zulip/zerver/views/registration.py

import logging
import urllib
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
from urllib.parse import urlencode

from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, get_backends
from django.core import validators
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.db.models import Q
from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import redirect, render
from django.urls import reverse
from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
from django_auth_ldap.backend import LDAPBackend, _LDAPUser

from confirmation import settings as confirmation_settings
from confirmation.models import (
    Confirmation,
    ConfirmationKeyException,
    RealmCreationKey,
    create_confirmation_link,
    get_object_from_key,
    render_confirmation_key_error,
    validate_key,
)
from zerver.context_processors import get_realm_from_request, login_context
from zerver.decorator import do_login, rate_limit_request_by_ip, require_post
from zerver.forms import (
    FindMyTeamForm,
    HomepageForm,
    RealmCreationForm,
    RealmRedirectForm,
    RegistrationForm,
)
from zerver.lib.actions import (
    bulk_add_subscriptions,
    do_activate_mirror_dummy_user,
    do_change_full_name,
    do_change_password,
    do_change_user_setting,
    do_create_realm,
    do_create_user,
    lookup_default_stream_groups,
)
from zerver.lib.email_validation import email_allowed_for_realm, validate_email_not_already_in_realm
from zerver.lib.exceptions import RateLimited
from zerver.lib.onboarding import send_initial_realm_messages, setup_realm_internal_bots
from zerver.lib.pysa import mark_sanitized
from zerver.lib.request import REQ, has_request_variables
from zerver.lib.send_email import EmailNotDeliveredException, FromAddress, send_email
from zerver.lib.sessions import get_expirable_session_var
from zerver.lib.subdomains import get_subdomain, is_root_domain_available
from zerver.lib.url_encoding import append_url_query_string
from zerver.lib.users import get_accounts_for_email
from zerver.lib.validator import to_converted_or_fallback, to_non_negative_int, to_timezone_or_empty
from zerver.lib.zephyr import compute_mit_user_fullname
from zerver.models import (
    DisposableEmailError,
    DomainNotAllowedForRealmError,
    EmailContainsPlusError,
    MultiuseInvite,
    PreregistrationUser,
    Realm,
    Stream,
    UserProfile,
    get_default_stream_groups,
    get_realm,
    get_source_profile,
    get_user_by_delivery_email,
    name_changes_disabled,
)
from zerver.views.auth import (
    create_preregistration_user,
    finish_desktop_flow,
    finish_mobile_flow,
    get_safe_redirect_to,
    redirect_and_log_into_subdomain,
    redirect_to_deactivation_notice,
)
from zproject.backends import (
    ExternalAuthResult,
    ZulipLDAPAuthBackend,
    ZulipLDAPExceptionNoMatchingLDAPUser,
    email_auth_enabled,
    email_belongs_to_ldap,
    get_external_method_dicts,
    ldap_auth_enabled,
    password_auth_enabled,
)

if settings.BILLING_ENABLED:
    from corporate.lib.registration import check_spare_licenses_available_for_registering_new_user
    from corporate.lib.stripe import LicenseLimitError


@has_request_variables
def get_prereg_key_and_redirect(
    request: HttpRequest, confirmation_key: str, full_name: Optional[str] = REQ(default=None)
) -> HttpResponse:
    try:
        check_prereg_key(request, confirmation_key)
    except ConfirmationKeyException as e:
        return render_confirmation_key_error(request, e)

    # confirm_preregistrationuser.html just extracts the confirmation_key
    # (and GET parameters) and redirects to /accounts/register, so that the
    # user can enter their information on a cleaner URL.
    return render(
        request,
        "confirmation/confirm_preregistrationuser.html",
        context={"key": confirmation_key, "full_name": full_name},
    )


def check_prereg_key(request: HttpRequest, confirmation_key: str) -> PreregistrationUser:
    """
    Checks if the Confirmation key is valid, returning the PreregistrationUser object in case of success
    and raising an appropriate ConfirmationKeyException otherwise.
    """
    confirmation_types = [
        Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION,
        Confirmation.INVITATION,
        Confirmation.REALM_CREATION,
    ]

    prereg_user = get_object_from_key(confirmation_key, confirmation_types, activate_object=False)

    if prereg_user.status == confirmation_settings.STATUS_REVOKED:
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED)

    return prereg_user


@require_post
@has_request_variables
def accounts_register(
    request: HttpRequest,
    key: str = REQ(default=""),
    timezone: str = REQ(default="", converter=to_timezone_or_empty),
    from_confirmation: Optional[str] = REQ(default=None),
    form_full_name: Optional[str] = REQ("full_name", default=None),
    source_realm_id: Optional[int] = REQ(
        default=None, converter=to_converted_or_fallback(to_non_negative_int, None)
    ),
) -> HttpResponse:
    try:
        prereg_user = check_prereg_key(request, key)
    except ConfirmationKeyException as e:
        return render_confirmation_key_error(request, e)

    email = prereg_user.email
    realm_creation = prereg_user.realm_creation
    password_required = prereg_user.password_required

    role = prereg_user.invited_as
    if realm_creation:
        role = UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_OWNER

    try:
        validators.validate_email(email)
    except ValidationError:
        return render(request, "zerver/invalid_email.html", context={"invalid_email": True})

    if realm_creation:
        # For creating a new realm, there is no existing realm or domain
        realm = None
    else:
        assert prereg_user.realm is not None
        if get_subdomain(request) != prereg_user.realm.string_id:
            return render_confirmation_key_error(
                request, ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.DOES_NOT_EXIST)
            )
        realm = prereg_user.realm
        try:
            email_allowed_for_realm(email, realm)
        except DomainNotAllowedForRealmError:
            return render(
                request,
                "zerver/invalid_email.html",
                context={"realm_name": realm.name, "closed_domain": True},
            )
        except DisposableEmailError:
            return render(
                request,
                "zerver/invalid_email.html",
                context={"realm_name": realm.name, "disposable_emails_not_allowed": True},
            )
        except EmailContainsPlusError:
            return render(
                request,
                "zerver/invalid_email.html",
                context={"realm_name": realm.name, "email_contains_plus": True},
            )

        if realm.deactivated:
            # The user is trying to register for a deactivated realm. Advise them to
            # contact support.
            return redirect_to_deactivation_notice()

        try:
            validate_email_not_already_in_realm(realm, email)
        except ValidationError:
            return redirect_to_email_login_url(email)

        if settings.BILLING_ENABLED:
            try:
                check_spare_licenses_available_for_registering_new_user(realm, email)
            except LicenseLimitError:
                return render(request, "zerver/no_spare_licenses.html")

    name_validated = False
    require_ldap_password = False

    if from_confirmation:
        try:
            del request.session["authenticated_full_name"]
        except KeyError:
            pass

        ldap_full_name = None
        if settings.POPULATE_PROFILE_VIA_LDAP:
            # If the user can be found in LDAP, we'll take the full name from the directory,
            # and further down create a form pre-filled with it.
            for backend in get_backends():
                if isinstance(backend, LDAPBackend):
                    try:
                        ldap_username = backend.django_to_ldap_username(email)
                    except ZulipLDAPExceptionNoMatchingLDAPUser:
                        logging.warning("New account email %s could not be found in LDAP", email)
                        break

                    # Note that this `ldap_user` object is not a
                    # `ZulipLDAPUser` with a `Realm` attached, so
                    # calling `.populate_user()` on it will crash.
                    # This is OK, since we're just accessing this user
                    # to extract its name.
                    #
                    # TODO: We should potentially be accessing this
                    # user to sync its initial avatar and custom
                    # profile fields as well, if we indeed end up
                    # creating a user account through this flow,
                    # rather than waiting until `manage.py
                    # sync_ldap_user_data` runs to populate it.
                    ldap_user = _LDAPUser(backend, ldap_username)

                    try:
                        ldap_full_name = backend.get_mapped_name(ldap_user)
                    except TypeError:
                        break

                    # Check whether this is ZulipLDAPAuthBackend,
                    # which is responsible for authentication and
                    # requires that LDAP accounts enter their LDAP
                    # password to register, or ZulipLDAPUserPopulator,
                    # which just populates UserProfile fields (no auth).
                    require_ldap_password = isinstance(backend, ZulipLDAPAuthBackend)
                    break

        if ldap_full_name:
            # We don't use initial= here, because if the form is
            # complete (that is, no additional fields need to be
            # filled out by the user) we want the form to validate,
            # so they can be directly registered without having to
            # go through this interstitial.
            form = RegistrationForm({"full_name": ldap_full_name}, realm_creation=realm_creation)
            request.session["authenticated_full_name"] = ldap_full_name
            name_validated = True
        elif realm is not None and realm.is_zephyr_mirror_realm:
            # For MIT users, we can get an authoritative name from Hesiod.
            # Technically we should check that this is actually an MIT
            # realm, but we can cross that bridge if we ever get a non-MIT
            # zephyr mirroring realm.
            hesiod_name = compute_mit_user_fullname(email)
            form = RegistrationForm(
                initial={"full_name": hesiod_name if "@" not in hesiod_name else ""},
                realm_creation=realm_creation,
            )
            name_validated = True
        elif prereg_user.full_name:
            if prereg_user.full_name_validated:
                request.session["authenticated_full_name"] = prereg_user.full_name
                name_validated = True
                form = RegistrationForm(
                    {"full_name": prereg_user.full_name}, realm_creation=realm_creation
                )
            else:
                form = RegistrationForm(
                    initial={"full_name": prereg_user.full_name}, realm_creation=realm_creation
                )
        elif form_full_name is not None:
            form = RegistrationForm(
                initial={"full_name": form_full_name},
                realm_creation=realm_creation,
            )
        else:
            form = RegistrationForm(realm_creation=realm_creation)
    else:
        postdata = request.POST.copy()
        if name_changes_disabled(realm):
            # If we populate profile information via LDAP and we have a
            # verified name from you on file, use that. Otherwise, fall
            # back to the full name in the request.
            try:
                postdata.update(full_name=request.session["authenticated_full_name"])
                name_validated = True
            except KeyError:
                pass
        form = RegistrationForm(postdata, realm_creation=realm_creation)

    if not (password_auth_enabled(realm) and password_required):
        form["password"].field.required = False

    if form.is_valid():
        if password_auth_enabled(realm) and form["password"].field.required:
            password = form.cleaned_data["password"]
        else:
            # If the user wasn't prompted for a password when
            # completing the authentication form (because they're
            # signing up with SSO and no password is required), set
            # the password field to `None` (Which causes Django to
            # create an unusable password).
            password = None

        if realm_creation:
            string_id = form.cleaned_data["realm_subdomain"]
            realm_name = form.cleaned_data["realm_name"]
            realm_type = form.cleaned_data["realm_type"]
            is_demo_org = form.cleaned_data["is_demo_organization"]
            realm = do_create_realm(
                string_id, realm_name, org_type=realm_type, is_demo_organization=is_demo_org
            )
            setup_realm_internal_bots(realm)
        assert realm is not None

        full_name = form.cleaned_data["full_name"]
        enable_marketing_emails = form.cleaned_data["enable_marketing_emails"]
        default_stream_group_names = request.POST.getlist("default_stream_group")
        default_stream_groups = lookup_default_stream_groups(default_stream_group_names, realm)

        if source_realm_id is not None:
            # Non-integer realm_id values like "string" are treated
            # like the "Do not import" value of "".
            source_profile: Optional[UserProfile] = get_source_profile(email, source_realm_id)
        else:
            source_profile = None

        if not realm_creation:
            try:
                existing_user_profile: Optional[UserProfile] = get_user_by_delivery_email(
                    email, realm
                )
            except UserProfile.DoesNotExist:
                existing_user_profile = None
        else:
            existing_user_profile = None

        user_profile: Optional[UserProfile] = None
        return_data: Dict[str, bool] = {}
        if ldap_auth_enabled(realm):
            # If the user was authenticated using an external SSO
            # mechanism like Google or GitHub auth, then authentication
            # will have already been done before creating the
            # PreregistrationUser object with password_required=False, and
            # so we don't need to worry about passwords.
            #
            # If instead the realm is using EmailAuthBackend, we will
            # set their password above.
            #
            # But if the realm is using LDAPAuthBackend, we need to verify
            # their LDAP password (which will, as a side effect, create
            # the user account) here using authenticate.
            # pregeg_user.realm_creation carries the information about whether
            # we're in realm creation mode, and the ldap flow will handle
            # that and create the user with the appropriate parameters.
            user_profile = authenticate(
                request=request,
                username=email,
                password=password,
                realm=realm,
                prereg_user=prereg_user,
                return_data=return_data,
            )
            if user_profile is None:
                can_use_different_backend = email_auth_enabled(realm) or (
                    len(get_external_method_dicts(realm)) > 0
                )
                if settings.LDAP_APPEND_DOMAIN:
                    # In LDAP_APPEND_DOMAIN configurations, we don't allow making a non-LDAP account
                    # if the email matches the ldap domain.
                    can_use_different_backend = can_use_different_backend and (
                        not email_belongs_to_ldap(realm, email)
                    )
                if return_data.get("no_matching_ldap_user") and can_use_different_backend:
                    # If both the LDAP and Email or Social auth backends are
                    # enabled, and there's no matching user in the LDAP
                    # directory then the intent is to create a user in the
                    # realm with their email outside the LDAP organization
                    # (with e.g. a password stored in the Zulip database,
                    # not LDAP).  So we fall through and create the new
                    # account.
                    pass
                else:
                    # TODO: This probably isn't going to give a
                    # user-friendly error message, but it doesn't
                    # particularly matter, because the registration form
                    # is hidden for most users.
                    view_url = reverse("login")
                    query = urlencode({"email": email})
                    redirect_url = append_url_query_string(view_url, query)
                    return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)
            elif not realm_creation:
                # Since we'll have created a user, we now just log them in.
                return login_and_go_to_home(request, user_profile)
            else:
                # With realm_creation=True, we're going to return further down,
                # after finishing up the creation process.
                pass

        if existing_user_profile is not None and existing_user_profile.is_mirror_dummy:
            user_profile = existing_user_profile
            do_activate_mirror_dummy_user(user_profile, acting_user=user_profile)
            do_change_password(user_profile, password)
            do_change_full_name(user_profile, full_name, user_profile)
            do_change_user_setting(user_profile, "timezone", timezone, acting_user=user_profile)
            # TODO: When we clean up the `do_activate_mirror_dummy_user` code path,
            # make it respect invited_as_admin / is_realm_admin.

        if user_profile is None:
            user_profile = do_create_user(
                email,
                password,
                realm,
                full_name,
                prereg_user=prereg_user,
                role=role,
                tos_version=settings.TOS_VERSION,
                timezone=timezone,
                default_stream_groups=default_stream_groups,
                source_profile=source_profile,
                realm_creation=realm_creation,
                acting_user=None,
                enable_marketing_emails=enable_marketing_emails,
            )

        if realm_creation:
            assert realm.signup_notifications_stream is not None
            bulk_add_subscriptions(
                realm, [realm.signup_notifications_stream], [user_profile], acting_user=None
            )
            send_initial_realm_messages(realm)

            # Because for realm creation, registration happens on the
            # root domain, we need to log them into the subdomain for
            # their new realm.
            return redirect_and_log_into_subdomain(
                ExternalAuthResult(user_profile=user_profile, data_dict={"is_realm_creation": True})
            )

        # This dummy_backend check below confirms the user is
        # authenticating to the correct subdomain.
        auth_result = authenticate(
            username=user_profile.delivery_email,
            realm=realm,
            return_data=return_data,
            use_dummy_backend=True,
        )
        if return_data.get("invalid_subdomain"):
            # By construction, this should never happen.
            logging.error(
                "Subdomain mismatch in registration %s: %s",
                realm.subdomain,
                user_profile.delivery_email,
            )
            return redirect("/")

        return login_and_go_to_home(request, auth_result)

    return render(
        request,
        "zerver/register.html",
        context={
            "form": form,
            "email": email,
            "key": key,
            "full_name": request.session.get("authenticated_full_name", None),
            "lock_name": name_validated and name_changes_disabled(realm),
            # password_auth_enabled is normally set via our context processor,
            # but for the registration form, there is no logged in user yet, so
            # we have to set it here.
            "creating_new_team": realm_creation,
            "password_required": password_auth_enabled(realm) and password_required,
            "require_ldap_password": require_ldap_password,
            "password_auth_enabled": password_auth_enabled(realm),
            "root_domain_available": is_root_domain_available(),
            "default_stream_groups": [] if realm is None else get_default_stream_groups(realm),
            "accounts": get_accounts_for_email(email),
            "MAX_REALM_NAME_LENGTH": str(Realm.MAX_REALM_NAME_LENGTH),
            "MAX_NAME_LENGTH": str(UserProfile.MAX_NAME_LENGTH),
            "MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH": str(form.MAX_PASSWORD_LENGTH),
            "MAX_REALM_SUBDOMAIN_LENGTH": str(Realm.MAX_REALM_SUBDOMAIN_LENGTH),
            "sorted_realm_types": sorted(
                Realm.ORG_TYPES.values(), key=lambda d: d["display_order"]
            ),
        },
    )


def login_and_go_to_home(request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile) -> HttpResponse:
    mobile_flow_otp = get_expirable_session_var(
        request.session, "registration_mobile_flow_otp", delete=True
    )
    desktop_flow_otp = get_expirable_session_var(
        request.session, "registration_desktop_flow_otp", delete=True
    )
    if mobile_flow_otp is not None:
        return finish_mobile_flow(request, user_profile, mobile_flow_otp)
    elif desktop_flow_otp is not None:
        return finish_desktop_flow(request, user_profile, desktop_flow_otp)

    do_login(request, user_profile)
    # Using 'mark_sanitized' to work around false positive where Pysa thinks
    # that 'user_profile' is user-controlled
    return HttpResponseRedirect(mark_sanitized(user_profile.realm.uri) + reverse("home"))


def prepare_activation_url(
    email: str,
    request: HttpRequest,
    realm_creation: bool = False,
    streams: Optional[List[Stream]] = None,
    invited_as: Optional[int] = None,
) -> str:
    """
    Send an email with a confirmation link to the provided e-mail so the user
    can complete their registration.
    """
    prereg_user = create_preregistration_user(email, request, realm_creation)

    if streams is not None:
        prereg_user.streams.set(streams)

    if invited_as is not None:
        prereg_user.invited_as = invited_as
        prereg_user.save()

    confirmation_type = Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION
    if realm_creation:
        confirmation_type = Confirmation.REALM_CREATION

    activation_url = create_confirmation_link(prereg_user, confirmation_type)
    if settings.DEVELOPMENT and realm_creation:
        request.session["confirmation_key"] = {"confirmation_key": activation_url.split("/")[-1]}
    return activation_url


def send_confirm_registration_email(
    email: str,
    activation_url: str,
    *,
    realm: Optional[Realm] = None,
    request: Optional[HttpRequest] = None,
) -> None:
    send_email(
        "zerver/emails/confirm_registration",
        to_emails=[email],
        from_address=FromAddress.tokenized_no_reply_address(),
        language=request.LANGUAGE_CODE if request is not None else None,
        context={
            "create_realm": (realm is None),
            "activate_url": activation_url,
        },
        realm=realm,
        request=request,
    )


def redirect_to_email_login_url(email: str) -> HttpResponseRedirect:
    login_url = reverse("login")
    redirect_url = append_url_query_string(
        login_url, urlencode({"email": email, "already_registered": 1})
    )
    return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)


def create_realm(request: HttpRequest, creation_key: Optional[str] = None) -> HttpResponse:
    try:
        key_record = validate_key(creation_key)
    except RealmCreationKey.Invalid:
        return render(
            request,
            "zerver/realm_creation_failed.html",
            context={
                "message": _("The organization creation link has expired" " or is not valid.")
            },
        )
    if not settings.OPEN_REALM_CREATION:
        if key_record is None:
            return render(
                request,
                "zerver/realm_creation_failed.html",
                context={"message": _("New organization creation disabled")},
            )

    # When settings.OPEN_REALM_CREATION is enabled, anyone can create a new realm,
    # with a few restrictions on their email address.
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = RealmCreationForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            try:
                rate_limit_request_by_ip(request, domain="sends_email_by_ip")
            except RateLimited as e:
                assert e.secs_to_freedom is not None
                return render(
                    request,
                    "zerver/rate_limit_exceeded.html",
                    context={"retry_after": int(e.secs_to_freedom)},
                    status=429,
                )

            email = form.cleaned_data["email"]
            activation_url = prepare_activation_url(email, request, realm_creation=True)
            if key_record is not None and key_record.presume_email_valid:
                # The user has a token created from the server command line;
                # skip confirming the email is theirs, taking their word for it.
                # This is essential on first install if the admin hasn't stopped
                # to configure outbound email up front, or it isn't working yet.
                key_record.delete()
                return HttpResponseRedirect(activation_url)

            try:
                send_confirm_registration_email(email, activation_url, request=request)
            except EmailNotDeliveredException:
                logging.error("Error in create_realm")
                return HttpResponseRedirect("/config-error/smtp")

            if key_record is not None:
                key_record.delete()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("new_realm_send_confirm", kwargs={"email": email}))
    else:
        form = RealmCreationForm()
    return render(
        request,
        "zerver/create_realm.html",
        context={"form": form, "current_url": request.get_full_path},
    )


def accounts_home(
    request: HttpRequest,
    multiuse_object_key: str = "",
    multiuse_object: Optional[MultiuseInvite] = None,
) -> HttpResponse:
    try:
        realm = get_realm(get_subdomain(request))
    except Realm.DoesNotExist:
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse(find_account))
    if realm.deactivated:
        return redirect_to_deactivation_notice()

    from_multiuse_invite = False
    streams_to_subscribe = None
    invited_as = None

    if multiuse_object:
        realm = multiuse_object.realm
        streams_to_subscribe = multiuse_object.streams.all()
        from_multiuse_invite = True
        invited_as = multiuse_object.invited_as

    if request.method == "POST":
        form = HomepageForm(request.POST, realm=realm, from_multiuse_invite=from_multiuse_invite)
        if form.is_valid():
            try:
                rate_limit_request_by_ip(request, domain="sends_email_by_ip")
            except RateLimited as e:
                assert e.secs_to_freedom is not None
                return render(
                    request,
                    "zerver/rate_limit_exceeded.html",
                    context={"retry_after": int(e.secs_to_freedom)},
                    status=429,
                )

            email = form.cleaned_data["email"]

            try:
                validate_email_not_already_in_realm(realm, email)
            except ValidationError:
                return redirect_to_email_login_url(email)

            activation_url = prepare_activation_url(
                email, request, streams=streams_to_subscribe, invited_as=invited_as
            )
            try:
                send_confirm_registration_email(email, activation_url, request=request, realm=realm)
            except EmailNotDeliveredException:
                logging.error("Error in accounts_home")
                return HttpResponseRedirect("/config-error/smtp")

            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("signup_send_confirm", kwargs={"email": email}))

    else:
        form = HomepageForm(realm=realm)
    context = login_context(request)
    context.update(
        form=form,
        current_url=request.get_full_path,
        multiuse_object_key=multiuse_object_key,
        from_multiuse_invite=from_multiuse_invite,
    )
    return render(request, "zerver/accounts_home.html", context=context)


def accounts_home_from_multiuse_invite(request: HttpRequest, confirmation_key: str) -> HttpResponse:
    multiuse_object = None
    try:
        multiuse_object = get_object_from_key(confirmation_key, [Confirmation.MULTIUSE_INVITE])
        # Required for OAuth 2
    except ConfirmationKeyException as exception:
        realm = get_realm_from_request(request)
        if realm is None or realm.invite_required:
            return render_confirmation_key_error(request, exception)
    return accounts_home(
        request, multiuse_object_key=confirmation_key, multiuse_object=multiuse_object
    )


@has_request_variables
def find_account(
    request: HttpRequest, raw_emails: Optional[str] = REQ("emails", default=None)
) -> HttpResponse:
    url = reverse("find_account")

    emails: List[str] = []
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = FindMyTeamForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            emails = form.cleaned_data["emails"]
            for i in range(len(emails)):
                try:
                    rate_limit_request_by_ip(request, domain="sends_email_by_ip")
                except RateLimited as e:
                    assert e.secs_to_freedom is not None
                    return render(
                        request,
                        "zerver/rate_limit_exceeded.html",
                        context={"retry_after": int(e.secs_to_freedom)},
                        status=429,
                    )

            # Django doesn't support __iexact__in lookup with EmailField, so we have
            # to use Qs to get around that without needing to do multiple queries.
            emails_q = Q()
            for email in emails:
                emails_q |= Q(delivery_email__iexact=email)

            user_profiles = UserProfile.objects.filter(
                emails_q, is_active=True, is_bot=False, realm__deactivated=False
            )

            # We organize the data in preparation for sending exactly
            # one outgoing email per provided email address, with each
            # email listing all of the accounts that email address has
            # with the current Zulip server.
            context: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
            for user in user_profiles:
                key = user.delivery_email.lower()
                context.setdefault(key, {})
                context[key].setdefault("realms", [])
                context[key]["realms"].append(user.realm)
                context[key]["external_host"] = settings.EXTERNAL_HOST
                # This value will end up being the last user ID among
                # matching accounts; since it's only used for minor
                # details like language, that arbitrary choice is OK.
                context[key]["to_user_id"] = user.id

            for delivery_email, realm_context in context.items():
                realm_context["email"] = delivery_email
                send_email(
                    "zerver/emails/find_team",
                    to_user_ids=[realm_context["to_user_id"]],
                    context=realm_context,
                    from_address=FromAddress.SUPPORT,
                    request=request,
                )

            # Note: Show all the emails in the result otherwise this
            # feature can be used to ascertain which email addresses
            # are associated with Zulip.
            data = urllib.parse.urlencode({"emails": ",".join(emails)})
            return redirect(append_url_query_string(url, data))
    else:
        form = FindMyTeamForm()
        # The below validation is perhaps unnecessary, in that we
        # shouldn't get able to get here with an invalid email unless
        # the user hand-edits the URLs.
        if raw_emails:
            for email in raw_emails.split(","):
                try:
                    validators.validate_email(email)
                    emails.append(email)
                except ValidationError:
                    pass

    return render(
        request,
        "zerver/find_account.html",
        context={"form": form, "current_url": lambda: url, "emails": emails},
    )


@has_request_variables
def realm_redirect(request: HttpRequest, next: str = REQ(default="")) -> HttpResponse:
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = RealmRedirectForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            subdomain = form.cleaned_data["subdomain"]
            realm = get_realm(subdomain)
            redirect_to = get_safe_redirect_to(next, realm.uri)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_to)
    else:
        form = RealmRedirectForm()

    return render(request, "zerver/realm_redirect.html", context={"form": form})