverage
    annual_revenue = {}
    for plan in CustomerPlan.objects.filter(
            status=CustomerPlan.ACTIVE).select_related('customer__realm'):
        # TODO: figure out what to do for plans that don't automatically
        # renew, but which probably will renew
        renewal_cents = renewal_amount(plan, timezone_now())
        if plan.billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.MONTHLY:
            renewal_cents *= 12
        # TODO: Decimal stuff
        annual_revenue[plan.customer.realm.string_id] = int(renewal_cents / 100)
    return annual_revenue
 # During realm deactivation we instantly downgrade the plan to Limited.
 # Extra users added in the final month are not charged. Also used
 # for the cancelation of Free Trial.
 def downgrade_now(realm: Realm) -> None:
    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
    if plan is None:
        return
    process_downgrade(plan)
    plan.invoiced_through = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan).order_by('id').last()
    plan.next_invoice_date = next_invoice_date(plan)
    plan.save(update_fields=["invoiced_through", "next_invoice_date"])
--- a/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.14 on 2018-09-25 12:02
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    initial = True
    dependencies = [
        ('zerver', '0189_userprofile_add_some_emojisets'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='BillingProcessor',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('state', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
                ('last_modified', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
                ('log_row', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.RealmAuditLog')),
                ('realm', models.OneToOneField(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Coupon',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('percent_off', models.SmallIntegerField(unique=True)),
                ('stripe_coupon_id', models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Customer',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('stripe_customer_id', models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
                ('has_billing_relationship', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
                ('realm', models.OneToOneField(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Plan',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('nickname', models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)),
                ('stripe_plan_id', models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-12 20:19
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0001_initial'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='customer',
            name='default_discount',
            field=models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=7, null=True),
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-22 21:05
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0002_customer_default_discount'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='CustomerPlan',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('licenses', models.IntegerField()),
                ('automanage_licenses', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
                ('charge_automatically', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
                ('price_per_license', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
                ('fixed_price', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
                ('discount', models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)),
                ('billing_cycle_anchor', models.DateTimeField()),
                ('billing_schedule', models.SmallIntegerField()),
                ('billed_through', models.DateTimeField()),
                ('next_billing_date', models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)),
                ('tier', models.SmallIntegerField()),
                ('status', models.SmallIntegerField(default=1)),
                ('customer', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='corporate.Customer')),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-19 05:01
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0003_customerplan'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='LicenseLedger',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('is_renewal', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
                ('event_time', models.DateTimeField()),
                ('licenses', models.IntegerField()),
                ('licenses_at_next_renewal', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
                ('plan', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='corporate.CustomerPlan')),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0005_customerplan_invoicing.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0005_customerplan_invoicing.py
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-28 13:04
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0004_licenseledger'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.RenameField(
            model_name='customerplan',
            old_name='next_billing_date',
            new_name='next_invoice_date',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='customerplan',
            name='billed_through',
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='customerplan',
            name='invoiced_through',
            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='+', to='corporate.LicenseLedger'),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='customerplan',
            name='invoicing_status',
            field=models.SmallIntegerField(default=1),
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-29 01:46
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0005_customerplan_invoicing'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='customer',
            name='stripe_customer_id',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=255, null=True, unique=True),
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0007_remove_deprecated_fields.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0007_remove_deprecated_fields.py
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-31 22:16
 from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='billingprocessor',
            name='log_row',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='billingprocessor',
            name='realm',
        ),
        migrations.DeleteModel(
            name='Coupon',
        ),
        migrations.DeleteModel(
            name='Plan',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='customer',
            name='has_billing_relationship',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='customerplan',
            name='licenses',
        ),
        migrations.DeleteModel(
            name='BillingProcessor',
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0008_nullable_next_invoice_date.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0008_nullable_next_invoice_date.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 1.11.20 on 2019-04-11 00:45
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0007_remove_deprecated_fields'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
            model_name='customerplan',
            name='next_invoice_date',
            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True),
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0009_customer_sponsorship_pending.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0009_customer_sponsorship_pending.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
 # Generated by Django 2.2.13 on 2020-06-09 12:09
 from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    dependencies = [
        ('corporate', '0008_nullable_next_invoice_date'),
    ]
    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='customer',
            name='sponsorship_pending',
            field=models.BooleanField(default=False),
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/init.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/init.py
--- a/corporate/models.py
+++ b/corporate/models.py
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
 import datetime
 from decimal import Decimal
 from typing import Optional
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models import CASCADE
 from zerver.models import Realm
 class Customer(models.Model):
    realm: Realm = models.OneToOneField(Realm, on_delete=CASCADE)
    stripe_customer_id: str = models.CharField(max_length=255, null=True, unique=True)
    sponsorship_pending: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    # A percentage, like 85.
    default_discount: Optional[Decimal] = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=7, null=True)
    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"<Customer {self.realm} {self.stripe_customer_id}>"
 def get_customer_by_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[Customer]:
    return Customer.objects.filter(realm=realm).first()
 class CustomerPlan(models.Model):
    customer: Customer = models.ForeignKey(Customer, on_delete=CASCADE)
    automanage_licenses: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    charge_automatically: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    # Both of these are in cents. Exactly one of price_per_license or
    # fixed_price should be set. fixed_price is only for manual deals, and
    # can't be set via the self-serve billing system.
    price_per_license: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
    fixed_price: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
    # Discount that was applied. For display purposes only.
    discount: Optional[Decimal] = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)
    billing_cycle_anchor: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
    ANNUAL = 1
    MONTHLY = 2
    billing_schedule: int = models.SmallIntegerField()
    next_invoice_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True)
    invoiced_through: Optional["LicenseLedger"] = models.ForeignKey(
        'LicenseLedger', null=True, on_delete=CASCADE, related_name='+')
    DONE = 1
    STARTED = 2
    INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT = 3
    invoicing_status: int = models.SmallIntegerField(default=DONE)
    STANDARD = 1
    PLUS = 2  # not available through self-serve signup
    ENTERPRISE = 10
    tier: int = models.SmallIntegerField()
    ACTIVE = 1
    DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE = 2
    FREE_TRIAL = 3
    SWITCH_TO_ANNUAL_AT_END_OF_CYCLE = 4
    # "Live" plans should have a value < LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD.
    # There should be at most one live plan per customer.
    LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD = 10
    ENDED = 11
    NEVER_STARTED = 12
    status: int = models.SmallIntegerField(default=ACTIVE)
    # TODO maybe override setattr to ensure billing_cycle_anchor, etc are immutable
 def get_current_plan_by_customer(customer: Customer) -> Optional[CustomerPlan]:
    return CustomerPlan.objects.filter(
        customer=customer, status__lt=CustomerPlan.LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD).first()
 def get_current_plan_by_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[CustomerPlan]:
    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
    if customer is None:
        return None
    return get_current_plan_by_customer(customer)
 class LicenseLedger(models.Model):
    plan: CustomerPlan = models.ForeignKey(CustomerPlan, on_delete=CASCADE)
    # Also True for the initial upgrade.
    is_renewal: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    event_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
    licenses: int = models.IntegerField()
    # None means the plan does not automatically renew.
    # This cannot be None if plan.automanage_licenses.
    licenses_at_next_renewal: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
--- a/corporate/tests/init.py
+++ b/corporate/tests/init.py
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.1.json
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
 {
  "amount": 7200,
  "amount_refunded": 0,
  "application": null,
  "application_fee": null,
  "application_fee_amount": null,
  "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
  "billing_details": {
    "address": {
      "city": "Pacific",
      "country": "United States",
      "line1": "Under the sea,",
      "line2": null,
      "postal_code": "33333",
      "state": null
    },
    "email": null,
    "name": "Ada Starr",
    "phone": null
  },
  "captured": true,
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": "usd",
  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
  "destination": null,
  "dispute": null,
  "failure_code": null,
  "failure_message": null,
  "fraud_details": {},
  "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
  "invoice": null,
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {},
  "object": "charge",
  "on_behalf_of": null,
  "order": null,
  "outcome": {
    "network_status": "approved_by_network",
    "reason": null,
    "risk_level": "normal",
    "risk_score": 00,
    "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
    "type": "authorized"
  },
  "paid": true,
  "payment_intent": null,
  "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
  "payment_method_details": {
    "card": {
      "brand": "visa",
      "checks": {
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
        "cvc_check": "pass"
      },
      "country": "US",
      "exp_month": 3,
      "exp_year": 2033,
      "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
      "funding": "credit",
      "last4": "4242",
      "three_d_secure": null,
      "wallet": null
    },
    "type": "card"
  },
  "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "receipt_number": null,
  "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
  "refunded": false,
  "refunds": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/charges/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/refunds"
  },
  "review": null,
  "shipping": null,
  "source": {
    "address_city": "Pacific",
    "address_country": "United States",
    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
    "address_line1_check": "pass",
    "address_line2": null,
    "address_state": null,
    "address_zip": "33333",
    "address_zip_check": "pass",
    "brand": "Visa",
    "country": "US",
    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
    "cvc_check": "pass",
    "dynamic_last4": null,
    "exp_month": 3,
    "exp_year": 2033,
    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
    "funding": "credit",
    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
    "last4": "4242",
    "metadata": {},
    "name": "Ada Starr",
    "object": "card",
    "tokenization_method": null
  },
  "source_transfer": null,
  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
  "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
  "status": "succeeded",
  "transfer_data": null,
  "transfer_group": null
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.2.json
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
 {
  "amount": 36000,
  "amount_refunded": 0,
  "application": null,
  "application_fee": null,
  "application_fee_amount": null,
  "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
  "billing_details": {
    "address": {
      "city": "Pacific",
      "country": "United States",
      "line1": "Under the sea,",
      "line2": null,
      "postal_code": "33333",
      "state": null
    },
    "email": null,
    "name": "Ada Starr",
    "phone": null
  },
  "captured": true,
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": "usd",
  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $60.0 x 6",
  "destination": null,
  "dispute": null,
  "failure_code": null,
  "failure_message": null,
  "fraud_details": {},
  "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
  "invoice": null,
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {},
  "object": "charge",
  "on_behalf_of": null,
  "order": null,
  "outcome": {
    "network_status": "approved_by_network",
    "reason": null,
    "risk_level": "normal",
    "risk_score": 00,
    "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
    "type": "authorized"
  },
  "paid": true,
  "payment_intent": null,
  "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
  "payment_method_details": {
    "card": {
      "brand": "visa",
      "checks": {
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
        "cvc_check": "pass"
      },
      "country": "US",
      "exp_month": 3,
      "exp_year": 2033,
      "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
      "funding": "credit",
      "last4": "4242",
      "three_d_secure": null,
      "wallet": null
    },
    "type": "card"
  },
  "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "receipt_number": null,
  "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000002",
  "refunded": false,
  "refunds": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/charges/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/refunds"
  },
  "review": null,
  "shipping": null,
  "source": {
    "address_city": "Pacific",
    "address_country": "United States",
    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
    "address_line1_check": "pass",
    "address_line2": null,
    "address_state": null,
    "address_zip": "33333",
    "address_zip_check": "pass",
    "brand": "Visa",
    "country": "US",
    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
    "cvc_check": "pass",
    "dynamic_last4": null,
    "exp_month": 3,
    "exp_year": 2033,
    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
    "funding": "credit",
    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
    "last4": "4242",
    "metadata": {},
    "name": "Ada Starr",
    "object": "card",
    "tokenization_method": null
  },
  "source_transfer": null,
  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
  "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
  "status": "succeeded",
  "transfer_data": null,
  "transfer_group": null
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.1.json
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
 {
  "data": [
    {
      "amount": 7200,
      "amount_refunded": 0,
      "application": null,
      "application_fee": null,
      "application_fee_amount": null,
      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
      "billing_details": {
        "address": {
          "city": "Pacific",
          "country": "United States",
          "line1": "Under the sea,",
          "line2": null,
          "postal_code": "33333",
          "state": null
        },
        "email": null,
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "phone": null
      },
      "captured": true,
      "created": 1000000000,
      "currency": "usd",
      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
      "destination": null,
      "dispute": null,
      "failure_code": null,
      "failure_message": null,
      "fraud_details": {},
      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
      "invoice": null,
      "livemode": false,
      "metadata": {},
      "object": "charge",
      "on_behalf_of": null,
      "order": null,
      "outcome": {
        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
        "reason": null,
        "risk_level": "normal",
        "risk_score": 00,
        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
        "type": "authorized"
      },
      "paid": true,
      "payment_intent": null,
      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
      "payment_method_details": {
        "card": {
          "brand": "visa",
          "checks": {
            "address_line1_check": "pass",
            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
            "cvc_check": "pass"
          },
          "country": "US",
          "exp_month": 3,
          "exp_year": 2033,
          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
          "funding": "credit",
          "last4": "4242",
          "three_d_secure": null,
          "wallet": null
        },
        "type": "card"
      },
      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
      "receipt_number": null,
      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
      "refunded": false,
      "refunds": {},
      "review": null,
      "shipping": null,
      "source": {
        "address_city": "Pacific",
        "address_country": "United States",
        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_line2": null,
        "address_state": null,
        "address_zip": "33333",
        "address_zip_check": "pass",
        "brand": "Visa",
        "country": "US",
        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
        "cvc_check": "pass",
        "dynamic_last4": null,
        "exp_month": 3,
        "exp_year": 2033,
        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
        "funding": "credit",
        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "last4": "4242",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "object": "card",
        "tokenization_method": null
      },
      "source_transfer": null,
      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
      "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
      "status": "succeeded",
      "transfer_data": null,
      "transfer_group": null
    }
  ],
  "has_more": false,
  "object": "list",
  "url": "/v1/charges"
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.2.json
@@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
 {
  "data": [
    {
      "amount": 36000,
      "amount_refunded": 0,
      "application": null,
      "application_fee": null,
      "application_fee_amount": null,
      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
      "billing_details": {
        "address": {
          "city": "Pacific",
          "country": "United States",
          "line1": "Under the sea,",
          "line2": null,
          "postal_code": "33333",
          "state": null
        },
        "email": null,
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "phone": null
      },
      "captured": true,
      "created": 1000000000,
      "currency": "usd",
      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $60.0 x 6",
      "destination": null,
      "dispute": null,
      "failure_code": null,
      "failure_message": null,
      "fraud_details": {},
      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
      "invoice": null,
      "livemode": false,
      "metadata": {},
      "object": "charge",
      "on_behalf_of": null,
      "order": null,
      "outcome": {
        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
        "reason": null,
        "risk_level": "normal",
        "risk_score": 00,
        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
        "type": "authorized"
      },
      "paid": true,
      "payment_intent": null,
      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
      "payment_method_details": {
        "card": {
          "brand": "visa",
          "checks": {
            "address_line1_check": "pass",
            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
            "cvc_check": "pass"
          },
          "country": "US",
          "exp_month": 3,
          "exp_year": 2033,
          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
          "funding": "credit",
          "last4": "4242",
          "three_d_secure": null,
          "wallet": null
        },
        "type": "card"
      },
      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
      "receipt_number": null,
      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000002",
      "refunded": false,
      "refunds": {},
      "review": null,
      "shipping": null,
      "source": {
        "address_city": "Pacific",
        "address_country": "United States",
        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_line2": null,
        "address_state": null,
        "address_zip": "33333",
        "address_zip_check": "pass",
        "brand": "Visa",
        "country": "US",
        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
        "cvc_check": "pass",
        "dynamic_last4": null,
        "exp_month": 3,
        "exp_year": 2033,
        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
        "funding": "credit",
        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
        "last4": "4242",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "object": "card",
        "tokenization_method": null
      },
      "source_transfer": null,
      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
      "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
      "status": "succeeded",
      "transfer_data": null,
      "transfer_group": null
    },
    {
      "amount": 7200,
      "amount_refunded": 0,
      "application": null,
      "application_fee": null,
      "application_fee_amount": null,
      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
      "billing_details": {
        "address": {
          "city": "Pacific",
          "country": "United States",
          "line1": "Under the sea,",
          "line2": null,
          "postal_code": "33333",
          "state": null
        },
        "email": null,
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "phone": null
      },
      "captured": true,
      "created": 1000000000,
      "currency": "usd",
      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
      "destination": null,
      "dispute": null,
      "failure_code": null,
      "failure_message": null,
      "fraud_details": {},
      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
      "invoice": null,
      "livemode": false,
      "metadata": {},
      "object": "charge",
      "on_behalf_of": null,
      "order": null,
      "outcome": {
        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
        "reason": null,
        "risk_level": "normal",
        "risk_score": 00,
        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
        "type": "authorized"
      },
      "paid": true,
      "payment_intent": null,
      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
      "payment_method_details": {
        "card": {
          "brand": "visa",
          "checks": {
            "address_line1_check": "pass",
            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
            "cvc_check": "pass"
          },
          "country": "US",
          "exp_month": 3,
          "exp_year": 2033,
          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
          "funding": "credit",
          "last4": "4242",
          "three_d_secure": null,
          "wallet": null
        },
        "type": "card"
      },
      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
      "receipt_number": null,
      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
      "refunded": false,
      "refunds": {},
      "review": null,
      "shipping": null,
      "source": {
        "address_city": "Pacific",
        "address_country": "United States",
        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_line2": null,
        "address_state": null,
        "address_zip": "33333",
        "address_zip_check": "pass",
        "brand": "Visa",
        "country": "US",
        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
        "cvc_check": "pass",
        "dynamic_last4": null,
        "exp_month": 3,
        "exp_year": 2033,
        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
        "funding": "credit",
        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "last4": "4242",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "object": "card",
        "tokenization_method": null
      },
      "source_transfer": null,
      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
      "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
      "status": "succeeded",
      "transfer_data": null,
      "transfer_group": null
    }
  ],
  "has_more": false,
  "object": "list",
  "url": "/v1/charges"
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.create.1.json
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
 {
  "account_balance": 0,
  "address": null,
  "balance": 0,
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": null,
  "default_source": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
  "delinquent": false,
  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
  "discount": null,
  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
  "invoice_settings": {
    "custom_fields": null,
    "default_payment_method": null,
    "footer": null
  },
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {
    "realm_id": "1",
    "realm_str": "zulip"
  },
  "name": null,
  "object": "customer",
  "phone": null,
  "preferred_locales": [],
  "shipping": null,
  "sources": {
    "data": [
      {
        "address_city": "Pacific",
        "address_country": "United States",
        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_line2": null,
        "address_state": null,
        "address_zip": "33333",
        "address_zip_check": "pass",
        "brand": "Visa",
        "country": "US",
        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
        "cvc_check": "pass",
        "dynamic_last4": null,
        "exp_month": 3,
        "exp_year": 2033,
        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
        "funding": "credit",
        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "last4": "4242",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "object": "card",
        "tokenization_method": null
      }
    ],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 1,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
  },
  "subscriptions": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
  },
  "tax_exempt": "none",
  "tax_ids": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
  },
  "tax_info": null,
  "tax_info_verification": null
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.retrieve.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.retrieve.1.json
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
 {
  "account_balance": 0,
  "address": null,
  "balance": 0,
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": "usd",
  "default_source": {
    "address_city": "Pacific",
    "address_country": "United States",
    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
    "address_line1_check": "pass",
    "address_line2": null,
    "address_state": null,
    "address_zip": "33333",
    "address_zip_check": "pass",
    "brand": "Visa",
    "country": "US",
    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
    "cvc_check": "pass",
    "dynamic_last4": null,
    "exp_month": 3,
    "exp_year": 2033,
    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
    "funding": "credit",
    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
    "last4": "4242",
    "metadata": {},
    "name": "Ada Starr",
    "object": "card",
    "tokenization_method": null
  },
  "delinquent": false,
  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
  "discount": null,
  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
  "invoice_settings": {
    "custom_fields": null,
    "default_payment_method": null,
    "footer": null
  },
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {
    "realm_id": "1",
    "realm_str": "zulip"
  },
  "name": null,
  "object": "customer",
  "phone": null,
  "preferred_locales": [],
  "shipping": null,
  "sources": {
    "data": [
      {
        "address_city": "Pacific",
        "address_country": "United States",
        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_line2": null,
        "address_state": null,
        "address_zip": "33333",
        "address_zip_check": "pass",
        "brand": "Visa",
        "country": "US",
        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
        "cvc_check": "pass",
        "dynamic_last4": null,
        "exp_month": 3,
        "exp_year": 2033,
        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
        "funding": "credit",
        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "last4": "4242",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "object": "card",
        "tokenization_method": null
      }
    ],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 1,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
  },
  "subscriptions": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
  },
  "tax_exempt": "none",
  "tax_ids": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
  },
  "tax_info": null,
  "tax_info_verification": null
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.save.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.save.1.json
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
 {
  "account_balance": 0,
  "address": null,
  "balance": 0,
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": "usd",
  "default_source": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
  "delinquent": false,
  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
  "discount": null,
  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
  "invoice_settings": {
    "custom_fields": null,
    "default_payment_method": null,
    "footer": null
  },
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {
    "realm_id": "1",
    "realm_str": "zulip"
  },
  "name": null,
  "object": "customer",
  "phone": null,
  "preferred_locales": [],
  "shipping": null,
  "sources": {
    "data": [
      {
        "address_city": "Pacific",
        "address_country": "United States",
        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
        "address_line1_check": "pass",
        "address_line2": null,
        "address_state": null,
        "address_zip": "33333",
        "address_zip_check": "pass",
        "brand": "Visa",
        "country": "US",
        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
        "cvc_check": "pass",
        "dynamic_last4": null,
        "exp_month": 3,
        "exp_year": 2033,
        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
        "funding": "credit",
        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
        "last4": "4242",
        "metadata": {},
        "name": "Ada Starr",
        "object": "card",
        "tokenization_method": null
      }
    ],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 1,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
  },
  "subscriptions": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
  },
  "tax_exempt": "none",
  "tax_ids": {
    "data": [],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 0,
    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
  },
  "tax_info": null,
  "tax_info_verification": null
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.1.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
 {
  "account_country": "US",
  "account_name": "Dev account",
  "amount_due": 0,
  "amount_paid": 0,
  "amount_remaining": 0,
  "application_fee_amount": null,
  "attempt_count": 0,
  "attempted": false,
  "auto_advance": true,
  "billing": "charge_automatically",
  "billing_reason": "manual",
  "charge": null,
  "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": "usd",
  "custom_fields": null,
  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "customer_address": null,
  "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "customer_name": null,
  "customer_phone": null,
  "customer_shipping": null,
  "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
  "customer_tax_ids": [],
  "default_payment_method": null,
  "default_source": null,
  "default_tax_rates": [],
  "description": "",
  "discount": null,
  "due_date": null,
  "ending_balance": null,
  "footer": null,
  "hosted_invoice_url": null,
  "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
  "invoice_pdf": null,
  "lines": {
    "data": [
      {
        "amount": 7200,
        "currency": "usd",
        "description": "Zulip Standard",
        "discountable": false,
        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "livemode": false,
        "metadata": {},
        "object": "line_item",
        "period": {
          "end": 1000000000,
          "start": 1000000000
        },
        "plan": null,
        "proration": false,
        "quantity": 6,
        "subscription": null,
        "tax_amounts": [],
        "tax_rates": [],
        "type": "invoiceitem"
      },
      {
        "amount": -7200,
        "currency": "usd",
        "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
        "discountable": false,
        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
        "livemode": false,
        "metadata": {},
        "object": "line_item",
        "period": {
          "end": 1000000000,
          "start": 1000000000
        },
        "plan": null,
        "proration": false,
        "quantity": 1,
        "subscription": null,
        "tax_amounts": [],
        "tax_rates": [],
        "type": "invoiceitem"
      }
    ],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 2,
    "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000001/lines"
  },
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {},
  "next_payment_attempt": 1000000000,
  "number": "NORMALI-0001",
  "object": "invoice",
  "paid": false,
  "payment_intent": null,
  "period_end": 1000000000,
  "period_start": 1000000000,
  "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
  "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
  "receipt_number": null,
  "starting_balance": 0,
  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
  "status": "draft",
  "status_transitions": {
    "finalized_at": null,
    "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
    "paid_at": null,
    "voided_at": null
  },
  "subscription": null,
  "subtotal": 0,
  "tax": null,
  "tax_percent": null,
  "total": 0,
  "total_tax_amounts": [],
  "webhooks_delivered_at": null
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.2.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
 {
  "account_country": "US",
  "account_name": "Dev account",
  "amount_due": 0,
  "amount_paid": 0,
  "amount_remaining": 0,
  "application_fee_amount": null,
  "attempt_count": 0,
  "attempted": false,
  "auto_advance": true,
  "billing": "charge_automatically",
  "billing_reason": "manual",
  "charge": null,
  "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": "usd",
  "custom_fields": null,
  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "customer_address": null,
  "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "customer_name": null,
  "customer_phone": null,
  "customer_shipping": null,
  "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
  "customer_tax_ids": [],
  "default_payment_method": null,
  "default_source": null,
  "default_tax_rates": [],
  "description": "",
  "discount": null,
  "due_date": null,
  "ending_balance": null,
  "footer": null,
  "hosted_invoice_url": null,
  "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
  "invoice_pdf": null,
  "lines": {
    "data": [
      {
        "amount": 36000,
        "currency": "usd",
        "description": "Zulip Standard",
        "discountable": false,
        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
        "livemode": false,
        "metadata": {},
        "object": "line_item",
        "period": {
          "end": 1000000000,
          "start": 1000000000
        },
        "plan": null,
        "proration": false,
        "quantity": 6,
        "subscription": null,
        "tax_amounts": [],
        "tax_rates": [],
        "type": "invoiceitem"
      },
      {
        "amount": -36000,
        "currency": "usd",
        "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
        "discountable": false,
        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
        "livemode": false,
        "metadata": {},
        "object": "line_item",
        "period": {
          "end": 1000000000,
          "start": 1000000000
        },
        "plan": null,
        "proration": false,
        "quantity": 1,
        "subscription": null,
        "tax_amounts": [],
        "tax_rates": [],
        "type": "invoiceitem"
      }
    ],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 2,
    "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000002/lines"
  },
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {},
  "next_payment_attempt": 1000000000,
  "number": "NORMALI-0002",
  "object": "invoice",
  "paid": false,
  "payment_intent": null,
  "period_end": 1000000000,
  "period_start": 1000000000,
  "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
  "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
  "receipt_number": null,
  "starting_balance": 0,
  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
  "status": "draft",
  "status_transitions": {
    "finalized_at": null,
    "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
    "paid_at": null,
    "voided_at": null
  },
  "subscription": null,
  "subtotal": 0,
  "tax": null,
  "tax_percent": null,
  "total": 0,
  "total_tax_amounts": [],
  "webhooks_delivered_at": null
 }
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.finalize_invoice.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.finalize_invoice.1.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
 {
  "account_country": "US",
  "account_name": "Dev account",
  "amount_due": 0,
  "amount_paid": 0,
  "amount_remaining": 0,
  "application_fee_amount": null,
  "attempt_count": 0,
  "attempted": true,
  "auto_advance": false,
  "billing": "charge_automatically",
  "billing_reason": "manual",
  "charge": null,
  "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
  "created": 1000000000,
  "currency": "usd",
  "custom_fields": null,
  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
  "customer_address": null,
  "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
  "customer_name": null,
  "customer_phone": null,
  "customer_shipping": null,
  "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
  "customer_tax_ids": [],
  "default_payment_method": null,
  "default_source": null,
  "default_tax_rates": [],
  "description": "",
  "discount": null,
  "due_date": 1000000000,
  "ending_balance": 0,
  "footer": null,
  "hosted_invoice_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001",
  "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
  "invoice_pdf": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001/pdf",
  "lines": {
    "data": [
      {
        "amount": 7200,
        "currency": "usd",
        "description": "Zulip Standard",
        "discountable": false,
        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
        "livemode": false,
        "metadata": {},
        "object": "line_item",
        "period": {
          "end": 1000000000,
          "start": 1000000000
        },
        "plan": null,
        "proration": false,
        "quantity": 6,
        "subscription": null,
        "tax_amounts": [],
        "tax_rates": [],
        "type": "invoiceitem"
      },
      {
        "amount": -7200,
        "currency": "usd",
        "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
        "discountable": false,
        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
        "livemode": false,
        "metadata": {},
        "object": "line_item",
        "period": {
          "end": 1000000000,
          "start": 1000000000
        },
        "plan": null,
        "proration": false,
        "quantity": 1,
        "subscription": null,
        "tax_amounts": [],
        "tax_rates": [],
        "type": "invoiceitem"
      }
    ],
    "has_more": false,
    "object": "list",
    "total_count": 2,
    "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000001/lines"
  },
  "livemode": false,
  "metadata": {},
  "next_payment_attempt": null,
  "number": "NORMALI-0001",
  "object": "invoice",
  "paid": true,
  "payment_intent": null,
  "period_end": 1000000000,
  "period_start": 1000000000,
  "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
  "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
  "receipt_number": null,
  "starting_balance": 0,
  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
  "status": "paid",
  "status_transitions": {
    "finalized_at": 1000000000,
    "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
    "paid_at": 1000000000,
    "voided_at": null
  },
  "subscription": null,
  "subtotal": 0,
  "tax": null,
  "tax_percent": null,
  "total": 0,
  "total_tax_amounts": [],
  "webhooks_delivered_at": 1000000000
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Tim Abbott	6bad5b6616	Release Zulip Server 1.7.2.	2018-04-12 09:50:52 -07:00
Tim Abbott	8813c7b542	CVE-2018-9999: Fix XSS issue with user uploads. This adds a basic Content-Security-Policy for user-uploaded files served by the LOCAL_UPLOADS backend. The local uploads backend is designed to share a domain with the main Zulip site, and thus without this fix, it can be used for XSS attacks with access to the user's Zulip cookies.	2018-04-11 09:58:17 -07:00
Tim Abbott	ba528f9345	CVE-2018-9990: Fix XSS issue with stream names in topic typeahead. Zulip's search typeahead had a security bug, where when autocompleting a specially crafted stream name, and then hitting space, code within the stream name would be executed. Zulip was doing HTML escaping correctly in the main code path using Filter.describe to describe a narrow, but the escaping function was not called in a few parallel code paths. We fix this in a way that should protect all of these code paths, by making Filter.describe return properly escaped HTML, rather than depending on its callers to do so. Thanks to w2w for reporting this issue.	2018-04-10 14:14:58 -07:00
Rohitt Vashishtha	4192276aa3	CVE-2018-9986: Fix XSS issues with frontend markdown processor. This fixes a set of XSS issues with Zulip's frontend markdown processor, which is used in a limited set of contexts, such as local echo of messages and the drafts feature. The implementation of several syntax elements, including the <em> syntax, user and stream mentions, and some others failed to properly escape the content inside the syntax. Fix this, and add tests for each corrected code path. Thanks to w2w for reporting this issue.	2018-04-10 13:05:53 -07:00
Tim Abbott	f055a7d133	CVE-2018-9987: Fix XSS issue with muting notifications. This fixes an XSS issue with Zulip's muting UI, where if a stream or topic name contained malicious HTML containing JavaScript, and the user did a muting interaction, the malicious JavaScript could run when rendering the "you just muted a topic" notification. We did an audit for similarly problematic use of `.html`, and found none; for the next release we'll be merging a series of changes to our linter to prevent future instances of this being added. Thanks to Suhas Sunil Gaikwad for reporting this issue.	2018-04-10 13:05:27 -07:00
Greg Price	2e4ae9c5dc	Release Zulip Server 1.7.1.	2017-11-22 16:19:48 -08:00
Greg Price	139fb8c2ee	changelog: Document 1.7.1 release.	2017-11-22 14:56:26 -08:00
Greg Price	93ffaa73bd	i18n: Update translations (including complete Korean!)	2017-11-22 14:42:55 -08:00
Vishnu Ks	960d736e55	registration: Require an explicit realm on PreregistrationUser. This completes the last commit's work to fix CVE-2017-0910, applying to any invite links already created before the fix was deployed. With this change, all new-user registrations must match an explicit realm in the PreregistrationUser row, except when creating a new realm. [greg: rewrote commit message]	2017-11-22 14:42:48 -08:00
Vishnu Ks	28a3dcf787	registration: Check realm against PreregistrationUser realm. We would allow a user with a valid invitation for one realm to use it on a different realm instead. On a server with multiple realms, an authorized user of one realm could use this (by sending invites to other email addresses they control) to create accounts on other realms. (CVE-2017-0910) With this commit, when sending an invitation, we record the inviting user's realm on the PreregistrationUser row; and when registering a user, we check that the PregistrationUser realm matches the realm the user is trying to register on. This resolves CVE-2017-0910 for newly-sent invitations; the next commit completes the fix. [greg: rewrote commit message]	2017-11-22 14:42:28 -08:00
Harshit Bansal	4eb958b6d8	purge-old-deployments: Be sure to preserve last, current, and next. [greg: revised commit message]	2017-11-22 14:42:20 -08:00
Harshit Bansal	d35d5953c7	purge-old-deployments: Remove unnecessary path juggling. This is a small refactor that simplifies the bugfix which follows. [greg: revised commit message]	2017-11-22 14:42:06 -08:00
Tim Abbott	c256c5e91c	install: Force a locale so our dependencies can install. In some environments, either pip itself fails or some packages fail to install, and setting the locale to en_US.UTF-8 resolves the issue. We heard reports of this kind of behavior with at least two different sets of symptoms, with 1.7.0 or its release candidates: https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/general/subject/Trusty.201.2E7.20Upgrade/near/302214 https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/production.20help/subject/1.2E6.20to.201.2E7/near/306250 In all reported cases, this fixed it. This change was included in 1.7.0-rc2 and went through testing there, but by mistake was omitted from the 1.7.0 release. [greg: cut LC_CTYPE; move `install` line from very top to an appropriate spot; rewrite comments and commit message.]	2017-11-22 14:39:59 -08:00
`@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@`
		`# -- coding: utf-8 --`
	`from django.db import migrations, models`	`from django.db import migrations, models`