Release Zulip Server 1.9.2.

import: Fix uploading avatars with S3 upload backend.
This should hopefully be the last commit of this form; ultimately, my hope is that we'll be able to refactor the semi-duplicated logic in this file to avoid so much effort going into keeping this correct.
2025-10-29 11:03:54 +00:00 · 2019-01-29 16:33:36 -08:00 · 2019-01-29 16:26:19 -08:00 · 2019-01-29 16:17:27 -08:00 · 2019-01-29 16:14:10 -08:00 · 2019-01-29 16:13:25 -08:00
4140 changed files with 284359 additions and 467233 deletions
--- a/.browserslistrc
+++ b/.browserslistrc
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-> 0.2%
-> 0.2% in US
-last 2 versions
-Firefox ESR
-not dead
-Chrome 26  # similar to PhantomJS
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -1,383 +1,205 @@
-# See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/continuous-integration.html for
-#   high-level documentation on our CircleCI setup.
 # See CircleCI upstream's docs on this config format:
 #   https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/language-python/
 #
-version: 2.0
-aliases:
-  - &create_cache_directories
-    run:
-      name: create cache directories
-      command: |
-        dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-        sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-        sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
-
-  - &restore_cache_package_json
-    restore_cache:
-      keys:
-        - v1-npm-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
-
-  - &restore_cache_requirements
-    restore_cache:
-      keys:
-        - v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor-dev.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
-
-  - &restore_emoji_cache
-    restore_cache:
-      keys:
-        - v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji" }}-{{checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py" }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}
-
-  - &install_dependencies
-    run:
-      name: install dependencies
-      command: |
-        sudo apt-get update
-        # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
-        sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
-
-        # CircleCI sets the following in Git config at clone time:
-        #   url.ssh://git@github.com.insteadOf https://github.com
-        # This breaks the Git clones in the NVM `install.sh` we run
-        # in `install-node`.
-        # TODO: figure out why that breaks, and whether we want it.
-        #   (Is it an optimization?)
-        rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
-
-        # This is the main setup job for the test suite
-        mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend --skip-dev-db-build" ts
-
-        # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in Circle, because
-        # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
-        # mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &save_cache_package_json
-    save_cache:
-      paths:
-        - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-      key: v1-npm-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
-
-  - &save_cache_requirements
-    save_cache:
-      paths:
-        - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
-      key: v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor-dev.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
-
-  - &save_emoji_cache
-    save_cache:
-      paths:
-        - /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
-      key: v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji" }}-{{checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py" }}-{{ checksum "tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py" }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}
-
-  - &do_bionic_hack
-    run:
-      name: do Bionic hack
-      command: |
-        # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
-        # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
-        sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
-
-  - &run_backend_tests
-    run:
-      name: run backend tests
-      command: |
-        . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
-        mispipe "./tools/ci/backend 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &run_frontend_tests
-    run:
-      name: run frontend tests
-      command: |
-        . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
-        mispipe "./tools/ci/frontend 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &upload_coverage_report
-    run:
-      name: upload coverage report
-      command: |
-        # codecov requires `.coverage` file to be stored in pwd for
-        # uploading coverage results.
-        mv /home/circleci/zulip/var/.coverage /home/circleci/zulip/.coverage
-
-        . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
-        # TODO: Check that the next release of codecov doesn't
-        # throw find error.
-        # codecov==2.0.16 introduced a bug which uses "find"
-        # for locating files which is buggy on some platforms.
-        # It was fixed via https://github.com/codecov/codecov-python/pull/217
-        # and should get automatically fixed here once it's released.
-        # We cannot pin the version here because we need the latest version for uploading files.
-        # see https://community.codecov.io/t/http-400-while-uploading-to-s3-with-python-codecov-from-travis/1428/7
-        pip install codecov && codecov \
-          || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
-
-  - &build_production
-    run:
-      name: build production
-      command: |
-        sudo apt-get update
-        # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
-        sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
-
-        mispipe "./tools/ci/production-build 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &production_extract_tarball
-    run:
-      name: production extract tarball
-      command: |
-        sudo apt-get update
-        # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
-        sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
-
-        mispipe "/tmp/production-extract-tarball 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &install_production
-    run:
-      name: install production
-      command: |
-        sudo service rabbitmq-server restart
-        sudo mispipe "/tmp/production-install 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &verify_production
-    run:
-      name: verify install
-      command: |
-        sudo mispipe "/tmp/production-verify 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &upgrade_postgresql
-    run:
-      name: upgrade postgresql
-      command: |
-        sudo mispipe "/tmp/production-upgrade-pg 2>&1" ts
-
-  - &check_xenial_provision_error
-    run:
-      name: check tools/provision error message on xenial
-      command: |
-        ! tools/provision > >(tee provision.out)
-        grep -Fqx 'CRITICAL:root:Unsupported platform: ubuntu 16.04' provision.out
-
-  - &check_xenial_upgrade_error
-    run:
-      name: check scripts/lib/upgrade-zulip-stage-2 error message on xenial
-      command: |
-        ! sudo scripts/lib/upgrade-zulip-stage-2 2> >(tee upgrade.err >&2)
-        grep -Fq 'upgrade-zulip-stage-2: Unsupported platform: ubuntu 16.04' upgrade.err
-
-  - &notify_failure_status
-    run:
-      name: On fail
-      when: on_fail
-      branches:
-        only: master
-      command: |
-        if [[ "$CIRCLE_REPOSITORY_URL" == "git@github.com:zulip/zulip.git" && "$ZULIP_BOT_KEY" != "" ]]; then
-          curl  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-          -X POST -i 'https://chat.zulip.org/api/v1/external/circleci?api_key='"$ZULIP_BOT_KEY"'&stream=automated%20testing&topic=master%20failing' \
-          -d '{"payload": { "branch": "'"$CIRCLE_BRANCH"'", "reponame": "'"$CIRCLE_PROJECT_REPONAME"'", "status": "failed", "build_url": "'"$CIRCLE_BUILD_URL"'", "username": "'"$CIRCLE_USERNAME"'"}}'
-        fi
-
+version: 2
 jobs:
-  "bionic-backend-frontend":
+  "trusty-python-3.4":
    docker:
-      # This is built from tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
-      # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
-      - image: arpit551/circleci:bionic-python-test
+      # This is built from tools/circleci/images/trusty/Dockerfile .
+      - image: gregprice/circleci:trusty-python-5.test

    working_directory: ~/zulip

    steps:
      - checkout

-      - *create_cache_directories
-      - *do_bionic_hack
-      - *restore_cache_package_json
-      - *restore_cache_requirements
-      - *restore_emoji_cache
-      - *install_dependencies
-      - *save_cache_package_json
-      - *save_cache_requirements
-      - *save_emoji_cache
-      - *run_backend_tests
+      - run:
+          name: create cache directories
+          command: |
+              dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv}-cache)
+              sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
+              sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
+
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-npm-base.trusty-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-venv-base.trusty-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}

      - run:
-          name: test locked requirements
+          name: install dependencies
+          command: |
+            # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
+            sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
+
+            # CircleCI sets the following in Git config at clone time:
+            #   url.ssh://git@github.com.insteadOf https://github.com
+            # This breaks the Git clones in the NVM `install.sh` we run
+            # in `install-node`.
+            # TODO: figure out why that breaks, and whether we want it.
+            #   (Is it an optimization?)
+            rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
+
+            # This is the main setup job for the test suite
+            mispipe "tools/travis/setup-backend" ts
+
+            # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in Circle, because
+            # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
+            # mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0" ts
+
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
+          key: v1-npm-base.trusty-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
+          key: v1-venv-base.trusty-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+      # TODO: in Travis we also cache ~/zulip-emoji-cache, ~/node, ~/misc
+
+      # The moment of truth!  Run the tests.
+
+      - run:
+          name: run backend tests
          command: |
            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
-            mispipe "./tools/test-locked-requirements 2>&1" ts
-
-      - *run_frontend_tests
-        # We only need to upload coverage reports on whichever platform
-        # runs the frontend tests.
-      - *upload_coverage_report
-
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: ./var/casper/
-          destination: casper
-
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: ./var/puppeteer/
-          destination: puppeteer
-
-      - store_artifacts:
-          path: ../../../tmp/zulip-test-event-log/
-          destination: test-reports
-
-      - store_test_results:
-          path: ./var/xunit-test-results/casper/
-      - *notify_failure_status
-
-  "focal-backend":
-    docker:
-      # This is built from tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile.
-      # Focal ships with Python 3.8.2.
-      - image: arpit551/circleci:focal-python-test
-
-    working_directory: ~/zulip
-
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - *create_cache_directories
-      - *restore_cache_package_json
-      - *restore_cache_requirements
-      - *restore_emoji_cache
-      - *install_dependencies
-      - *save_cache_package_json
-      - *save_cache_requirements
-      - *save_emoji_cache
-      - *run_backend_tests
-      - run:
-          name: Check development database build
-          command: mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend" ts
-      - *notify_failure_status
-
-  "xenial-legacy":
-    docker:
-      - image: arpit551/circleci:xenial-python-test
-
-    working_directory: ~/zulip
-
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - *check_xenial_provision_error
-      - *check_xenial_upgrade_error
-      - *notify_failure_status
-
-  "bionic-production-build":
-    docker:
-      # This is built from tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
-      # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
-      - image: arpit551/circleci:bionic-python-test
-
-    working_directory: ~/zulip
-
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-
-      - *create_cache_directories
-      - *do_bionic_hack
-      - *restore_cache_package_json
-      - *restore_cache_requirements
-      - *restore_emoji_cache
-      - *build_production
-      - *save_cache_package_json
-      - *save_cache_requirements
-      - *save_emoji_cache
-
-      # Persist the built tarball to be used in downstream job
-      # for installation of production server.
-      # See https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/workflows/#using-workspaces-to-share-data-among-jobs
-      - persist_to_workspace:
-          # Must be an absolute path,
-          # or relative path from working_directory.
-          # This is a directory on the container which is
-          # taken to be the root directory of the workspace.
-          root: /tmp
-          # Must be relative path from root
-          paths:
-            - zulip-server-test.tar.gz
-            - success-http-headers.template.txt
-            - production-install
-            - production-verify
-            - production-upgrade-pg
-            - production
-            - production-extract-tarball
-      - *notify_failure_status
-
-  "bionic-production-install":
-    docker:
-      # This is built from tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
-      # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
-      - image: arpit551/circleci:bionic-python-test
-
-    working_directory: ~/zulip
-
-    steps:
-      # Contains the built tarball from bionic-production-build job
-      - attach_workspace:
-          # Must be absolute path or relative path from working_directory
-          at: /tmp
-
-      - *create_cache_directories
-      - *do_bionic_hack
-      - *production_extract_tarball
-      - *restore_cache_package_json
-      - *install_production
-      - *verify_production
-      - *upgrade_postgresql
-      - *verify_production
-      - *save_cache_package_json
-      - *notify_failure_status
-
-  "focal-production-install":
-    docker:
-      # This is built from tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile.
-      # Focal ships with Python 3.8.2.
-      - image: arpit551/circleci:focal-python-test
-
-    working_directory: ~/zulip
-
-    steps:
-      # Contains the built tarball from bionic-production-build job
-      - attach_workspace:
-          # Must be absolute path or relative path from working_directory
-          at: /tmp
-
-      - *create_cache_directories
+            mispipe ./tools/travis/backend ts

      - run:
-          name: do memcached hack
+          name: run frontend tests
          command: |
-            # Temporary hack till memcached upstream is updated in Focal.
-            # https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/memcached/+bug/1878721
-            echo "export SASL_CONF_PATH=/etc/sasl2" | sudo tee - a /etc/default/memcached
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            mispipe ./tools/travis/frontend ts
+
+      -  run:
+          name: upload coverage report
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            pip install codecov && codecov \
+              || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
+
+      # - store_artifacts:  # TODO
+      #     path: var/casper/
+      #     # also /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/
+      #     destination: test-reports
+
+  "xenial-python-3.5":
+    docker:
+      # This is built from tools/circleci/images/xenial/Dockerfile .
+      - image: gregprice/circleci:xenial-python-4.test
+
+    working_directory: ~/zulip
+
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - run:
+          name: create cache directories
+          command: |
+              dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv}-cache)
+              sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
+              sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
+
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-npm-base.xenial-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-venv-base.xenial-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: install dependencies
+          command: |
+            sudo apt-get update
+            sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
+            rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
+            mispipe "tools/travis/setup-backend" ts
+
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
+          key: v1-npm-base.xenial-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
+          key: v1-venv-base.xenial-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: run backend tests
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            mispipe ./tools/travis/backend ts
+
+      -  run:
+          name: upload coverage report
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            pip install codecov && codecov \
+              || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
+
+  "bionic-python-3.6":
+    docker:
+      # This is built from tools/circleci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
+      - image: gregprice/circleci:bionic-python-1.test
+
+    working_directory: ~/zulip
+
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - run:
+          name: create cache directories
+          command: |
+              dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv}-cache)
+              sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
+              sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
+              # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
+              # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
+              redis-server --daemonize yes
+
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-npm-base.bionic-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-venv-base.bionic-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: install dependencies
+          command: |
+            sudo apt-get update
+            sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
+            rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
+            mispipe "tools/travis/setup-backend" ts
+
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
+          key: v1-npm-base.bionic-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
+          key: v1-venv-base.bionic-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: run backend tests
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            mispipe ./tools/travis/backend ts
+
+      -  run:
+          name: upload coverage report
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            pip install codecov && codecov \
+              || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."

-      - *production_extract_tarball
-      - *restore_cache_package_json
-      - *install_production
-      - *verify_production
-      - *save_cache_package_json
-      - *notify_failure_status

 workflows:
  version: 2
-  "Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial (Python 3.5, legacy)":
+  build:
    jobs:
-      - "xenial-legacy"
-  "Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic (Python 3.6, backend+frontend)":
-    jobs:
-      - "bionic-backend-frontend"
-  "Ubuntu 20.04 Focal (Python 3.8, backend)":
-    jobs:
-      - "focal-backend"
-  "Production":
-    jobs:
-      - "bionic-production-build"
-      - "bionic-production-install":
-          requires:
-            - "bionic-production-build"
-      - "focal-production-install":
-          requires:
-            - "bionic-production-build"
+      - "trusty-python-3.4"
+      - "xenial-python-3.5"
+      - "bionic-python-3.6"
--- a/.codecov.yml
+++ b/.codecov.yml
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ coverage:
    project:
      default:
        target: auto
-        # Codecov has the tendency to report a lot of false negatives,
-        # so we basically suppress comments completely.
-        threshold: 50%
+        threshold: 0.50
        base: auto
    patch: off
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -6,16 +6,20 @@ charset = utf-8
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 insert_final_newline = true

-[*.{sh,py,pyi,js,ts,json,xml,css,scss,hbs,html}]
+[*.{sh,py,pyi,js,json,yml,xml,css,md,markdown,handlebars,html}]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 4

-[*.py]
+[*.{py}]
 max_line_length = 110

-[*.{js,ts}]
-max_line_length = 100
+[*.{js}]
+max_line_length = 120

-[*.{svg,rb,pp}]
+[*.{svg,rb,pp,pl}]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2
+
+[*.{cfg}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 8
--- a/.eslintignore
+++ b/.eslintignore
@@ -1,10 +1,2 @@
-# This is intended for generated files and vendored third-party files.
-# For our source code, instead of adding files here, consider using
-# specific eslint-disable comments in the files themselves.
-
-/docs/_build
-/static/generated
-/static/third
-/static/webpack-bundles
-/var
-/zulip-py3-venv
+static/js/blueslip.js
+static/webpack-bundles
--- a/.eslintrc.json
+++ b/.eslintrc.json
@@ -3,125 +3,369 @@
        "node": true,
        "es6": true
    },
-    "extends": [
-        "eslint:recommended"
-    ],
    "parserOptions": {
-        "ecmaVersion": 2019,
-        "warnOnUnsupportedTypeScriptVersion": false,
        "sourceType": "module"
    },
+    "globals": {
+        "$": false,
+        "ClipboardJS": false,
+        "Dict": false,
+        "FetchStatus": false,
+        "Filter": false,
+        "Handlebars": false,
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+        "no-unused-expressions": 2,
        "no-unused-vars": [ "error",
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                "vars": "local",
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                "varsIgnorePattern": "print_elapsed_time|check_duplicate_ids"
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        "no-useless-constructor": "error",
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        // rule; only regex expressions haven't been updated yet.
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-        "space-unary-ops": "error",
-        "no-whitespace-before-property": "error",
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+        "space-before-blocks": 2,
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@@ -129,294 +373,16 @@
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-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-type-assertion": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": ["error", { "varsIgnorePattern": "^_" } ],
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-use-before-define": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-useless-constructor": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-includes": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-regexp-exec": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-string-starts-ends-with": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/promise-function-async": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/semi": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/type-annotation-spacing": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/unified-signatures": "error"
-            }
-        }
-    ]
+        "wrap-iife": [ "error", "outside", { "functionPrototypeMethods": false } ],
+        "wrap-regex": 0,
+        "yoda": 2
+    }
 }
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -11,3 +11,4 @@
 *.otf binary
 *.tif binary
 *.ogg binary
+yarn.lock binary
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-name: "Code Scanning"
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  CodeQL:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-        with:
-          # We must fetch at least the immediate parents so that if this is
-          # a pull request then we can checkout the head.
-          fetch-depth: 2
-
-      # If this run was triggered by a pull request event, then checkout
-      # the head of the pull request instead of the merge commit.
-      - run: git checkout HEAD^2
-        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
-
-      # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
-      - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
-
-        # Override language selection by uncommenting this and choosing your languages
-        # with:
-        #   languages: go, javascript, csharp, python, cpp, java
-      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1
--- a/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-name: Zulip CI
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  focal_bionic:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
-          #   tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile
-          # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
-          - docker_image: mepriyank/actions:bionic
-            name: Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic (Python 3.6, backend + frontend)
-            os: bionic
-            is_bionic: true
-            include_frontend_tests: true
-
-          # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
-          #   tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile
-          # Focal ships with Python 3.8.2.
-          - docker_image: mepriyank/actions:focal
-            name: Ubuntu 20.04 Focal (Python 3.8, backend)
-            os: focal
-            is_focal: true
-            include_frontend_tests: false
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    name: ${{ matrix.name }}
-    container: ${{ matrix.docker_image }}
-    env:
-      # GitHub Actions sets HOME to /github/home which causes
-      # problem later in provison and frontend test that runs
-      # tools/setup/postgres-init-dev-db because of the .pgpass
-      # location. Postgresql (psql) expects .pgpass to be at
-      # /home/github/.pgpass and setting home to `/home/github/`
-      # ensures it written there because we write it to ~/.pgpass.
-      HOME: /home/github/
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Add required permissions
-        run: |
-          # The checkout actions doesn't clone to ~/zulip or allow
-          # us to use the path option to clone outside the current
-          # /__w/zulip/zulip directory. Since this directory is owned
-          # by root we need to change it's ownership to allow the
-          # github user to clone the code here.
-          # Note: /__w/ is a docker volume mounted to $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
-          # which is /home/runner/work/.
-          sudo chown -R github .
-
-          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
-          # the current github user must be able to access for the
-          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
-          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Restore node_modules cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-          key: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('yarn.lock') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Restore python cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-venv-cache
-          key: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/thumbor-dev.txt') }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/dev.txt') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Restore emoji cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
-          key: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Do Bionic hack
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        run: |
-          # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
-          # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
-          sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          # This is the main setup job for the test suite
-          mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend --skip-dev-db-build" ts
-
-          # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in GitHub Actions, because
-          # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
-          # mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0 2>&1" ts
-
-      - name: Run backend tests
-        run: |
-          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate && \
-          mispipe "./tools/ci/backend 2>&1" ts
-
-      - name: Run frontend tests
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
-          mispipe "./tools/ci/frontend 2>&1" ts
-
-      - name: Test locked requirements
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        run: |
-          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate && \
-          mispipe "./tools/test-locked-requirements 2>&1" ts
-
-      - name: Upload coverage reports
-
-        # Only upload coverage when both frontend and backend
-        # tests are ran.
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          # Codcov requires `.coverage` file to be stored in the
-          # current working directory.
-          mv ./var/.coverage ./.coverage
-          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate || true
-
-          # TODO: Check that the next release of codecov doesn't
-          # throw find error.
-          # codecov==2.0.16 introduced a bug which uses "find"
-          # for locating files which is buggy on some platforms.
-          # It was fixed via https://github.com/codecov/codecov-python/pull/217
-          # and should get automatically fixed here once it's released.
-          # We cannot pin the version here because we need the latest version for uploading files.
-          # see https://community.codecov.io/t/http-400-while-uploading-to-s3-with-python-codecov-from-travis/1428/7
-          pip install codecov && codecov || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
-
-      - name: Store puppeteer artifacts
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: puppeteer
-          path: ./var/puppeteer
-
-      # We cannot use upload-artifacts actions to upload the test
-      # reports from /tmp, that directory exists inside the docker
-      # image. Move them to ./var so we access it outside docker since
-      # the current directory is volume mounted outside the docker image.
-      - name: Move test reports to var
-        run: mv /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/ ./var/
-
-      - name: Store test reports
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: test-reports
-          path: ./var/zulip-test-event-log/
-
-      - name: Check development database build
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_focal }}
-        run: mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend" ts
-      # TODO: We need to port the notify_failure step from CircleCI
-      # config, however, it might be the case that GitHub Notifications
-      # make this unnesscary. More details on settings to configure it:
-      # https://help.github.com/en/github/managing-subscriptions-and-notifications-on-github/configuring-notifications#github-actions-notification-options
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -32,13 +32,7 @@ package-lock.json
 /.dmypy.json

 # Dockerfiles generated for CircleCI
-/tools/ci/images
-
-# Generated i18n data
-/locale/en
-/locale/language_options.json
-/locale/language_name_map.json
-/locale/*/mobile.json
+/tools/circleci/images

 # Static build
 *.mo
@@ -48,7 +42,6 @@ npm-debug.log
 /staticfiles.json
 /webpack-stats-production.json
 /yarn-error.log
-zulip-git-version

 # Test / analysis tools
 .coverage
@@ -76,9 +69,6 @@ zulip.kdev4
 .cache/
 .eslintcache

-# Core dump files
-core
-
 ## Miscellaneous
 # (Ideally this section is empty.)
 zthumbor/thumbor_local_settings.py
--- a/.isort.cfg
+++ b/.isort.cfg
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 [settings]
-src_paths = ., tools, tools/setup/emoji
-multi_line_output = 3
-known_third_party = zulip
-include_trailing_comma = True
-use_parentheses = True
-line_length = 100
+line_length = 79
+multi_line_output = 2
+balanced_wrapping = true
+known_third_party = django, ujson, sqlalchemy
+known_first_party = zerver, zproject, version, confirmation, zilencer, analytics, frontend_tests, scripts, corporate
+sections = FUTURE, STDLIB, THIRDPARTY, FIRSTPARTY, LOCALFOLDER
+lines_after_imports = 1
+# See the comment related to ioloop_logging for why this is skipped.
+skip = zerver/management/commands/runtornado.py
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com> <alex@chmrr.net>
-Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com> <github@chmrr.net>
-Aman Agrawal <amanagr@zulip.com> <f2016561@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in>
-Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <anders@zulipchat.com>
-Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <andersk@mit.edu>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <bjwhitta@asu.edu>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brockwhittaker@Brocks-MacBook.local>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brock@zulipchat.org>
-Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <cbobbe@zulipchat.com>
-Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <csbobbe@gmail.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <gnprice@gmail.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <greg@zulipchat.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <price@mit.edu>
-Ray Kraesig <rkraesig@zulip.com> <rkraesig@zulipchat.com>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig+git@mit.edu>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig@kandralabs.com>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig@users.noreply.github.com>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulip.com> <rishig@zulipchat.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell30@yahoo.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@yahoo.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@zulipchat.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@humbughq.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@zulip.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@dropbox.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@humbughq.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@mit.edu>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@zulipchat.com>
-Vishnu KS <yo@vishnuks.com> <hackerkid@vishnuks.com>
-Vishnu KS <yo@vishnuks.com> <yo@vishnuks.com>
--- a/.pyre_configuration
+++ b/.pyre_configuration
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "source_directories": ["."],
-  "taint_models_path": [
-      "stubs/taint",
-      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/taint/"
-  ],
-  "search_path": [
-      "stubs/",
-      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/stubs/"
-  ],
-  "exclude": [
-      "/srv/zulip/zulip-py3-venv/.*"
-  ]
-}
--- a/.sonarcloud.properties
+++ b/.sonarcloud.properties
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-sonar.inclusions=**/*.py,**/*.html
--- a/.stylelintrc
+++ b/.stylelintrc
@@ -62,6 +62,5 @@
        
        # Limit language features
        "color-no-hex": true,
-        "color-named": "never",
    }
 }
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/travis.html for
+# high-level documentation on our Travis CI setup.
+dist: trusty
+group: deprecated-2017Q4
+install:
+  # Disable sometimes-broken sources.list in Travis base images
+  - sudo rm -vf /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*
+  - sudo apt-get update
+
+  # Disable Travis CI's built-in NVM installation
+  - mispipe "mv ~/.nvm ~/.travis-nvm-disabled" ts
+
+  # Install codecov, the library for the code coverage reporting tool we use
+  # With a retry to minimize impact of transient networking errors.
+  - mispipe "pip install codecov" ts || mispipe "pip install codecov" ts
+
+  # This is the main setup job for the test suite
+  - mispipe "tools/travis/setup-$TEST_SUITE" ts
+
+  # Clean any caches that are not in use to avoid our cache
+  # becoming huge.
+  - mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0" ts
+
+script:
+  # We unset GEM_PATH here as a hack to work around Travis CI having
+  # broken running their system puppet with Ruby.  See
+  # https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip/jobs/240120991 for an example traceback.
+  - unset GEM_PATH
+  - mispipe "./tools/travis/$TEST_SUITE" ts
+cache:
+  yarn: true
+  apt: false
+  directories:
+    - $HOME/zulip-venv-cache
+    - $HOME/zulip-npm-cache
+    - $HOME/zulip-emoji-cache
+    - $HOME/node
+    - $HOME/misc
+env:
+  global:
+    - BOTO_CONFIG=/tmp/nowhere
+language: python
+# Our test suites generally run on Python 3.4, the version in
+# Ubuntu 14.04 trusty, which is the oldest OS release we support.
+matrix:
+  include:
+    # Travis will actually run the jobs in the order they're listed here;
+    # that doesn't seem to be documented, but it's what we see empirically.
+    # We only get 4 jobs running at a time, so we try to make the first few
+    # the most likely to break.
+    - python: "3.4"
+      env: TEST_SUITE=production
+    # Other suites moved to CircleCI -- see .circleci/.
+sudo: required
+addons:
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      # Casper debugging data (screenshots, etc.) is super useful for
+      # debugging test flakes.
+      - $(ls var/casper/* | tr "\n" ":")
+      - $(ls /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/* | tr "\n" ":")
+  postgresql: "9.3"
+  apt:
+    packages:
+      - moreutils
+after_success:
+  - codecov
--- a/.tx/config
+++ b/.tx/config
@@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ host = https://www.transifex.com
 lang_map = zh-Hans: zh_Hans, zh-Hant: zh_Hant

 [zulip.djangopo]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
-source_file = locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
+source_file = static/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_lang = en
 type = PO
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po

 [zulip.translationsjson]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/translations.json
-source_file = locale/en/translations.json
+source_file = static/locale/en/translations.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/translations.json

 [zulip.mobile]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/mobile.json
-source_file = locale/en/mobile.json
+source_file = static/locale/en/mobile.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/mobile.json

 [zulip-test.djangopo]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
-source_file = locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
+source_file = static/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_lang = en
 type = PO
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po

 [zulip-test.translationsjson]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/translations.json
-source_file = locale/en/translations.json
+source_file = static/locale/en/translations.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/translations.json
--- a/.yarnrc
+++ b/.yarnrc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ignore-scripts true
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ something you can do while a violation is happening, do it. A lot of the
 harms of harassment and other violations can be mitigated by the victim
 knowing that the other people present are on their side.

-All reports will be kept confidential. In some cases, we may determine that a
+All reports will be kept confidential. In some cases we may determine that a
 public statement will need to be made. In such cases, the identities of all
 victims and reporters will remain confidential unless those individuals
 instruct us otherwise.
@@ -101,5 +101,5 @@ This Code of Conduct is adapted from the
 [Citizen Code of Conduct](http://citizencodeofconduct.org/) and the
 [Django Code of Conduct](https://www.djangoproject.com/conduct/), and is
 under a
-[Creative Commons BY-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+[Creative Commons BY-SA](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
 license.
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ user, or anything else. Make sure to read the
 before posting. The Zulip community is also governed by a
 [code of conduct](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct.html).

-You can subscribe to zulip-devel-announce@googlegroups.com or our
-[Twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip) account for a lower traffic (~1
+You can subscribe to zulip-devel@googlegroups.com for a lower traffic (~1
 email/month) way to hear about things like mentorship opportunities with Google
 Code-in, in-person sprints at conferences, and other opportunities to
 contribute.
@@ -29,11 +28,11 @@ needs doing:
  [backend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), web
  [frontend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), React Native
  [mobile app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile), or Electron
-  [desktop app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop).
+  [desktop app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron).
 * Building out our
  [Python API and bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api) framework.
-* [Writing an integration](https://zulip.com/api/integrations-overview).
-* Improving our [user](https://zulip.com/help/) or
+* [Writing an integration](https://zulipchat.com/api/integrations-overview).
+* Improving our [user](https://zulipchat.com/help/) or
  [developer](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) documentation.
 * [Reviewing code](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html)
  and manually testing pull requests.
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ don't require touching the codebase at all. We list a few of them below:
 * [Translating](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html)
  Zulip.
 * [Outreach](#zulip-outreach): Star us on GitHub, upvote us
-  on product comparison sites, or write for [the Zulip blog](https://blog.zulip.org/).
+  on product comparison sites, or write for [the Zulip blog](http://blog.zulip.org/).

 ## Your first (codebase) contribution

@@ -70,11 +69,12 @@ to help.
  if you run into any troubles.
 * Read the
  [Zulip guide to Git](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/index.html)
-  and do the Git tutorial (coming soon) if you are unfamiliar with
-  Git, getting help in
-  [#git help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/44-git-help) if
-  you run into any troubles.  Be sure to check out the
-  [extremely useful Zulip-specific tools page](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/zulip-tools.html).
+  and do the Git tutorial (coming soon) if you are unfamiliar with Git,
+  getting help in
+  [#git help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/44-git-help) if you run
+  into any troubles.
+* Sign the
+  [Dropbox Contributor License Agreement](https://opensource.dropbox.com/cla/).

 ### Picking an issue

@@ -84,19 +84,17 @@ on.

 * If you're interested in
  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
-  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
+  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
  or
  [bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue)
  development, check the respective links for open issues, or post in
  [#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/48-mobile),
  [#desktop](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/16-desktop), or
  [#integration](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/127-integrations).
-* For the main server and web repository, we recommend browsing
-  recently opened issues to look for issues you are confident you can
-  fix correctly in a way that clearly communicates why your changes
-  are the correct fix.  Our GitHub workflow bot, zulipbot, limits
-  users who have 0 commits merged to claiming a single issue labeled
-  with "good first issue" or "help wanted".
+* For the main server and web repository, start by looking through issues
+  with the label
+  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A"good+first+issue").
+  These are smaller projects particularly suitable for a first contribution.
 * We also partition all of our issues in the main repo into areas like
  admin, compose, emoji, hotkeys, i18n, onboarding, search, etc. Look
  through our [list of labels](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels), and
@@ -106,8 +104,8 @@ on.
  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with a
  bit about your background and interests, and we'll help you out. The most
  important thing to say is whether you're looking for a backend (Python),
-  frontend (JavaScript and TypeScript), mobile (React Native), desktop (Electron),
-  documentation (English) or visual design (JavaScript/TypeScript + CSS) issue, and a
+  frontend (JavaScript), mobile (React Native), desktop (Electron),
+  documentation (English) or visual design (JavaScript + CSS) issue, and a
  bit about your programming experience and available time.

 We also welcome suggestions of features that you feel would be valuable or
@@ -120,17 +118,11 @@ Other notes:
 * For a first pull request, it's better to aim for a smaller contribution
  than a bigger one. Many first contributions have fewer than 10 lines of
  changes (not counting changes to tests).
-* The full list of issues explicitly looking for a contributor can be
-  found with the
+* The full list of issues looking for a contributor can be found with the
  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
  and
  [help wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
-  labels.  Avoid issues with the "difficult" label unless you
-  understand why it is difficult and are confident you can resolve the
-  issue correctly and completely.  Issues without one of these labels
-  are fair game if Tim has written a clear technical design proposal
-  in the issue, or it is a bug that you can reproduce and you are
-  confident you can fix the issue correctly.
+  labels.
 * For most new contributors, there's a lot to learn while making your first
  pull request. It's OK if it takes you a while; that's normal! You'll be
  able to work a lot faster as you build experience.
@@ -170,8 +162,9 @@ labels.

 ## What makes a great Zulip contributor?

-Zulip has a lot of experience working with new contributors.  In our
-experience, these are the best predictors of success:
+Zulip runs a lot of [internship programs](#internship-programs), so we have
+a lot of experience with new contributors. In our experience, these are the
+best predictors of success:

 * Posting good questions. This generally means explaining your current
  understanding, saying what you've done or tried so far, and including
@@ -191,8 +184,8 @@ experience, these are the best predictors of success:
  able to address things within a few days.
 * Being helpful and friendly on chat.zulip.org.

-These are also the main criteria we use to select candidates for all
-of our outreach programs.
+These are also the main criteria we use to select interns for all of our
+internship programs.

 ## Reporting issues

@@ -213,9 +206,8 @@ and how to reproduce it if known, your browser/OS if relevant, and a
 if appropriate.

 **Reporting security issues**. Please do not report security issues
-  publicly, including on public streams on chat.zulip.org. You can
-  email security@zulip.com.  We create a CVE for every security
-  issue in our released software.
+  publicly, including on public streams on chat.zulip.org. You can email
+  zulip-security@googlegroups.com. We create a CVE for every security issue.

 ## User feedback

@@ -230,7 +222,7 @@ to:
 * Pros and cons: What are the pros and cons of Zulip for your organization,
  and the pros and cons of other products you are evaluating?
 * Features: What are the features that are most important for your
-  organization? In the best-case scenario, what would your chat solution do
+  organization? In the best case scenario, what would your chat solution do
  for you?
 * Onboarding: If you remember it, what was your impression during your first
  few minutes of using Zulip? What did you notice, and how did you feel? Was
@@ -238,20 +230,21 @@ to:
 * Organization: What does your organization do? How big is the organization?
  A link to your organization's website?

-## Outreach programs
+## Internship programs

-Zulip participates in [Google Summer of Code
-(GSoC)](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/) every year.
-In the past, we've also participated in
-[Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/), [Google
-Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/), and hosted
-summer interns from Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.
+Zulip runs internship programs with
+[Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/),
+[Google Summer of Code (GSoC)](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/)
+[1], and the
+[MIT Externship program](https://alum.mit.edu/students/NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram),
+and has in the past taken summer interns from Harvard, MIT, and
+Stanford.

 While each third-party program has its own rules and requirements, the
 Zulip community's approaches all of these programs with these ideas in
 mind:
 * We try to make the application process as valuable for the applicant as
-  possible. Expect high-quality code reviews, a supportive community, and
+  possible. Expect high quality code reviews, a supportive community, and
  publicly viewable patches you can link to from your resume, regardless of
  whether you are selected.
 * To apply, you'll have to submit at least one pull request to a Zulip
@@ -265,22 +258,26 @@ mind:
  application to makes mistakes in your first few PRs as long as your
  work improves.

-Most of our outreach program participants end up sticking around the
-project long-term, and many have become core team members, maintaining
-important parts of the project. We hope you apply!
+Zulip also participates in
+[Google Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/). Our
+selection criteria for Finalists and Grand Prize Winners is the same as our
+selection criteria for interns above.
+
+Most of our interns end up sticking around the project long-term, and many
+quickly become core team members. We hope you apply!

 ### Google Summer of Code

-The largest outreach program Zulip participates in is GSoC (14
-students in 2017; 11 in 2018; 17 in 2019).  While we don't control how
-many slots Google allocates to Zulip, we hope to mentor a similar
-number of students in future summers.
+GSoC is by far the largest of our internship programs (we had 14 GSoC
+students in summer 2017).  While we don't control how many slots
+Google allocates to Zulip, we hope to mentor a similar number of
+students in 2018.

 If you're reading this well before the application deadline and want
 to make your application strong, we recommend getting involved in the
 community and fixing issues in Zulip now. Having good contributions
-and building a reputation for doing good work is the best way to have
-a strong application.  About half of Zulip's GSoC students for Summer
+and building a reputation for doing good work is best way to have a
+strong application.  About half of Zulip's GSoC students for Summer
 2017 had made significant contributions to the project by February
 2017, and about half had not.  Our
 [GSoC project ideas page][gsoc-guide] has lots more details on how
@@ -299,6 +296,10 @@ for ZSoC, we'll contact you when the GSoC results are announced.
 [gsoc-guide]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/gsoc-ideas.html
 [gsoc-faq]: https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/faq

+[1] Formally, [GSoC isn't an internship][gsoc-faq], but it is similar
+enough that we're treating it as such for the purposes of this
+documentation.
+
 ## Zulip Outreach

 **Upvoting Zulip**. Upvotes and reviews make a big difference in the public
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ list typically takes about 15 minutes.
 * Star us on GitHub. There are four main repositories:
  [server/web](https://github.com/zulip/zulip),
  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile),
-  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop), and
+  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron), and
  [Python API](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api).
 * [Follow us](https://twitter.com/zulip) on Twitter.

@@ -333,7 +334,7 @@ have been using Zulip for a while and want to contribute more.
 about a technical aspect of Zulip can be a great way to spread the word
 about Zulip.

-We also occasionally [publish](https://blog.zulip.org/) long-form
+We also occasionally [publish](http://blog.zulip.org/) longer form
 articles related to Zulip. Our posts typically get tens of thousands
 of views, and we always have good ideas for blog posts that we can
 outline but don't have time to write. If you are an experienced writer
--- a/17
+++ b/17
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+FROM ubuntu:trusty
+
+EXPOSE 9991
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget
+
+RUN localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8
+
+RUN useradd -d /home/zulip -m zulip && echo 'zulip ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' >> /etc/sudoers
+
+USER zulip
+
+RUN ln -nsf /srv/zulip ~/zulip
+
+RUN echo 'export LC_ALL="en_US.UTF-8" LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LANGUAGE="en_US.UTF-8"' >> ~zulip/.bashrc
+
+WORKDIR /srv/zulip
--- a/43
+++ b/43
@@ -1,15 +1,42 @@
 # To build run `docker build -f Dockerfile-postgresql .` from the root of the
 # zulip repo.

-# Currently the postgres images do not support automatic upgrading of
+# Install build tools and build tsearch_extras for the current postgres
+# version. Currently the postgres images do not support automatic upgrading of
 # the on-disk data in volumes. So the base image can not currently be upgraded
 # without users needing a manual pgdump and restore.
+FROM postgres:10
+RUN apt-get update \
+    && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y \
+        postgresql-server-dev-$PG_MAJOR \
+        postgresql-server-dev-all \
+        git \
+        build-essential \
+        fakeroot \
+        devscripts
+RUN git clone https://github.com/zulip/tsearch_extras.git \
+    && cd tsearch_extras \
+    && echo $PG_MAJOR > debian/pgversions \
+    && pg_buildext updatecontrol \
+    && debuild -b -uc -us

-# Install hunspell, zulip stop words, and run zulip database
+# Install tsearch_extras, hunspell, zulip stop words, and run zulip database
 # init.
-FROM groonga/pgroonga:latest-alpine-10-slim
-RUN apk add -U --no-cache hunspell-en
-RUN ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.dic /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.dict && ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.aff /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.affix 
-COPY puppet/zulip/files/postgresql/zulip_english.stop /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/zulip_english.stop
-COPY scripts/setup/create-db.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-db.sql
-COPY scripts/setup/create-pgroonga.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-pgroonga.sql
+FROM postgres:10
+ENV TSEARCH_EXTRAS_VERSION=0.4
+ENV TSEARCH_EXTRAS_DEB=postgresql-${PG_MAJOR}-tsearch-extras_${TSEARCH_EXTRAS_VERSION}_amd64.deb
+COPY --from=0 /${TSEARCH_EXTRAS_DEB} /tmp
+COPY puppet/zulip/files/postgresql/zulip_english.stop /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/tsearch_data/zulip_english.stop
+COPY scripts/setup/postgres-create-db /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/postgres-create-db.sh
+COPY scripts/setup/pgroonga-debian.asc /tmp
+RUN apt-key add /tmp/pgroonga-debian.asc \
+    && echo "deb http://packages.groonga.org/debian/ stretch main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/zulip.list \
+    && apt-get update \
+    && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y \
+       hunspell-en-us \
+       postgresql-${PG_MAJOR}-pgroonga \
+    && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive dpkg -i /tmp/${TSEARCH_EXTRAS_DEB} \
+    && rm /tmp/${TSEARCH_EXTRAS_DEB} \
+    && ln -sf /var/cache/postgresql/dicts/en_us.dict "/usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/tsearch_data/en_us.dict" \
+    && ln -sf /var/cache/postgresql/dicts/en_us.affix "/usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/tsearch_data/en_us.affix" \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright 2011-2020 Dropbox, Inc., Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors
+Copyright 2011-2018 Dropbox, Inc., Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors

                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ immediacy of real-time chat with the productivity benefits of threaded
 conversations. Zulip is used by open source projects, Fortune 500 companies,
 large standards bodies, and others who need a real-time chat system that
 allows users to easily process hundreds or thousands of messages a day. With
-over 500 contributors merging over 500 commits a month, Zulip is also the
+over 300 contributors merging over 500 commits a month, Zulip is also the
 largest and fastest growing open source group chat project.

-[![CircleCI branch](https://img.shields.io/circleci/project/github/zulip/zulip/master.svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/zulip/zulip/tree/master)
-[![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip/master.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip/branch/master)
+[![CircleCI Build Status](https://circleci.com/gh/zulip/zulip.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/zulip/zulip)
+[![Travis Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip)
+[![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip)
 [![Mypy coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/mypy-100%25-green.svg)][mypy-coverage]
-[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/zulip/zulip.svg)](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/releases/latest)
 [![docs](https://readthedocs.org/projects/zulip/badge/?version=latest)](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
 [![Zulip chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-brightgreen.svg)](https://chat.zulip.org)
 [![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/twitter-@zulip-blue.svg?style=flat)](https://twitter.com/zulip)
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ You might be interested in:

 * **Contributing code**. Check out our
  [guide for new contributors](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html)
-  to get started.  Zulip prides itself on maintaining a clean and
+  to get started. Zulip prides itself on maintaining a clean and
  well-tested codebase, and a stock of hundreds of
  [beginner-friendly issues][beginner-friendly].

 * **Contributing non-code**.
-  [Report an issue](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#reporting-issues),
+  [Report an issue](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#reporting-issue),
  [translate](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html) Zulip
  into your language,
  [write](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#zulip-outreach)
@@ -51,25 +51,31 @@ You might be interested in:
  the
  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html). We
  also recommend reading Zulip for
-  [open source](https://zulip.com/for/open-source/), Zulip for
-  [companies](https://zulip.com/for/companies/), or Zulip for
-  [working groups and part time communities](https://zulip.com/for/working-groups-and-communities/).
+  [open source](https://zulipchat.com/for/open-source/), Zulip for
+  [companies](https://zulipchat.com/for/companies/), or Zulip for
+  [working groups and part time communities](https://zulipchat.com/for/working-groups-and-communities/).

-* **Running a Zulip server**. Use a preconfigured [Digital Ocean droplet](https://marketplace.digitalocean.com/apps/zulip),
-  [install Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/production/install.html)
-  directly, or use Zulip's
-  experimental [Docker image](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/deployment.html#zulip-in-docker).
-  Commercial support is available; see <https://zulip.com/plans> for details.
+* **Running a Zulip server**. Setting up a server takes just a couple
+  of minutes. Zulip runs on Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic, Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial,
+  Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty, and Debian 9 Stretch. The installation process is
+  [documented here](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/prod.html).
+  Commercial support is available; see <https://zulipchat.com/plans>
+  for details.

-* **Using Zulip without setting up a server**. <https://zulip.com>
-  offers free and commercial hosting, including providing our paid
-  plan for free to fellow open source projects.
+* **Using Zulip without setting up a server**. <https://zulipchat.com> offers
+  free and commercial hosting.

-* **Participating in [outreach
-  programs](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#outreach-programs)**
-  like Google Summer of Code.
+* **Applying for a Zulip internship**. Zulip runs internship programs with
+  [Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/),
+  [Google Summer of Code](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/),
+  and the
+  [MIT Externship program](https://alum.mit.edu/students/NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram). Zulip
+  also participates in
+  [Google Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/). More
+  information is available
+  [here](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#internship-programs).

-You may also be interested in reading our [blog](https://blog.zulip.org/) or
+You may also be interested in reading our [blog](http://blog.zulip.org/) or
 following us on [twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip).
 Zulip is distributed under the
 [Apache 2.0](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/blob/master/LICENSE) license.
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Security Policy
-
-Security announcements are sent to zulip-announce@googlegroups.com,
-so you should subscribe if you are running Zulip in production.
-
-## Reporting a Vulnerability
-
-We love responsible reports of (potential) security issues in Zulip,
-whether in the latest release or our development branch.
-
-Our security contact is security@zulip.com.  Reporters should expect a
-response within 24 hours.
-
-Please include details on the issue and how you'd like to be credited
-in our release notes when we publish the fix.
-
-Our [security
-model](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/security-model.html)
-document may be a helpful resource.
-
-## Supported Versions
-
-Zulip provides security support for the latest major release, in the
-form of minor security/maintenance releases.
-
-We work hard to make
-[upgrades](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/upgrade-or-modify.html#upgrading-to-a-release)
-reliable, so that there's no reason to run older major releases.
--- a/129
+++ b/129
@@ -19,6 +19,43 @@ if Vagrant::VERSION == "1.8.7" then
    end
 end

+# Workaround: the lxc-config in vagrant-lxc is incompatible with changes in
+# LXC 2.1.0, found in Ubuntu 17.10 artful.  LXC 2.1.1 (in 18.04 LTS bionic)
+# ignores the old config key, so this will only be needed for artful.
+#
+# vagrant-lxc upstream has an attempted fix:
+#   https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/445
+# but it didn't work in our testing.  This is a temporary issue, so we just
+# hack in a fix: we patch the skeleton `lxc-config` file right in the
+# distribution of the vagrant-lxc "box" we use.  If the user doesn't yet
+# have the box (e.g. on first setup), Vagrant would download it but too
+# late for us to patch it like this; so we prompt them to explicitly add it
+# first and then rerun.
+if ['up', 'provision'].include? ARGV[0]
+  if command? "lxc-ls"
+    LXC_VERSION = `lxc-ls --version`.strip unless defined? LXC_VERSION
+    if LXC_VERSION == "2.1.0"
+      lxc_config_file = ENV['HOME'] + "/.vagrant.d/boxes/fgrehm-VAGRANTSLASH-trusty64-lxc/1.2.0/lxc/lxc-config"
+      if File.file?(lxc_config_file)
+        lines = File.readlines(lxc_config_file)
+        deprecated_line = "lxc.pivotdir = lxc_putold\n"
+        if lines[1] == deprecated_line
+          lines[1] = "# #{deprecated_line}"
+          File.open(lxc_config_file, 'w') do |f|
+            f.puts(lines)
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        puts 'You are running LXC 2.1.0, and fgrehm/trusty64-lxc box is incompatible '\
+            "with it by default. First add the box by doing:\n"\
+            "  vagrant box add  https://vagrantcloud.com/fgrehm/trusty64-lxc\n"\
+            'Once this command succeeds, do "vagrant up" again.'
+        exit
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
 # Workaround: Vagrant removed the atlas.hashicorp.com to
 # vagrantcloud.com redirect in February 2018. The value of
 # DEFAULT_SERVER_URL in Vagrant versions less than 1.9.3 is
@@ -29,38 +66,24 @@ if Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL == "atlas.hashicorp.com"
  Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL.replace('https://vagrantcloud.com')
 end

-# Monkey patch https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/pull/10879 so we
-# can fall back to another provider if docker is not installed.
-begin
-  require Vagrant.source_root.join("plugins", "providers", "docker", "provider")
-rescue LoadError
-else
-  VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Provider.class_eval do
-    method(:usable?).owner == singleton_class or def self.usable?(raise_error=false)
-      VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Driver.new.execute("docker", "version")
-      true
-    rescue Vagrant::Errors::CommandUnavailable, VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Errors::ExecuteError
-      raise if raise_error
-      return false
-    end
-  end
-end
-
 Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|

+  # For LXC. VirtualBox hosts use a different box, described below.
+  config.vm.box = "fgrehm/trusty64-lxc"
+
  # The Zulip development environment runs on 9991 on the guest.
  host_port = 9991
  http_proxy = https_proxy = no_proxy = nil
  host_ip_addr = "127.0.0.1"

-  # System settings for the virtual machine.
-  vm_num_cpus = "2"
-  vm_memory = "2048"
-
-  ubuntu_mirror = ""
-
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", disabled: true
-  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip"
+  if (/darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM) != nil
+    config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip", type: "nfs",
+        linux__nfs_options: ['rw']
+    config.vm.network "private_network", type: "dhcp"
+  else
+    config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip"
+  end

  vagrant_config_file = ENV['HOME'] + "/.zulip-vagrant-config"
  if File.file?(vagrant_config_file)
@@ -74,9 +97,6 @@ Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
      when "NO_PROXY"; no_proxy = value
      when "HOST_PORT"; host_port = value.to_i
      when "HOST_IP_ADDR"; host_ip_addr = value
-      when "GUEST_CPUS"; vm_num_cpus = value
-      when "GUEST_MEMORY_MB"; vm_memory = value
-      when "UBUNTU_MIRROR"; ubuntu_mirror = value
      end
    end
  end
@@ -102,22 +122,35 @@ Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|

  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 9991, host: host_port, host_ip: host_ip_addr
  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 9994, host: host_port + 3, host_ip: host_ip_addr
-  # Specify Docker provider before VirtualBox provider so it's preferred.
-  config.vm.provider "docker" do |d, override|
-    d.build_dir = File.join(__dir__, "tools", "setup", "dev-vagrant-docker")
-    d.build_args = ["--build-arg", "VAGRANT_UID=#{Process.uid}"]
-    if !ubuntu_mirror.empty?
-      d.build_args += ["--build-arg", "UBUNTU_MIRROR=#{ubuntu_mirror}"]
+  # Specify LXC provider before VirtualBox provider so it's preferred.
+  config.vm.provider "lxc" do |lxc|
+    if command? "lxc-ls"
+      LXC_VERSION = `lxc-ls --version`.strip unless defined? LXC_VERSION
+      if LXC_VERSION >= "1.1.0" and LXC_VERSION < "3.0.0"
+        # Allow start without AppArmor, otherwise Box will not Start on Ubuntu 14.10
+        # see https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/333
+        lxc.customize 'aa_allow_incomplete', 1
+      end
+      if LXC_VERSION >= "3.0.0"
+        lxc.customize 'apparmor.allow_incomplete', 1
+      end
+      if LXC_VERSION >= "2.0.0"
+        lxc.backingstore = 'dir'
+      end
    end
-    d.has_ssh = true
-    d.create_args = ["--ulimit", "nofile=1024:65536"]
  end

  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb, override|
-    override.vm.box = "hashicorp/bionic64"
+    override.vm.box = "ubuntu/trusty64"
    # It's possible we can get away with just 1.5GB; more testing needed
-    vb.memory = vm_memory
-    vb.cpus = vm_num_cpus
+    vb.memory = 2048
+    vb.cpus = 2
+  end
+
+  config.vm.provider "vmware_fusion" do |vb, override|
+    override.vm.box = "puphpet/ubuntu1404-x64"
+    vb.vmx["memsize"] = "2048"
+    vb.vmx["numvcpus"] = "2"
  end

 $provision_script = <<SCRIPT
@@ -129,15 +162,19 @@ set -o pipefail
 # something that we don't want to happen when running provision in a
 # development environment not using Vagrant.

-# Set the Ubuntu mirror
-[ ! '#{ubuntu_mirror}' ] || sudo sed -i 's|http://\\(\\w*\\.\\)*archive\\.ubuntu\\.com/ubuntu/\\? |#{ubuntu_mirror} |' /etc/apt/sources.list
-
 # Set the MOTD on the system to have Zulip instructions
-sudo ln -nsf /srv/zulip/tools/setup/dev-motd /etc/update-motd.d/99-zulip-dev
-sudo rm -f /etc/update-motd.d/10-help-text
-sudo dpkg --purge landscape-client landscape-common ubuntu-release-upgrader-core update-manager-core update-notifier-common ubuntu-server
-sudo dpkg-divert --add --rename /etc/default/motd-news
-sudo sh -c 'echo ENABLED=0 > /etc/default/motd-news'
+sudo rm -f /etc/update-motd.d/*
+sudo bash -c 'cat << EndOfMessage > /etc/motd
+Welcome to the Zulip development environment!  Popular commands:
+* tools/provision - Update the development environment
+* tools/run-dev.py - Run the development server
+* tools/lint - Run the linter (quick and catches many problems)
+* tools/test-* - Run tests (use --help to learn about options)
+
+Read https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/testing.html to learn
+how to run individual test suites so that you can get a fast debug cycle.
+
+EndOfMessage'

 # If the host is running SELinux remount the /sys/fs/selinux directory as read only,
 # needed for apt-get to work.
--- a/analytics/lib/counts.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/counts.py
@@ -1,35 +1,22 @@
-import logging
 import time
 from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, Union
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, \
+    Optional, Tuple, Type, Union

 from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import connection
+from django.db import connection, models
 from django.db.models import F
-from psycopg2.sql import SQL, Composable, Identifier, Literal

-from analytics.models import (
-    BaseCount,
-    FillState,
-    InstallationCount,
-    RealmCount,
-    StreamCount,
-    UserCount,
-    installation_epoch,
-    last_successful_fill,
-)
+from analytics.models import Anomaly, BaseCount, \
+    FillState, InstallationCount, RealmCount, StreamCount, \
+    UserCount, installation_epoch, last_successful_fill
 from zerver.lib.logging_util import log_to_file
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, ceiling_to_hour, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
-from zerver.models import (
-    Message,
-    Realm,
-    RealmAuditLog,
-    Stream,
-    UserActivityInterval,
-    UserProfile,
-    models,
-)
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, \
+    ceiling_to_hour, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, \
+    Stream, UserActivityInterval, UserProfile, models

 ## Logging setup ##

@@ -52,7 +39,7 @@ class CountStat:
        self.data_collector = data_collector
        # might have to do something different for bitfields
        if frequency not in self.FREQUENCIES:
-            raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+            raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))
        self.frequency = frequency
        if interval is not None:
            self.interval = interval
@@ -62,7 +49,7 @@ class CountStat:
            self.interval = timedelta(days=1)

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<CountStat: {self.property}>"
+        return "<CountStat: %s>" % (self.property,)

 class LoggingCountStat(CountStat):
    def __init__(self, property: str, output_table: Type[BaseCount], frequency: str) -> None:
@@ -70,39 +57,29 @@ class LoggingCountStat(CountStat):

 class DependentCountStat(CountStat):
    def __init__(self, property: str, data_collector: 'DataCollector', frequency: str,
-                 interval: Optional[timedelta] = None, dependencies: Sequence[str] = []) -> None:
+                 interval: Optional[timedelta]=None, dependencies: List[str]=[]) -> None:
        CountStat.__init__(self, property, data_collector, frequency, interval=interval)
        self.dependencies = dependencies

 class DataCollector:
    def __init__(self, output_table: Type[BaseCount],
-                 pull_function: Optional[Callable[[str, datetime, datetime, Optional[Realm]], int]]) -> None:
+                 pull_function: Optional[Callable[[str, datetime, datetime], int]]) -> None:
        self.output_table = output_table
        self.pull_function = pull_function

 ## CountStat-level operations ##

-def process_count_stat(stat: CountStat, fill_to_time: datetime,
-                       realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> None:
-    # TODO: The realm argument is not yet supported, in that we don't
-    # have a solution for how to update FillState if it is passed.  It
-    # exists solely as partial plumbing for when we do fully implement
-    # doing single-realm analytics runs for use cases like data import.
-    #
-    # Also, note that for the realm argument to be properly supported,
-    # the CountStat object passed in needs to have come from
-    # E.g. get_count_stats(realm), i.e. have the realm_id already
-    # entered into the SQL query defined by the CountState object.
+def process_count_stat(stat: CountStat, fill_to_time: datetime) -> None:
    if stat.frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
        time_increment = timedelta(hours=1)
    elif stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
        time_increment = timedelta(days=1)
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {stat.frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (stat.frequency,))

    verify_UTC(fill_to_time)
    if floor_to_hour(fill_to_time) != fill_to_time:
-        raise ValueError(f"fill_to_time must be on an hour boundary: {fill_to_time}")
+        raise ValueError("fill_to_time must be on an hour boundary: %s" % (fill_to_time,))

    fill_state = FillState.objects.filter(property=stat.property).first()
    if fill_state is None:
@@ -110,37 +87,37 @@ def process_count_stat(stat: CountStat, fill_to_time: datetime,
        fill_state = FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property,
                                              end_time=currently_filled,
                                              state=FillState.DONE)
-        logger.info("INITIALIZED %s %s", stat.property, currently_filled)
+        logger.info("INITIALIZED %s %s" % (stat.property, currently_filled))
    elif fill_state.state == FillState.STARTED:
-        logger.info("UNDO START %s %s", stat.property, fill_state.end_time)
+        logger.info("UNDO START %s %s" % (stat.property, fill_state.end_time))
        do_delete_counts_at_hour(stat, fill_state.end_time)
        currently_filled = fill_state.end_time - time_increment
        do_update_fill_state(fill_state, currently_filled, FillState.DONE)
-        logger.info("UNDO DONE %s", stat.property)
+        logger.info("UNDO DONE %s" % (stat.property,))
    elif fill_state.state == FillState.DONE:
        currently_filled = fill_state.end_time
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown value for FillState.state: {fill_state.state}.")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown value for FillState.state: %s." % (fill_state.state,))

    if isinstance(stat, DependentCountStat):
        for dependency in stat.dependencies:
            dependency_fill_time = last_successful_fill(dependency)
            if dependency_fill_time is None:
-                logger.warning("DependentCountStat %s run before dependency %s.",
-                               stat.property, dependency)
+                logger.warning("DependentCountStat %s run before dependency %s." %
+                               (stat.property, dependency))
                return
            fill_to_time = min(fill_to_time, dependency_fill_time)

    currently_filled = currently_filled + time_increment
    while currently_filled <= fill_to_time:
-        logger.info("START %s %s", stat.property, currently_filled)
+        logger.info("START %s %s" % (stat.property, currently_filled))
        start = time.time()
        do_update_fill_state(fill_state, currently_filled, FillState.STARTED)
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, currently_filled, realm)
+        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, currently_filled)
        do_update_fill_state(fill_state, currently_filled, FillState.DONE)
        end = time.time()
        currently_filled = currently_filled + time_increment
-        logger.info("DONE %s (%dms)", stat.property, (end-start)*1000)
+        logger.info("DONE %s (%dms)" % (stat.property, (end-start)*1000))

 def do_update_fill_state(fill_state: FillState, end_time: datetime, state: int) -> None:
    fill_state.end_time = end_time
@@ -149,15 +126,15 @@ def do_update_fill_state(fill_state: FillState, end_time: datetime, state: int)

 # We assume end_time is valid (e.g. is on a day or hour boundary as appropriate)
 # and is timezone aware. It is the caller's responsibility to enforce this!
-def do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime, realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> None:
+def do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime) -> None:
    start_time = end_time - stat.interval
    if not isinstance(stat, LoggingCountStat):
        timer = time.time()
        assert(stat.data_collector.pull_function is not None)
-        rows_added = stat.data_collector.pull_function(stat.property, start_time, end_time, realm)
-        logger.info("%s run pull_function (%dms/%sr)",
-                    stat.property, (time.time()-timer)*1000, rows_added)
-    do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat, end_time, realm)
+        rows_added = stat.data_collector.pull_function(stat.property, start_time, end_time)
+        logger.info("%s run pull_function (%dms/%sr)" %
+                    (stat.property, (time.time()-timer)*1000, rows_added))
+    do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat, end_time)

 def do_delete_counts_at_hour(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime) -> None:
    if isinstance(stat, LoggingCountStat):
@@ -170,76 +147,51 @@ def do_delete_counts_at_hour(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime) -> None:
        RealmCount.objects.filter(property=stat.property, end_time=end_time).delete()
        InstallationCount.objects.filter(property=stat.property, end_time=end_time).delete()

-def do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime,
-                                  realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> None:
+def do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime) -> None:
    cursor = connection.cursor()

    # Aggregate into RealmCount
    output_table = stat.data_collector.output_table
-    if realm is not None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("AND zerver_realm.id = {}").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-
    if output_table in (UserCount, StreamCount):
-        realmcount_query = SQL("""
+        realmcount_query = """
            INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
                (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
            SELECT
-                zerver_realm.id, COALESCE(sum({output_table}.value), 0), %(property)s,
-                {output_table}.subgroup, %(end_time)s
+                zerver_realm.id, COALESCE(sum(%(output_table)s.value), 0), '%(property)s',
+                %(output_table)s.subgroup, %%(end_time)s
            FROM zerver_realm
-            JOIN {output_table}
+            JOIN %(output_table)s
            ON
-                zerver_realm.id = {output_table}.realm_id
+                zerver_realm.id = %(output_table)s.realm_id
            WHERE
-                {output_table}.property = %(property)s AND
-                {output_table}.end_time = %(end_time)s
-                {realm_clause}
-            GROUP BY zerver_realm.id, {output_table}.subgroup
-        """).format(
-            output_table=Identifier(output_table._meta.db_table),
-            realm_clause=realm_clause,
-        )
+                %(output_table)s.property = '%(property)s' AND
+                %(output_table)s.end_time = %%(end_time)s
+            GROUP BY zerver_realm.id, %(output_table)s.subgroup
+        """ % {'output_table': output_table._meta.db_table,
+               'property': stat.property}
        start = time.time()
-        cursor.execute(realmcount_query, {
-            'property': stat.property,
-            'end_time': end_time,
-        })
+        cursor.execute(realmcount_query, {'end_time': end_time})
        end = time.time()
-        logger.info(
-            "%s RealmCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)",
-            stat.property, (end - start) * 1000, cursor.rowcount,
-        )
-
-    if realm is None:
-        # Aggregate into InstallationCount.  Only run if we just
-        # processed counts for all realms.
-        #
-        # TODO: Add support for updating installation data after
-        # changing an individual realm's values.
-        installationcount_query = SQL("""
-            INSERT INTO analytics_installationcount
-                (value, property, subgroup, end_time)
-            SELECT
-                sum(value), %(property)s, analytics_realmcount.subgroup, %(end_time)s
-            FROM analytics_realmcount
-            WHERE
-                property = %(property)s AND
-                end_time = %(end_time)s
-            GROUP BY analytics_realmcount.subgroup
-        """)
-        start = time.time()
-        cursor.execute(installationcount_query, {
-            'property': stat.property,
-            'end_time': end_time,
-        })
-        end = time.time()
-        logger.info(
-            "%s InstallationCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)",
-            stat.property, (end - start) * 1000, cursor.rowcount,
-        )
+        logger.info("%s RealmCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)" % (
+            stat.property, (end - start) * 1000, cursor.rowcount))

+    # Aggregate into InstallationCount
+    installationcount_query = """
+        INSERT INTO analytics_installationcount
+            (value, property, subgroup, end_time)
+        SELECT
+            sum(value), '%(property)s', analytics_realmcount.subgroup, %%(end_time)s
+        FROM analytics_realmcount
+        WHERE
+            property = '%(property)s' AND
+            end_time = %%(end_time)s
+        GROUP BY analytics_realmcount.subgroup
+    """ % {'property': stat.property}
+    start = time.time()
+    cursor.execute(installationcount_query, {'end_time': end_time})
+    end = time.time()
+    logger.info("%s InstallationCount aggregation (%dms/%sr)" % (
+        stat.property, (end - start) * 1000, cursor.rowcount))
    cursor.close()

 ## Utility functions called from outside counts.py ##
@@ -248,9 +200,6 @@ def do_aggregate_to_summary_table(stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime,
 def do_increment_logging_stat(zerver_object: Union[Realm, UserProfile, Stream], stat: CountStat,
                              subgroup: Optional[Union[str, int, bool]], event_time: datetime,
                              increment: int=1) -> None:
-    if not increment:
-        return
-
    table = stat.data_collector.output_table
    if table == RealmCount:
        id_args = {'realm': zerver_object}
@@ -277,6 +226,7 @@ def do_drop_all_analytics_tables() -> None:
    RealmCount.objects.all().delete()
    InstallationCount.objects.all().delete()
    FillState.objects.all().delete()
+    Anomaly.objects.all().delete()

 def do_drop_single_stat(property: str) -> None:
    UserCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
@@ -287,71 +237,46 @@ def do_drop_single_stat(property: str) -> None:

 ## DataCollector-level operations ##

-QueryFn = Callable[[Dict[str, Composable]], Composable]
-
-def do_pull_by_sql_query(
-    property: str,
-    start_time: datetime,
-    end_time: datetime,
-    query: QueryFn,
-    group_by: Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]],
-) -> int:
+def do_pull_by_sql_query(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: datetime, query: str,
+                         group_by: Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]]) -> int:
    if group_by is None:
-        subgroup = SQL('NULL')
-        group_by_clause = SQL('')
+        subgroup = 'NULL'
+        group_by_clause  = ''
    else:
-        subgroup = Identifier(group_by[0]._meta.db_table, group_by[1])
-        group_by_clause = SQL(', {}').format(subgroup)
+        subgroup = '%s.%s' % (group_by[0]._meta.db_table, group_by[1])
+        group_by_clause = ', ' + subgroup

    # We do string replacement here because cursor.execute will reject a
    # group_by_clause given as a param.
    # We pass in the datetimes as params to cursor.execute so that we don't have to
    # think about how to convert python datetimes to SQL datetimes.
-    query_ = query({
-        'subgroup': subgroup,
-        'group_by_clause': group_by_clause,
-    })
+    query_ = query % {'property': property, 'subgroup': subgroup,
+                      'group_by_clause': group_by_clause}
    cursor = connection.cursor()
-    cursor.execute(query_, {
-        'property': property,
-        'time_start': start_time,
-        'time_end': end_time,
-    })
+    cursor.execute(query_, {'time_start': start_time, 'time_end': end_time})
    rowcount = cursor.rowcount
    cursor.close()
    return rowcount

-def sql_data_collector(
-    output_table: Type[BaseCount],
-    query: QueryFn,
-    group_by: Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]],
-) -> DataCollector:
-    def pull_function(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: datetime,
-                      realm: Optional[Realm] = None) -> int:
-        # The pull function type needs to accept a Realm argument
-        # because the 'minutes_active::day' CountStat uses
-        # DataCollector directly for do_pull_minutes_active, which
-        # requires the realm argument.  We ignore it here, because the
-        # realm should have been already encoded in the `query` we're
-        # passed.
+def sql_data_collector(output_table: Type[BaseCount], query: str,
+                       group_by: Optional[Tuple[models.Model, str]]) -> DataCollector:
+    def pull_function(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: datetime) -> int:
        return do_pull_by_sql_query(property, start_time, end_time, query, group_by)
    return DataCollector(output_table, pull_function)

-def do_pull_minutes_active(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: datetime,
-                           realm: Optional[Realm] = None) -> int:
+def do_pull_minutes_active(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: datetime) -> int:
    user_activity_intervals = UserActivityInterval.objects.filter(
-        end__gt=start_time, start__lt=end_time,
+        end__gt=start_time, start__lt=end_time
    ).select_related(
-        'user_profile',
+        'user_profile'
    ).values_list(
        'user_profile_id', 'user_profile__realm_id', 'start', 'end')

-    seconds_active: Dict[Tuple[int, int], float] = defaultdict(float)
+    seconds_active = defaultdict(float)  # type: Dict[Tuple[int, int], float]
    for user_id, realm_id, interval_start, interval_end in user_activity_intervals:
-        if realm is None or realm.id == realm_id:
-            start = max(start_time, interval_start)
-            end = min(end_time, interval_end)
-            seconds_active[(user_id, realm_id)] += (end - start).total_seconds()
+        start = max(start_time, interval_start)
+        end = min(end_time, interval_end)
+        seconds_active[(user_id, realm_id)] += (end - start).total_seconds()

    rows = [UserCount(user_id=ids[0], realm_id=ids[1], property=property,
                      end_time=end_time, value=int(seconds // 60))
@@ -359,39 +284,28 @@ def do_pull_minutes_active(property: str, start_time: datetime, end_time: dateti
    UserCount.objects.bulk_create(rows)
    return len(rows)

-def count_message_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
-    if realm is None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+count_message_by_user_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
        (user_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
        zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_userprofile.realm_id, count(*),
-        %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_userprofile
    JOIN zerver_message
    ON
        zerver_userprofile.id = zerver_message.sender_id
    WHERE
-        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %(time_end)s AND
-        zerver_message.date_sent >= %(time_start)s AND
-        {realm_clause}
-        zerver_message.date_sent < %(time_end)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id {group_by_clause}
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %%(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_message.pub_date >= %%(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_message.pub_date < %%(time_end)s
+    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id %(group_by_clause)s
+"""

 # Note: ignores the group_by / group_by_clause.
-def count_message_type_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
-    if realm is None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+count_message_type_by_user_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
            (realm_id, user_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
-    SELECT realm_id, id, SUM(count) AS value, %(property)s, message_type, %(time_end)s
+    SELECT realm_id, id, SUM(count) AS value, '%(property)s', message_type, %%(time_end)s
    FROM
    (
        SELECT zerver_userprofile.realm_id, zerver_userprofile.id, count(*),
@@ -409,9 +323,8 @@ def count_message_type_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
        JOIN zerver_message
        ON
            zerver_userprofile.id = zerver_message.sender_id AND
-            zerver_message.date_sent >= %(time_start)s AND
-            {realm_clause}
-            zerver_message.date_sent < %(time_end)s
+            zerver_message.pub_date >= %%(time_start)s AND
+            zerver_message.pub_date < %%(time_end)s
        JOIN zerver_recipient
        ON
            zerver_message.recipient_id = zerver_recipient.id
@@ -423,22 +336,17 @@ def count_message_type_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
            zerver_recipient.type, zerver_stream.invite_only
    ) AS subquery
    GROUP BY realm_id, id, message_type
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+"""

 # This query joins to the UserProfile table since all current queries that
 # use this also subgroup on UserProfile.is_bot. If in the future there is a
 # stat that counts messages by stream and doesn't need the UserProfile
 # table, consider writing a new query for efficiency.
-def count_message_by_stream_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
-    if realm is None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_stream.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+count_message_by_stream_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_streamcount
        (stream_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_stream.id, zerver_stream.realm_id, count(*), %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_stream.id, zerver_stream.realm_id, count(*), '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_stream
    JOIN zerver_recipient
    ON
@@ -450,61 +358,48 @@ def count_message_by_stream_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
    ON
        zerver_message.sender_id = zerver_userprofile.id
    WHERE
-        zerver_stream.date_created < %(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_stream.date_created < %%(time_end)s AND
        zerver_recipient.type = 2 AND
-        zerver_message.date_sent >= %(time_start)s AND
-        {realm_clause}
-        zerver_message.date_sent < %(time_end)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_stream.id {group_by_clause}
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+        zerver_message.pub_date >= %%(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_message.pub_date < %%(time_end)s
+    GROUP BY zerver_stream.id %(group_by_clause)s
+"""

 # Hardcodes the query needed by active_users:is_bot:day, since that is
 # currently the only stat that uses this.
-def count_user_by_realm_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
-    if realm is None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+count_user_by_realm_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
        (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_realm.id, count(*), %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_realm.id, count(*),'%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_realm
    JOIN zerver_userprofile
    ON
        zerver_realm.id = zerver_userprofile.realm_id
    WHERE
-        zerver_realm.date_created < %(time_end)s AND
-        zerver_userprofile.date_joined >= %(time_start)s AND
-        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %(time_end)s AND
-        {realm_clause}
+        zerver_realm.date_created < %%(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_userprofile.date_joined >= %%(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_userprofile.date_joined < %%(time_end)s AND
        zerver_userprofile.is_active = TRUE
-    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id {group_by_clause}
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id %(group_by_clause)s
+"""

 # Currently hardcodes the query needed for active_users_audit:is_bot:day.
 # Assumes that a user cannot have two RealmAuditLog entries with the same event_time and
-# event_type in [RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED, USER_DEACTIVATED, etc].
+# event_type in ['user_created', 'user_deactivated', etc].
 # In particular, it's important to ensure that migrations don't cause that to happen.
-def check_realmauditlog_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
-    if realm is None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+check_realmauditlog_by_user_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
        (user_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        ral1.modified_user_id, ral1.realm_id, 1, %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        ral1.modified_user_id, ral1.realm_id, 1, '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_realmauditlog ral1
    JOIN (
        SELECT modified_user_id, max(event_time) AS max_event_time
        FROM zerver_realmauditlog
        WHERE
-            event_type in ({user_created}, {user_activated}, {user_deactivated}, {user_reactivated}) AND
-            {realm_clause}
-            event_time < %(time_end)s
+            event_type in ('user_created', 'user_deactivated', 'user_activated', 'user_reactivated') AND
+            event_time < %%(time_end)s
        GROUP BY modified_user_id
    ) ral2
    ON
@@ -514,181 +409,131 @@ def check_realmauditlog_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
    ON
        ral1.modified_user_id = zerver_userprofile.id
    WHERE
-        ral1.event_type in ({user_created}, {user_activated}, {user_reactivated})
-    """).format(
-        **kwargs,
-        user_created=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED),
-        user_activated=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_ACTIVATED),
-        user_deactivated=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_DEACTIVATED),
-        user_reactivated=Literal(RealmAuditLog.USER_REACTIVATED),
-        realm_clause=realm_clause,
-    )
+        ral1.event_type in ('user_created', 'user_activated', 'user_reactivated')
+"""

-def check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
-    if realm is None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("zerver_userprofile.realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_usercount
        (user_id, realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_userprofile.realm_id, 1, %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_userprofile.id, zerver_userprofile.realm_id, 1, '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_userprofile
    JOIN zerver_useractivityinterval
    ON
        zerver_userprofile.id = zerver_useractivityinterval.user_profile_id
    WHERE
-        zerver_useractivityinterval.end >= %(time_start)s AND
-        {realm_clause}
-        zerver_useractivityinterval.start < %(time_end)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id {group_by_clause}
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+        zerver_useractivityinterval.end >= %%(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_useractivityinterval.start < %%(time_end)s
+    GROUP BY zerver_userprofile.id %(group_by_clause)s
+"""

-def count_realm_active_humans_query(realm: Optional[Realm]) -> QueryFn:
-    if realm is None:
-        realm_clause = SQL("")
-    else:
-        realm_clause = SQL("realm_id = {} AND").format(Literal(realm.id))
-    return lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+count_realm_active_humans_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
        (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        usercount1.realm_id, count(*), %(property)s, NULL, %(time_end)s
+        usercount1.realm_id, count(*), '%(property)s', NULL, %%(time_end)s
    FROM (
        SELECT realm_id, user_id
        FROM analytics_usercount
        WHERE
            property = 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' AND
            subgroup = 'false' AND
-            {realm_clause}
-            end_time = %(time_end)s
+            end_time = %%(time_end)s
    ) usercount1
    JOIN (
        SELECT realm_id, user_id
        FROM analytics_usercount
        WHERE
            property = '15day_actives::day' AND
-            {realm_clause}
-            end_time = %(time_end)s
+            end_time = %%(time_end)s
    ) usercount2
    ON
        usercount1.user_id = usercount2.user_id
    GROUP BY usercount1.realm_id
-""").format(**kwargs, realm_clause=realm_clause)
+"""

 # Currently unused and untested
-count_stream_by_realm_query = lambda kwargs: SQL("""
+count_stream_by_realm_query = """
    INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount
        (realm_id, value, property, subgroup, end_time)
    SELECT
-        zerver_realm.id, count(*), %(property)s, {subgroup}, %(time_end)s
+        zerver_realm.id, count(*), '%(property)s', %(subgroup)s, %%(time_end)s
    FROM zerver_realm
    JOIN zerver_stream
    ON
        zerver_realm.id = zerver_stream.realm_id AND
    WHERE
-        zerver_realm.date_created < %(time_end)s AND
-        zerver_stream.date_created >= %(time_start)s AND
-        zerver_stream.date_created < %(time_end)s
-    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id {group_by_clause}
-""").format(**kwargs)
+        zerver_realm.date_created < %%(time_end)s AND
+        zerver_stream.date_created >= %%(time_start)s AND
+        zerver_stream.date_created < %%(time_end)s
+    GROUP BY zerver_realm.id %(group_by_clause)s
+"""

-def get_count_stats(realm: Optional[Realm]=None) -> Dict[str, CountStat]:
-    ## CountStat declarations ##
+## CountStat declarations ##

-    count_stats_ = [
-        # Messages Sent stats
-        # Stats that count the number of messages sent in various ways.
-        # These are also the set of stats that read from the Message table.
+count_stats_ = [
+    # Messages Sent stats
+    # Stats that count the number of messages sent in various ways.
+    # These are also the set of stats that read from the Message table.

-        CountStat('messages_sent:is_bot:hour',
-                  sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query(
-                      realm), (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
-                  CountStat.HOUR),
-        CountStat('messages_sent:message_type:day',
-                  sql_data_collector(
-                      UserCount, count_message_type_by_user_query(realm), None),
-                  CountStat.DAY),
-        CountStat('messages_sent:client:day',
-                  sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query(realm),
-                                     (Message, 'sending_client_id')), CountStat.DAY),
-        CountStat('messages_in_stream:is_bot:day',
-                  sql_data_collector(StreamCount, count_message_by_stream_query(realm),
-                                     (UserProfile, 'is_bot')), CountStat.DAY),
+    CountStat('messages_sent:is_bot:hour',
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
+              CountStat.HOUR),
+    CountStat('messages_sent:message_type:day',
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_type_by_user_query, None), CountStat.DAY),
+    CountStat('messages_sent:client:day',
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, count_message_by_user_query, (Message, 'sending_client_id')),
+              CountStat.DAY),
+    CountStat('messages_in_stream:is_bot:day',
+              sql_data_collector(StreamCount, count_message_by_stream_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
+              CountStat.DAY),

-        # Number of Users stats
-        # Stats that count the number of active users in the UserProfile.is_active sense.
+    # Number of Users stats
+    # Stats that count the number of active users in the UserProfile.is_active sense.

-        # 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' is the canonical record of which users were
-        # active on which days (in the UserProfile.is_active sense).
-        # Important that this stay a daily stat, so that 'realm_active_humans::day' works as expected.
-        CountStat('active_users_audit:is_bot:day',
-                  sql_data_collector(UserCount, check_realmauditlog_by_user_query(
-                      realm), (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
-                  CountStat.DAY),
+    # 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' is the canonical record of which users were
+    # active on which days (in the UserProfile.is_active sense).
+    # Important that this stay a daily stat, so that 'realm_active_humans::day' works as expected.
+    CountStat('active_users_audit:is_bot:day',
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, check_realmauditlog_by_user_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
+              CountStat.DAY),
+    # Sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day', and a archetype for future LoggingCountStats.
+    # In RealmCount, 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' should be the partial
+    # sum sequence of 'active_users_log:is_bot:day', for any realm that
+    # started after the latter stat was introduced.
+    LoggingCountStat('active_users_log:is_bot:day', RealmCount, CountStat.DAY),
+    # Another sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day'. Is only an
+    # approximation, e.g. if a user is deactivated between the end of the
+    # day and when this stat is run, they won't be counted. However, is the
+    # simplest of the three to inspect by hand.
+    CountStat('active_users:is_bot:day',
+              sql_data_collector(RealmCount, count_user_by_realm_query, (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
+              CountStat.DAY, interval=TIMEDELTA_MAX),

-        # Important note: LoggingCountStat objects aren't passed the
-        # Realm argument, because by nature they have a logging
-        # structure, not a pull-from-database structure, so there's no
-        # way to compute them for a single realm after the fact (the
-        # use case for passing a Realm argument).
+    # User Activity stats
+    # Stats that measure user activity in the UserActivityInterval sense.

-        # Sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day', and a archetype for future LoggingCountStats.
-        # In RealmCount, 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day' should be the partial
-        # sum sequence of 'active_users_log:is_bot:day', for any realm that
-        # started after the latter stat was introduced.
-        LoggingCountStat('active_users_log:is_bot:day',
-                         RealmCount, CountStat.DAY),
-        # Another sanity check on 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day'. Is only an
-        # approximation, e.g. if a user is deactivated between the end of the
-        # day and when this stat is run, they won't be counted. However, is the
-        # simplest of the three to inspect by hand.
-        CountStat('active_users:is_bot:day',
-                  sql_data_collector(RealmCount, count_user_by_realm_query(realm), (UserProfile, 'is_bot')),
-                  CountStat.DAY, interval=TIMEDELTA_MAX),
+    CountStat('1day_actives::day',
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query, None),
+              CountStat.DAY, interval=timedelta(days=1)-UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH),
+    CountStat('15day_actives::day',
+              sql_data_collector(UserCount, check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query, None),
+              CountStat.DAY, interval=timedelta(days=15)-UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH),
+    CountStat('minutes_active::day', DataCollector(UserCount, do_pull_minutes_active), CountStat.DAY),

-        # Messages read stats.  messages_read::hour is the total
-        # number of messages read, whereas
-        # messages_read_interactions::hour tries to count the total
-        # number of UI interactions resulting in messages being marked
-        # as read (imperfect because of batching of some request
-        # types, but less likely to be overwhelmed by a single bulk
-        # operation).
-        LoggingCountStat('messages_read::hour', UserCount, CountStat.HOUR),
-        LoggingCountStat('messages_read_interactions::hour', UserCount, CountStat.HOUR),
+    # Rate limiting stats

-        # User Activity stats
-        # Stats that measure user activity in the UserActivityInterval sense.
+    # Used to limit the number of invitation emails sent by a realm
+    LoggingCountStat('invites_sent::day', RealmCount, CountStat.DAY),

-        CountStat('1day_actives::day',
-                  sql_data_collector(
-                      UserCount, check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query(realm), None),
-                  CountStat.DAY, interval=timedelta(days=1)-UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH),
-        CountStat('15day_actives::day',
-                  sql_data_collector(
-                      UserCount, check_useractivityinterval_by_user_query(realm), None),
-                  CountStat.DAY, interval=timedelta(days=15)-UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH),
-        CountStat('minutes_active::day', DataCollector(
-            UserCount, do_pull_minutes_active), CountStat.DAY),
+    # Dependent stats
+    # Must come after their dependencies.

-        # Rate limiting stats
+    # Canonical account of the number of active humans in a realm on each day.
+    DependentCountStat('realm_active_humans::day',
+                       sql_data_collector(RealmCount, count_realm_active_humans_query, None),
+                       CountStat.DAY,
+                       dependencies=['active_users_audit:is_bot:day', '15day_actives::day'])
+]

-        # Used to limit the number of invitation emails sent by a realm
-        LoggingCountStat('invites_sent::day', RealmCount, CountStat.DAY),
-
-        # Dependent stats
-        # Must come after their dependencies.
-
-        # Canonical account of the number of active humans in a realm on each day.
-        DependentCountStat('realm_active_humans::day',
-                           sql_data_collector(
-                               RealmCount, count_realm_active_humans_query(realm), None),
-                           CountStat.DAY,
-                           dependencies=['active_users_audit:is_bot:day', '15day_actives::day']),
-    ]
-
-    return OrderedDict([(stat.property, stat) for stat in count_stats_])
-
-# To avoid refactoring for now COUNT_STATS can be used as before
-COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats()
+COUNT_STATS = OrderedDict([(stat.property, stat) for stat in count_stats_])
--- a/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from typing import List

 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat

-
 def generate_time_series_data(days: int=100, business_hours_base: float=10,
                              non_business_hours_base: float=10, growth: float=1,
                              autocorrelation: float=0, spikiness: float=1,
@@ -44,10 +43,10 @@ def generate_time_series_data(days: int=100, business_hours_base: float=10,
                      [24*non_business_hours_base] * 2
        holidays = [random() < holiday_rate for i in range(days)]
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))
    if length < 2:
        raise AssertionError("Must be generating at least 2 data points. "
-                             f"Currently generating {length}")
+                             "Currently generating %s" % (length,))
    growth_base = growth ** (1. / (length-1))
    values_no_noise = [seasonality[i % len(seasonality)] * (growth_base**i) for i in range(length)]

--- a/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from typing import List, Optional
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC

-
 # If min_length is None, returns end_times from ceiling(start) to floor(end), inclusive.
 # If min_length is greater than 0, pads the list to the left.
 # So informally, time_range(Sep 20, Sep 22, day, None) returns [Sep 20, Sep 21, Sep 22],
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ def time_range(start: datetime, end: datetime, frequency: str,
        end = floor_to_day(end)
        step = timedelta(days=1)
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))

    times = []
    if min_length is not None:
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import timestamp_to_datetime
 from zerver.models import Message, Recipient

-
 def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
    logger = logging.getLogger()
    logger.setLevel(log_level)
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
    one_week_ago = timestamp_to_datetime(time.time()) - datetime.timedelta(weeks=1)
    mit_query = Message.objects.filter(sender__realm__string_id="zephyr",
                                       recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM,
-                                       date_sent__gt=one_week_ago)
+                                       pub_date__gt=one_week_ago)
    for bot_sender_start in ["imap.", "rcmd.", "sys."]:
        mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__startswith=(bot_sender_start))
    # Filtering for "/" covers tabbott/extra@ and all the daemon/foo bots.
@@ -27,15 +26,15 @@ def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
                           "bitcoin@mit.edu", "lp@mit.edu", "clocks@mit.edu",
                           "root@mit.edu", "nagios@mit.edu",
                           "www-data|local-realm@mit.edu"])
-    user_counts: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]] = {}
+    user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]]
    for m in mit_query.select_related("sending_client", "sender"):
        email = m.sender.email
        user_counts.setdefault(email, {})
        user_counts[email].setdefault(m.sending_client.name, 0)
        user_counts[email][m.sending_client.name] += 1

-    total_counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
-    total_user_counts: Dict[str, int] = {}
+    total_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
+    total_user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
    for email, counts in user_counts.items():
        total_user_counts.setdefault(email, 0)
        for client_name, count in counts.items():
@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
            total_counts[client_name] += count
            total_user_counts[email] += count

-    logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s", "User", "Messages", "Percentage Zulip")
-    top_percents: Dict[int, float] = {}
+    logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s" % ("User", "Messages", "Percentage Zulip"))
+    top_percents = {}  # type: Dict[int, float]
    for size in [10, 25, 50, 100, 200, len(total_user_counts.keys())]:
        top_percents[size] = 0.0
    for i, email in enumerate(sorted(total_user_counts.keys(),
@@ -56,18 +55,18 @@ def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
            if i < size:
                top_percents[size] += (percent_zulip * 1.0 / size)

-        logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s%%", email, total_user_counts[email],
-                      percent_zulip)
+        logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s%%" % (email, total_user_counts[email],
+                                              percent_zulip))

    logging.info("")
    for size in sorted(top_percents.keys()):
-        logging.info("Top %6s | %s%%", size, round(top_percents[size], 1))
+        logging.info("Top %6s | %s%%" % (size, round(top_percents[size], 1)))

    grand_total = sum(total_counts.values())
    print(grand_total)
-    logging.info("%15s | %s", "Client", "Percentage")
+    logging.info("%15s | %s" % ("Client", "Percentage"))
    for client in total_counts.keys():
-        logging.info("%15s | %s%%", client, round(100. * total_counts[client] / grand_total, 1))
+        logging.info("%15s | %s%%" % (client, round(100. * total_counts[client] / grand_total, 1)))

 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Compute statistics on MIT Zephyr usage."
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ import datetime
 from typing import Any, Dict

 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
+from django.utils.timezone import utc

 from zerver.lib.statistics import seconds_usage_between
 from zerver.models import UserProfile

-
 def analyze_activity(options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-    day_start = datetime.datetime.strptime(options["date"], "%Y-%m-%d").replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+    day_start = datetime.datetime.strptime(options["date"], "%Y-%m-%d").replace(tzinfo=utc)
    day_end = day_start + datetime.timedelta(days=options["duration"])

    user_profile_query = UserProfile.objects.all()
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ def analyze_activity(options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            continue

        total_duration += duration
-        print(f"{user_profile.email:<37}{duration}")
+        print("%-*s%s" % (37, user_profile.email, duration,))

-    print(f"\nTotal Duration:                      {total_duration}")
-    print(f"\nTotal Duration in minutes:           {total_duration.total_seconds() / 60.}")
-    print(f"Total Duration amortized to a month: {total_duration.total_seconds() * 30. / 60.}")
+    print("\nTotal Duration:                      %s" % (total_duration,))
+    print("\nTotal Duration in minutes:           %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() / 60.,))
+    print("Total Duration amortized to a month: %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() * 30. / 60.,))

 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Report analytics of user activity on a per-user and realm basis.
--- a/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
@@ -1,21 +1,26 @@
-import os
-import time
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from datetime import timedelta
-from typing import Any, Dict

 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

+from analytics.models import InstallationCount, installation_epoch, \
+    last_successful_fill
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
-from analytics.models import installation_epoch, last_successful_fill
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import TimezoneNotUTCException, floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour, floor_to_day, verify_UTC, \
+    TimezoneNotUTCException
 from zerver.models import Realm

+import os
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 states = {
    0: "OK",
    1: "WARNING",
    2: "CRITICAL",
-    3: "UNKNOWN",
+    3: "UNKNOWN"
 }

 class Command(BaseCommand):
@@ -32,7 +37,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        state_file_tmp = state_file_path + "-tmp"

        with open(state_file_tmp, "w") as f:
-            f.write(f"{int(time.time())}|{status}|{states[status]}|{message}\n")
+            f.write("%s|%s|%s|%s\n" % (
+                int(time.time()), status, states[status], message))
        os.rename(state_file_tmp, state_file_path)

    def get_fill_state(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
@@ -48,7 +54,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            try:
                verify_UTC(last_fill)
            except TimezoneNotUTCException:
-                return {'status': 2, 'message': f'FillState not in UTC for {property}'}
+                return {'status': 2, 'message': 'FillState not in UTC for %s' % (property,)}

            if stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
                floor_function = floor_to_day
@@ -60,7 +66,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                critical_threshold = timedelta(minutes=150)

            if floor_function(last_fill) != last_fill:
-                return {'status': 2, 'message': f'FillState not on {stat.frequency} boundary for {property}'}
+                return {'status': 2, 'message': 'FillState not on %s boundary for %s' %
+                        (stat.frequency, property)}

            time_to_last_fill = timezone_now() - last_fill
            if time_to_last_fill > critical_threshold:
@@ -71,16 +78,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0 and len(warning_unfilled_properties) == 0:
            return {'status': 0, 'message': 'FillState looks fine.'}
        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0:
-            return {
-                'status': 1,
-                'message': 'Missed filling {} once.'.format(
-                    ', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties),
-                ),
-            }
-        return {
-            'status': 2,
-            'message': 'Missed filling {} once. Missed filling {} at least twice.'.format(
-                ', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties),
-                ', '.join(critical_unfilled_properties),
-            ),
-        }
+            return {'status': 1, 'message': 'Missed filling %s once.' %
+                    (', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties),)}
+        return {'status': 2, 'message': 'Missed filling %s once. Missed filling %s at least twice.' %
+                (', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties), ', '.join(critical_unfilled_properties))}
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand

 from analytics.lib.counts import do_drop_all_analytics_tables

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""

@@ -18,4 +18,5 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        if options['force']:
            do_drop_all_analytics_tables()
        else:
-            raise CommandError("Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so.")
+            print("Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so.")
+            sys.exit(1)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
+import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand

 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, do_drop_single_stat

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""

@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        property = options['property']
        if property not in COUNT_STATS:
-            raise CommandError(f"Invalid property: {property}")
+            print("Invalid property: %s" % (property,))
+            sys.exit(1)
        if not options['force']:
-            raise CommandError("No action taken. Use --force.")
+            print("No action taken. Use --force.")
+            sys.exit(1)

        do_drop_single_stat(property)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import datetime
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any

 from django.db.models import Count, QuerySet
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
 from zerver.lib.management import ZulipBaseCommand
 from zerver.models import UserActivity

-
 class Command(ZulipBaseCommand):
    help = """Report rough client activity globally, for a realm, or for a user

@@ -54,10 +53,10 @@ Usage examples:
        counts.sort()

        for count in counts:
-            print(f"{count[1]:>25} {count[0]:15}")
+            print("%25s %15d" % (count[1], count[0]))
        print("Total:", total)

-    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: str) -> None:
        realm = self.get_realm(options)
        if options["user"] is None:
            if options["target"] == "server" and realm is None:
--- a/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
@@ -1,26 +1,20 @@
-from datetime import timedelta
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Type
-from unittest import mock
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Type, Union

 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

-from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat, do_drop_all_analytics_tables
+from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, \
+    CountStat, do_drop_all_analytics_tables
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
-from analytics.models import (
-    BaseCount,
-    FillState,
-    InstallationCount,
-    RealmCount,
-    StreamCount,
-    UserCount,
-)
-from zerver.lib.actions import STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS, do_change_user_role
-from zerver.lib.create_user import create_user
+from analytics.models import BaseCount, FillState, RealmCount, UserCount, \
+    StreamCount, InstallationCount
+from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_is_admin
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
-from zerver.models import Client, Realm, Recipient, Stream, Subscription, UserProfile
-
+from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, Stream, Message, Client, \
+    RealmAuditLog, Recipient

 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Populates analytics tables with randomly generated data."""
@@ -28,6 +22,20 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
    DAYS_OF_DATA = 100
    random_seed = 26

+    def create_user(self, email: str,
+                    full_name: str,
+                    is_staff: bool,
+                    date_joined: datetime,
+                    realm: Realm) -> UserProfile:
+        user = UserProfile.objects.create(
+            email=email, full_name=full_name, is_staff=is_staff,
+            realm=realm, short_name=full_name, pointer=-1, last_pointer_updater='none',
+            api_key='42', date_joined=date_joined)
+        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
+            realm=realm, modified_user=user, event_type=RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED,
+            event_time=user.date_joined)
+        return user
+
    def generate_fixture_data(self, stat: CountStat, business_hours_base: float,
                              non_business_hours_base: float, growth: float,
                              autocorrelation: float, spikiness: float,
@@ -60,25 +68,11 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        last_end_time = floor_to_day(timezone_now())
        realm = Realm.objects.create(
            string_id='analytics', name='Analytics', date_created=installation_time)
-        with mock.patch("zerver.lib.create_user.timezone_now", return_value=installation_time):
-            shylock = create_user('shylock@analytics.ds', 'Shylock', realm,
-                                  full_name='Shylock', short_name='shylock',
-                                  role=UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_ADMINISTRATOR)
-        do_change_user_role(shylock, UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_ADMINISTRATOR, acting_user=None)
+        shylock = self.create_user('shylock@analytics.ds', 'Shylock', True, installation_time, realm)
+        do_change_is_admin(shylock, True)
        stream = Stream.objects.create(
            name='all', realm=realm, date_created=installation_time)
-        recipient = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=stream.id, type=Recipient.STREAM)
-        stream.recipient = recipient
-        stream.save(update_fields=["recipient"])
-
-        # Subscribe shylock to the stream to avoid invariant failures.
-        # TODO: This should use subscribe_users_to_streams from populate_db.
-        subs = [
-            Subscription(recipient=recipient,
-                         user_profile=shylock,
-                         color=STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS[0]),
-        ]
-        Subscription.objects.bulk_create(subs)
+        Recipient.objects.create(type_id=stream.id, type=Recipient.STREAM)

        def insert_fixture_data(stat: CountStat,
                                fixture_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]],
@@ -86,7 +80,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            end_times = time_range(last_end_time, last_end_time, stat.frequency,
                                   len(list(fixture_data.values())[0]))
            if table == InstallationCount:
-                id_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+                id_args = {}  # type: Dict[str, Any]
            if table == RealmCount:
                id_args = {'realm': realm}
            if table == UserCount:
@@ -101,13 +95,13 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                    for end_time, value in zip(end_times, values) if value != 0])

        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
-        realm_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
+        realm_data = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .08, .02, 3, .3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
+        }  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
+        installation_data = {
            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .8, .2, 4, .3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
+        }  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
@@ -137,9 +131,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                                 state=FillState.DONE)

        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
-        user_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
-            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1),
-        }
+        user_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(
+            stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1)}  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 35, 15, 6, .6, 4),
                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 15, 15, 3, .4, 2)}
@@ -215,22 +208,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 5, 6, .6, 4),
                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 20, 2, 3, .2, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        stream_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
-            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 7, 5, .6, 4),
-            'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 2, .4, 2),
-        }
+        stream_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 7, 5, .6, 4),
+                       'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 2, .4, 2)}  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, stream_data, StreamCount)
        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
                                 state=FillState.DONE)
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_read::hour']
-        user_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 3, 2, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
-        realm_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 35, 6, .6, 4)
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
-                                 state=FillState.DONE)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
@@ -2,21 +2,13 @@ import datetime
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any, List

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+import pytz
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.db.models import Count
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

-from zerver.models import (
-    Message,
-    Realm,
-    Recipient,
-    Stream,
-    Subscription,
-    UserActivity,
-    UserMessage,
-    UserProfile,
-    get_realm,
-)
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Recipient, Stream, \
+    Subscription, UserActivity, UserMessage, UserProfile, get_realm

 MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST = ["Android", "ios"]
 HUMAN_CLIENT_LIST = MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST + ["website"]
@@ -42,32 +34,32 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):

    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, days_ago: int) -> int:
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender=user, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+        return human_messages.filter(sender=user, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()

    def total_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return Message.objects.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()

    def human_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()

    def api_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
        return (self.total_messages(realm, days_ago) - self.human_messages(realm, days_ago))

    def stream_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff,
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff,
                                     recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).count()

    def private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.HUDDLE).count()

    def group_private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
-        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.PERSONAL).count()

    def report_percentage(self, numerator: float, denominator: float, text: str) -> None:
@@ -75,14 +67,15 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            fraction = 0.0
        else:
            fraction = numerator / float(denominator)
-        print(f"{fraction * 100:.2f}% of", text)
+        print("%.2f%% of" % (fraction * 100,), text)

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        if options['realms']:
            try:
                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
-                raise CommandError(e)
+                print(e)
+                exit(1)
        else:
            realms = Realm.objects.all()

@@ -93,26 +86,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            active_users = self.active_users(realm)
            num_active = len(active_users)

-            print(f"{num_active} active users ({len(user_profiles)} total)")
+            print("%d active users (%d total)" % (num_active, len(user_profiles)))
            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).extra(
                tables=['zerver_subscription', 'zerver_recipient'],
                where=['zerver_subscription.recipient_id = zerver_recipient.id',
                       'zerver_recipient.type = 2',
                       'zerver_recipient.type_id = zerver_stream.id',
                       'zerver_subscription.active = true']).annotate(count=Count("name"))
-            print(f"{streams.count()} streams")
+            print("%d streams" % (streams.count(),))

            for days_ago in (1, 7, 30):
-                print(f"In last {days_ago} days, users sent:")
+                print("In last %d days, users sent:" % (days_ago,))
                sender_quantities = [self.messages_sent_by(user, days_ago) for user in user_profiles]
                for quantity in sorted(sender_quantities, reverse=True):
                    print(quantity, end=' ')
                print("")

-                print(f"{self.stream_messages(realm, days_ago)} stream messages")
-                print(f"{self.private_messages(realm, days_ago)} one-on-one private messages")
-                print(f"{self.api_messages(realm, days_ago)} messages sent via the API")
-                print(f"{self.group_private_messages(realm, days_ago)} group private messages")
+                print("%d stream messages" % (self.stream_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d one-on-one private messages" % (self.private_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d messages sent via the API" % (self.api_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d group private messages" % (self.group_private_messages(realm, days_ago),))

            num_notifications_enabled = len([x for x in active_users if x.enable_desktop_notifications])
            self.report_percentage(num_notifications_enabled, num_active,
@@ -132,29 +125,29 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            starrers = UserMessage.objects.filter(user_profile__in=user_profiles,
                                                  flags=UserMessage.flags.starred).values(
                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
-            print("{} users have starred {} messages".format(
+            print("%d users have starred %d messages" % (
                len(starrers), sum([elt["count"] for elt in starrers])))

            active_user_subs = Subscription.objects.filter(
                user_profile__in=user_profiles, active=True)

            # Streams not in home view
-            non_home_view = active_user_subs.filter(is_muted=True).values(
+            non_home_view = active_user_subs.filter(in_home_view=False).values(
                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
-            print("{} users have {} streams not in home view".format(
+            print("%d users have %d streams not in home view" % (
                len(non_home_view), sum([elt["count"] for elt in non_home_view])))

            # Code block markup
            markup_messages = human_messages.filter(
                sender__realm=realm, content__contains="~~~").values(
                "sender").annotate(count=Count("sender"))
-            print("{} users have used code block markup on {} messages".format(
+            print("%d users have used code block markup on %s messages" % (
                len(markup_messages), sum([elt["count"] for elt in markup_messages])))

            # Notifications for stream messages
            notifications = active_user_subs.filter(desktop_notifications=True).values(
                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
-            print("{} users receive desktop notifications for {} streams".format(
+            print("%d users receive desktop notifications for %d streams" % (
                len(notifications), sum([elt["count"] for elt in notifications])))

            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.db.models import Q

-from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Recipient, Stream, Subscription, get_realm
-
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, \
+    Recipient, Stream, Subscription, get_realm

 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Generate statistics on the streams for a realm."
@@ -19,38 +19,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            try:
                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
-                raise CommandError(e)
+                print(e)
+                exit(1)
        else:
            realms = Realm.objects.all()

        for realm in realms:
+            print(realm.string_id)
+            print("------------")
+            print("%25s %15s %10s" % ("stream", "subscribers", "messages"))
            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).exclude(Q(name__istartswith="tutorial-"))
-            # private stream count
-            private_count = 0
-            # public stream count
-            public_count = 0
+            invite_only_count = 0
            for stream in streams:
                if stream.invite_only:
-                    private_count += 1
-                else:
-                    public_count += 1
-            print("------------")
-            print(realm.string_id, end=' ')
-            print("{:>10} {} public streams and".format("(", public_count), end=' ')
-            print(f"{private_count} private streams )")
-            print("------------")
-            print("{:>25} {:>15} {:>10} {:>12}".format("stream", "subscribers", "messages", "type"))
-
-            for stream in streams:
-                if stream.invite_only:
-                    stream_type = 'private'
-                else:
-                    stream_type = 'public'
-                print(f"{stream.name:>25}", end=' ')
+                    invite_only_count += 1
+                    continue
+                print("%25s" % (stream.name,), end=' ')
                recipient = Recipient.objects.filter(type=Recipient.STREAM, type_id=stream.id)
-                print("{:10}".format(len(Subscription.objects.filter(recipient=recipient,
-                                                                     active=True))), end=' ')
+                print("%10d" % (len(Subscription.objects.filter(recipient=recipient,
+                                                                active=True)),), end=' ')
                num_messages = len(Message.objects.filter(recipient=recipient))
-                print(f"{num_messages:12}", end=' ')
-                print(f"{stream_type:>15}")
+                print("%12d" % (num_messages,))
+            print("%d private streams" % (invite_only_count,))
            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 import os
 import time
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
-from datetime import timezone
 from typing import Any, Dict

 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_datetime
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+from django.utils.timezone import utc as timezone_utc

 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, logger, process_count_stat
 from scripts.lib.zulip_tools import ENDC, WARNING
-from zerver.lib.remote_server import send_analytics_to_remote_server
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour
 from zerver.models import Realm

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Fills Analytics tables.

@@ -60,18 +58,18 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):

        fill_to_time = parse_datetime(options['time'])
        if options['utc']:
-            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone_utc)
        if fill_to_time.tzinfo is None:
            raise ValueError("--time must be timezone aware. Maybe you meant to use the --utc option?")

-        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone.utc))
+        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone_utc))

        if options['stat'] is not None:
            stats = [COUNT_STATS[options['stat']]]
        else:
            stats = list(COUNT_STATS.values())

-        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
+        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))
        if options['verbose']:
            start = time.time()
            last = start
@@ -79,12 +77,10 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        for stat in stats:
            process_count_stat(stat, fill_to_time)
            if options['verbose']:
-                print(f"Updated {stat.property} in {time.time() - last:.3f}s")
+                print("Updated %s in %.3fs" % (stat.property, time.time() - last))
                last = time.time()

        if options['verbose']:
-            print(f"Finished updating analytics counts through {fill_to_time} in {time.time() - start:.3f}s")
-        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
-
-        if settings.PUSH_NOTIFICATION_BOUNCER_URL and settings.SUBMIT_USAGE_STATISTICS:
-            send_analytics_to_remote_server()
+            print("Finished updating analytics counts through %s in %.3fs" %
+                  (fill_to_time, time.time() - start))
+        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))
--- a/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ import datetime
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

 from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Stream, UserProfile, get_realm

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Generate statistics on user activity."

@@ -18,25 +17,26 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, week: int) -> int:
        start = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=(week + 1)*7)
        end = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=week*7)
-        return Message.objects.filter(sender=user, date_sent__gt=start, date_sent__lte=end).count()
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender=user, pub_date__gt=start, pub_date__lte=end).count()

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        if options['realms']:
            try:
                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
-                raise CommandError(e)
+                print(e)
+                exit(1)
        else:
            realms = Realm.objects.all()

        for realm in realms:
            print(realm.string_id)
            user_profiles = UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True)
-            print(f"{len(user_profiles)} users")
-            print(f"{len(Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm))} streams")
+            print("%d users" % (len(user_profiles),))
+            print("%d streams" % (len(Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm)),))

            for user_profile in user_profiles:
-                print(f"{user_profile.email:>35}", end=' ')
+                print("%35s" % (user_profile.email,), end=' ')
                for week in range(10):
-                    print(f"{self.messages_sent_by(user_profile, week):5}", end=' ')
+                    print("%5d" % (self.messages_sent_by(user_profile, week)), end=' ')
                print("")
--- a/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import migrations, models

+import zerver.lib.str_utils

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

@@ -89,22 +91,22 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            unique_together={('user', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            unique_together={('stream', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            unique_together={('realm', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='installationcount',
-            unique_together={('property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='huddlecount',
-            unique_together={('huddle', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('huddle', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from django.db import migrations
-
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import migrations, models

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='huddlecount',
-            unique_together=set(),
+            unique_together=set([]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='huddlecount',
--- a/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

+import zerver.lib.str_utils

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

--- a/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
--- a/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
--- a/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-from django.db import migrations
-
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import migrations, models

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

@@ -10,18 +10,18 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='installationcount',
-            unique_together={('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            unique_together={('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            unique_together={('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            unique_together={('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')},
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-16 20:50
+from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='installationcount',
-            unique_together={('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='installationcount',
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            unique_together={('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='realmcount',
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            unique_together={('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='streamcount',
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            unique_together={('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')},
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='usercount',
--- a/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.5 on 2017-02-01 22:28
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
            name='realmcount',
-            index_together={('property', 'end_time')},
+            index_together=set([('property', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
            name='streamcount',
-            index_together={('property', 'realm', 'end_time')},
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
            name='usercount',
-            index_together={('property', 'realm', 'end_time')},
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

-
 def delete_messages_sent_to_stream_stat(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
--- a/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

-
 def clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
--- a/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

-
 def clear_analytics_tables(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
--- a/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 08:14
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
--- a/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-02-02 02:47
-
-from django.db import migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('analytics', '0012_add_on_delete'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='installationcount',
-            name='anomaly',
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='realmcount',
-            name='anomaly',
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='streamcount',
-            name='anomaly',
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='usercount',
-            name='anomaly',
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name='Anomaly',
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.26 on 2020-01-27 04:32
-
-from django.db import migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('analytics', '0013_remove_anomaly'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='fillstate',
-            name='last_modified',
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
-from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
-from django.db.models import Count, Sum
-
-
-def clear_duplicate_counts(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
-    """This is a preparatory migration for our Analytics tables.
-
-    The backstory is that Django's unique_together indexes do not properly
-    handle the subgroup=None corner case (allowing duplicate rows that have a
-    subgroup of None), which meant that in race conditions, rather than updating
-    an existing row for the property/realm/time with subgroup=None, Django would
-    create a duplicate row.
-
-    In the next migration, we'll add a proper constraint to fix this bug, but
-    we need to fix any existing problematic rows before we can add that constraint.
-
-    We fix this in an appropriate fashion for each type of CountStat object; mainly
-    this means deleting the extra rows, but for LoggingCountStat objects, we need to
-    additionally combine the sums.
-    """
-    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
-
-    realm_counts = RealmCount.objects.filter(subgroup=None).values(
-        'realm_id', 'property', 'end_time').annotate(
-            Count('id'), Sum('value')).filter(id__count__gt=1)
-
-    for realm_count in realm_counts:
-        realm_count.pop('id__count')
-        total_value = realm_count.pop('value__sum')
-        duplicate_counts = list(RealmCount.objects.filter(**realm_count))
-        first_count = duplicate_counts[0]
-        if realm_count['property'] in ["invites_sent::day", "active_users_log:is_bot:day"]:
-            # For LoggingCountStat objects, the right fix is to combine the totals;
-            # for other CountStat objects, we expect the duplicates to have the same value.
-            # And so all we need to do is delete them.
-            first_count.value = total_value
-            first_count.save()
-        to_cleanup = duplicate_counts[1:]
-        for duplicate_count in to_cleanup:
-            duplicate_count.delete()
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('analytics', '0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(clear_duplicate_counts,
-                             reverse_code=migrations.RunPython.noop),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-02-29 19:40
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('analytics', '0015_clear_duplicate_counts'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='installationcount',
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='realmcount',
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='streamcount',
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='usercount',
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='installationcount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_installation_count'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='installationcount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('property', 'end_time'), name='unique_installation_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='realmcount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_realm_count'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='realmcount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('realm', 'property', 'end_time'), name='unique_realm_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='streamcount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_stream_count'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='streamcount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('stream', 'property', 'end_time'), name='unique_stream_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='usercount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False), fields=('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time'), name='unique_user_count'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name='usercount',
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True), fields=('user', 'property', 'end_time'), name='unique_user_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/models.py
+++ b/analytics/models.py
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 import datetime
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union

 from django.db import models
-from django.db.models import Q, UniqueConstraint

 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
-from zerver.models import Realm, Stream, UserProfile
-
+from zerver.models import Realm, Recipient, Stream, UserProfile

 class FillState(models.Model):
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
+    property = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)  # type: str
+    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime

    # Valid states are {DONE, STARTED}
    DONE = 1
    STARTED = 2
-    state: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
+    state = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int
+
+    last_modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)  # type: datetime.datetime

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<FillState: {self.property} {self.end_time} {self.state}>"
+        return "<FillState: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.end_time, self.state)

 # The earliest/starting end_time in FillState
 # We assume there is at least one realm
@@ -34,14 +34,22 @@ def last_successful_fill(property: str) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
        return fillstate.end_time
    return fillstate.end_time - datetime.timedelta(hours=1)

+# would only ever make entries here by hand
+class Anomaly(models.Model):
+    info = models.CharField(max_length=1000)  # type: str
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "<Anomaly: %s... %s>" % (self.info, self.id)
+
 class BaseCount(models.Model):
    # Note: When inheriting from BaseCount, you may want to rearrange
    # the order of the columns in the migration to make sure they
    # match how you'd like the table to be arranged.
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=32)
-    subgroup: Optional[str] = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
-    value: int = models.BigIntegerField()
+    property = models.CharField(max_length=32)  # type: str
+    subgroup = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)  # type: Optional[str]
+    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
+    value = models.BigIntegerField()  # type: int
+    anomaly = models.ForeignKey(Anomaly, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True)  # type: Optional[Anomaly]

    class Meta:
        abstract = True
@@ -49,83 +57,44 @@ class BaseCount(models.Model):
 class InstallationCount(BaseCount):

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate InstallationCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name='unique_installation_count'),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name='unique_installation_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("property", "subgroup", "end_time")

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<InstallationCount: {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
+        return "<InstallationCount: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class RealmCount(BaseCount):
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate RealmCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name='unique_realm_count'),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["realm", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name='unique_realm_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        index_together = ["property", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<RealmCount: {self.realm} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
+        return "<RealmCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.realm, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class UserCount(BaseCount):
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate UserCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name='unique_user_count'),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["user", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name='unique_user_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from users to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<UserCount: {self.user} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
+        return "<UserCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.user, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class StreamCount(BaseCount):
    stream = models.ForeignKey(Stream, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate StreamCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name='unique_stream_count'),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["stream", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name='unique_stream_count_null_subgroup'),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from streams to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<StreamCount: {self.stream} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value} {self.id}>"
+        return "<StreamCount: %s %s %s %s %s>" % (
+            self.stream, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value, self.id)
--- a/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
@@ -1,142 +1,90 @@
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
-from unittest import mock
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union

 import ujson
 from django.apps import apps
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models import Sum
+from django.test import TestCase
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from psycopg2.sql import SQL, Literal
+from django.utils.timezone import utc as timezone_utc

-from analytics.lib.counts import (
-    COUNT_STATS,
-    CountStat,
-    DependentCountStat,
-    LoggingCountStat,
-    do_aggregate_to_summary_table,
-    do_drop_all_analytics_tables,
-    do_drop_single_stat,
-    do_fill_count_stat_at_hour,
-    do_increment_logging_stat,
-    get_count_stats,
-    process_count_stat,
-    sql_data_collector,
-)
-from analytics.models import (
-    BaseCount,
-    FillState,
-    InstallationCount,
-    RealmCount,
-    StreamCount,
-    UserCount,
-    installation_epoch,
-)
-from zerver.lib.actions import (
-    InvitationError,
-    do_activate_user,
-    do_create_user,
-    do_deactivate_user,
-    do_invite_users,
-    do_mark_all_as_read,
-    do_mark_stream_messages_as_read,
-    do_reactivate_user,
-    do_resend_user_invite_email,
-    do_revoke_user_invite,
-    do_update_message_flags,
-    update_user_activity_interval,
-)
-from zerver.lib.create_user import create_user
-from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
+from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat, DataCollector, \
+    DependentCountStat, LoggingCountStat, do_aggregate_to_summary_table, \
+    do_drop_all_analytics_tables, do_drop_single_stat, \
+    do_fill_count_stat_at_hour, do_increment_logging_stat, \
+    process_count_stat, sql_data_collector
+from analytics.models import Anomaly, BaseCount, \
+    FillState, InstallationCount, RealmCount, StreamCount, \
+    UserCount, installation_epoch, last_successful_fill
+from zerver.lib.actions import do_activate_user, do_create_user, \
+    do_deactivate_user, do_reactivate_user, update_user_activity_interval, \
+    do_invite_users, do_revoke_user_invite, do_resend_user_invite_email, \
+    InvitationError
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import TimezoneNotUTCException, floor_to_day
-from zerver.lib.topic import DB_TOPIC_NAME
-from zerver.models import (
-    Client,
-    Huddle,
-    Message,
-    PreregistrationUser,
-    Realm,
-    RealmAuditLog,
-    Recipient,
-    Stream,
-    UserActivityInterval,
-    UserProfile,
-    get_client,
-    get_user,
-)
+from zerver.models import Client, Huddle, Message, Realm, \
+    RealmAuditLog, Recipient, Stream, UserActivityInterval, \
+    UserProfile, get_client, get_user, PreregistrationUser

-
-class AnalyticsTestCase(ZulipTestCase):
+class AnalyticsTestCase(TestCase):
    MINUTE = timedelta(seconds = 60)
    HOUR = MINUTE * 60
    DAY = HOUR * 24
-    TIME_ZERO = datetime(1988, 3, 14, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+    TIME_ZERO = datetime(1988, 3, 14).replace(tzinfo=timezone_utc)
    TIME_LAST_HOUR = TIME_ZERO - HOUR

    def setUp(self) -> None:
-        super().setUp()
        self.default_realm = Realm.objects.create(
            string_id='realmtest', name='Realm Test', date_created=self.TIME_ZERO - 2*self.DAY)
        # used to generate unique names in self.create_*
        self.name_counter = 100
        # used as defaults in self.assertCountEquals
-        self.current_property: Optional[str] = None
+        self.current_property = None  # type: Optional[str]

    # Lightweight creation of users, streams, and messages
    def create_user(self, **kwargs: Any) -> UserProfile:
        self.name_counter += 1
        defaults = {
-            'email': f'user{self.name_counter}@domain.tld',
+            'email': 'user%s@domain.tld' % (self.name_counter,),
            'date_joined': self.TIME_LAST_HOUR,
            'full_name': 'full_name',
            'short_name': 'short_name',
-            'is_active': True,
-            'is_bot': False,
-            'realm': self.default_realm}
+            'pointer': -1,
+            'last_pointer_updater': 'seems unused?',
+            'realm': self.default_realm,
+            'api_key': '42'}
        for key, value in defaults.items():
            kwargs[key] = kwargs.get(key, value)
-        kwargs['delivery_email'] = kwargs['email']
-        with mock.patch("zerver.lib.create_user.timezone_now", return_value=kwargs['date_joined']):
-            pass_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-            if kwargs['is_bot']:
-                pass_kwargs['bot_type'] = UserProfile.DEFAULT_BOT
-                pass_kwargs['bot_owner'] = None
-            return create_user(kwargs['email'], 'password', kwargs['realm'],
-                               active=kwargs['is_active'],
-                               full_name=kwargs['full_name'], short_name=kwargs['short_name'],
-                               role=UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_ADMINISTRATOR, **pass_kwargs)
+        return UserProfile.objects.create(**kwargs)

    def create_stream_with_recipient(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Tuple[Stream, Recipient]:
        self.name_counter += 1
-        defaults = {'name': f'stream name {self.name_counter}',
+        defaults = {'name': 'stream name %s' % (self.name_counter,),
                    'realm': self.default_realm,
                    'date_created': self.TIME_LAST_HOUR}
        for key, value in defaults.items():
            kwargs[key] = kwargs.get(key, value)
        stream = Stream.objects.create(**kwargs)
        recipient = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=stream.id, type=Recipient.STREAM)
-        stream.recipient = recipient
-        stream.save(update_fields=["recipient"])
        return stream, recipient

    def create_huddle_with_recipient(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Tuple[Huddle, Recipient]:
        self.name_counter += 1
-        defaults = {'huddle_hash': f'hash{self.name_counter}'}
+        defaults = {'huddle_hash': 'hash%s' % (self.name_counter,)}
        for key, value in defaults.items():
            kwargs[key] = kwargs.get(key, value)
        huddle = Huddle.objects.create(**kwargs)
        recipient = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=huddle.id, type=Recipient.HUDDLE)
-        huddle.recipient = recipient
-        huddle.save(update_fields=["recipient"])
        return huddle, recipient

    def create_message(self, sender: UserProfile, recipient: Recipient, **kwargs: Any) -> Message:
        defaults = {
            'sender': sender,
            'recipient': recipient,
-            DB_TOPIC_NAME: 'subject',
+            'subject': 'subject',
            'content': 'hi',
-            'date_sent': self.TIME_LAST_HOUR,
+            'pub_date': self.TIME_LAST_HOUR,
            'sending_client': get_client("website")}
        for key, value in defaults.items():
            kwargs[key] = kwargs.get(key, value)
@@ -186,7 +134,7 @@ class AnalyticsTestCase(ZulipTestCase):
            'end_time': self.TIME_ZERO,
            'value': 1}
        for values in arg_values:
-            kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+            kwargs = {}  # type: Dict[str, Any]
            for i in range(len(values)):
                kwargs[arg_keys[i]] = values[i]
            for key, value in defaults.items():
@@ -204,13 +152,8 @@ class AnalyticsTestCase(ZulipTestCase):

 class TestProcessCountStat(AnalyticsTestCase):
    def make_dummy_count_stat(self, property: str) -> CountStat:
-        query = lambda kwargs: SQL("""
-            INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount (realm_id, value, property, end_time)
-            VALUES ({default_realm_id}, 1, {property}, %(time_end)s)
-        """).format(
-            default_realm_id=Literal(self.default_realm.id),
-            property=Literal(property),
-        )
+        query = """INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount (realm_id, value, property, end_time)
+                   VALUES (%s, 1, '%s', %%%%(time_end)s)""" % (self.default_realm.id, property)
        return CountStat(property, sql_data_collector(RealmCount, query, None), CountStat.HOUR)

    def assertFillStateEquals(self, stat: CountStat, end_time: datetime,
@@ -308,13 +251,8 @@ class TestProcessCountStat(AnalyticsTestCase):
    def test_process_dependent_stat(self) -> None:
        stat1 = self.make_dummy_count_stat('stat1')
        stat2 = self.make_dummy_count_stat('stat2')
-        query = lambda kwargs: SQL("""
-            INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount (realm_id, value, property, end_time)
-            VALUES ({default_realm_id}, 1, {property}, %(time_end)s)
-        """).format(
-            default_realm_id=Literal(self.default_realm.id),
-            property=Literal('stat3'),
-        )
+        query = """INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount (realm_id, value, property, end_time)
+                   VALUES (%s, 1, '%s', %%%%(time_end)s)""" % (self.default_realm.id, 'stat3')
        stat3 = DependentCountStat('stat3', sql_data_collector(RealmCount, query, None),
                                   CountStat.HOUR,
                                   dependencies=['stat1', 'stat2'])
@@ -347,13 +285,8 @@ class TestProcessCountStat(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.assertFillStateEquals(stat3, hour[2])

        # test daily dependent stat with hourly dependencies
-        query = lambda kwargs: SQL("""
-            INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount (realm_id, value, property, end_time)
-            VALUES ({default_realm_id}, 1, {property}, %(time_end)s)
-        """).format(
-            default_realm_id=Literal(self.default_realm.id),
-            property=Literal('stat4'),
-        )
+        query = """INSERT INTO analytics_realmcount (realm_id, value, property, end_time)
+                   VALUES (%s, 1, '%s', %%%%(time_end)s)""" % (self.default_realm.id, 'stat4')
        stat4 = DependentCountStat('stat4', sql_data_collector(RealmCount, query, None),
                                   CountStat.DAY,
                                   dependencies=['stat1', 'stat2'])
@@ -376,12 +309,12 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
            date_created=self.TIME_ZERO-2*self.DAY)
        for minutes_ago in [0, 1, 61, 60*24+1]:
            creation_time = self.TIME_ZERO - minutes_ago*self.MINUTE
-            user = self.create_user(email=f'user-{minutes_ago}@second.analytics',
+            user = self.create_user(email='user-%s@second.analytics' % (minutes_ago,),
                                    realm=self.second_realm, date_joined=creation_time)
            recipient = self.create_stream_with_recipient(
-                name=f'stream {minutes_ago}', realm=self.second_realm,
+                name='stream %s' % (minutes_ago,), realm=self.second_realm,
                date_created=creation_time)[1]
-            self.create_message(user, recipient, date_sent=creation_time)
+            self.create_message(user, recipient, pub_date=creation_time)
        self.hourly_user = get_user('user-1@second.analytics', self.second_realm)
        self.daily_user = get_user('user-61@second.analytics', self.second_realm)

@@ -419,29 +352,6 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.assertTableState(UserCount, [], [])
        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])

-    def test_active_users_by_is_bot_for_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users:is_bot:day']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        # To be included
-        self.create_user(is_bot=True, date_joined=self.TIME_ZERO-25*self.HOUR)
-        self.create_user(is_bot=False)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        self.create_user(email='test@second.analytics',
-                         realm=self.second_realm, date_joined=self.TIME_ZERO-2*self.DAY)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'subgroup'],
-                              [[1, 'true'], [1, 'false']])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value', 'subgroup'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, [], [])
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])
-
    def test_messages_sent_by_is_bot(self) -> None:
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
        self.current_property = stat.property
@@ -449,8 +359,8 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        bot = self.create_user(is_bot=True)
        human1 = self.create_user()
        human2 = self.create_user()
-        recipient_human1 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=human1.id,
-                                                 type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
+        recipient_human1 = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=human1.id,
+                                                    type=Recipient.PERSONAL)

        recipient_stream = self.create_stream_with_recipient()[1]
        recipient_huddle = self.create_huddle_with_recipient()[1]
@@ -471,46 +381,6 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value', 'subgroup'], [[3, 'false'], [3, 'true']])
        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])

-    def test_messages_sent_by_is_bot_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        bot = self.create_user(is_bot=True)
-        human1 = self.create_user()
-        human2 = self.create_user()
-        recipient_human1 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=human1.id,
-                                                 type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
-
-        recipient_stream = self.create_stream_with_recipient()[1]
-        recipient_huddle = self.create_huddle_with_recipient()[1]
-
-        # To be included
-        self.create_message(bot, recipient_human1)
-        self.create_message(bot, recipient_stream)
-        self.create_message(bot, recipient_huddle)
-        self.create_message(human1, recipient_human1)
-        self.create_message(human2, recipient_human1)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, recipient_human1)
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, recipient_stream)
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, recipient_huddle)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'user'],
-                              [[1, 'false', human1], [1, 'false', human2],
-                               [3, 'true', bot]])
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'realm'],
-                              [[2, 'false', self.default_realm],
-                               [3, 'true', self.default_realm]])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value', 'subgroup'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])
-
    def test_messages_sent_by_message_type(self) -> None:
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:message_type:day']
        self.current_property = stat.property
@@ -544,9 +414,9 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.create_message(user2, recipient_huddle2)

        # private messages
-        recipient_user1 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=user1.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
-        recipient_user2 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=user2.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
-        recipient_user3 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=user3.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
+        recipient_user1 = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=user1.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
+        recipient_user2 = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=user2.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
+        recipient_user3 = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=user3.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
        self.create_message(user1, recipient_user2)
        self.create_message(user2, recipient_user1)
        self.create_message(user3, recipient_user3)
@@ -573,49 +443,12 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
                               [2, 'huddle_message']])
        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])

-    def test_messages_sent_by_message_type_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:message_type:day']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        user = self.create_user()
-        user_recipient = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=user.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
-        private_stream_recipient = self.create_stream_with_recipient(invite_only=True)[1]
-        stream_recipient = self.create_stream_with_recipient()[1]
-        huddle_recipient = self.create_huddle_with_recipient()[1]
-
-        # To be included
-        self.create_message(user, user_recipient)
-        self.create_message(user, private_stream_recipient)
-        self.create_message(user, stream_recipient)
-        self.create_message(user, huddle_recipient)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, user_recipient)
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, private_stream_recipient)
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, stream_recipient)
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, huddle_recipient)
-
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'user'],
-                              [[1, 'private_message', user], [1, 'private_stream', user],
-                               [1, 'huddle_message', user], [1, 'public_stream', user]])
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'subgroup'],
-                              [[1, 'private_message'], [1, 'private_stream'],
-                               [1, 'public_stream'], [1, 'huddle_message']])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value', 'subgroup'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])
-
    def test_messages_sent_to_recipients_with_same_id(self) -> None:
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:message_type:day']
        self.current_property = stat.property

        user = self.create_user(id=1000)
-        user_recipient = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=user.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
+        user_recipient = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=user.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
        stream_recipient = self.create_stream_with_recipient(id=1000)[1]
        huddle_recipient = self.create_huddle_with_recipient(id=1000)[1]

@@ -635,7 +468,7 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):

        user1 = self.create_user(is_bot=True)
        user2 = self.create_user()
-        recipient_user2 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=user2.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
+        recipient_user2 = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=user2.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)

        recipient_stream = self.create_stream_with_recipient()[1]
        recipient_huddle = self.create_huddle_with_recipient()[1]
@@ -664,42 +497,6 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
                              [[4, website_client_id], [3, client2_id]])
        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])

-    def test_messages_sent_by_client_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:client:day']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        user1 = self.create_user(is_bot=True)
-        user2 = self.create_user()
-        recipient_user2 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=user2.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
-
-        client2 = Client.objects.create(name='client2')
-
-        # TO be included
-        self.create_message(user1, recipient_user2, sending_client=client2)
-        self.create_message(user2, recipient_user2, sending_client=client2)
-        self.create_message(user2, recipient_user2)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, recipient_user2, sending_client=client2)
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, recipient_user2, sending_client=client2)
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, recipient_user2)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-
-        client2_id = str(client2.id)
-        website_client_id = str(get_client('website').id)  # default for self.create_message
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'user'],
-                              [[1, client2_id, user1], [1, client2_id, user2],
-                               [1, website_client_id, user2]])
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'subgroup'],
-                              [[1, website_client_id], [2, client2_id]])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value', 'subgroup'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])
-
    def test_messages_sent_to_stream_by_is_bot(self) -> None:
        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_in_stream:is_bot:day']
        self.current_property = stat.property
@@ -707,7 +504,7 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        bot = self.create_user(is_bot=True)
        human1 = self.create_user()
        human2 = self.create_user()
-        recipient_human1 = Recipient.objects.get(type_id=human1.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)
+        recipient_human1 = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=human1.id, type=Recipient.PERSONAL)

        stream1, recipient_stream1 = self.create_stream_with_recipient()
        stream2, recipient_stream2 = self.create_stream_with_recipient()
@@ -737,39 +534,6 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value', 'subgroup'], [[5, 'false'], [2, 'true']])
        self.assertTableState(UserCount, [], [])

-    def test_messages_sent_to_stream_by_is_bot_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_in_stream:is_bot:day']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        human1 = self.create_user()
-        bot = self.create_user(is_bot=True)
-
-        realm = {'realm': self.second_realm}
-        stream1, recipient_stream1 = self.create_stream_with_recipient()
-        stream2, recipient_stream2 = self.create_stream_with_recipient(**realm)
-
-        # To be included
-        self.create_message(human1, recipient_stream1)
-        self.create_message(bot, recipient_stream1)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        self.create_message(self.hourly_user, recipient_stream2)
-        self.create_message(self.daily_user, recipient_stream2)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'stream'],
-                              [[1, 'false', stream1],
-                               [1, 'true', stream1]])
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'realm'],
-                              [[1, 'false'], [1, 'true']])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value', 'subgroup'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, [], [])
-
    def create_interval(self, user: UserProfile, start_offset: timedelta,
                        end_offset: timedelta) -> None:
        UserActivityInterval.objects.create(
@@ -819,34 +583,6 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value'], [[6]])
        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])

-    def test_1day_actives_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        _1day = 1*self.DAY - UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH
-        user1 = self.create_user()
-        user2 = self.create_user()
-
-        # To be included
-        self.create_interval(user1, 20*self.HOUR, 19*self.HOUR)
-        self.create_interval(user2, _1day + self.DAY, _1day)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        user3 = self.create_user(realm=self.second_realm)
-        self.create_interval(user3, 20*self.MINUTE, 19*self.MINUTE)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['value', 'user'],
-                              [[1, user2], [1, user2]])
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'realm'],
-                              [[2, self.default_realm]])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])
-
    def test_15day_actives(self) -> None:
        stat = COUNT_STATS['15day_actives::day']
        self.current_property = stat.property
@@ -890,36 +626,6 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value'], [[6]])
        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])

-    def test_15day_actives_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['15day_actives::day']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        _15day = 15*self.DAY - UserActivityInterval.MIN_INTERVAL_LENGTH
-
-        user1 = self.create_user()
-        user2 = self.create_user()
-        user3 = self.create_user(realm=self.second_realm)
-
-        # To be included
-        self.create_interval(user1, _15day + self.DAY, _15day)
-        self.create_interval(user2, 20*self.HOUR, 19*self.HOUR)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        self.create_interval(user3, 20*self.HOUR, 19*self.HOUR)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['value', 'user'],
-                              [[1, user1], [1, user2]])
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'realm'],
-                              [[2, self.default_realm]])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])
-
    def test_minutes_active(self) -> None:
        stat = COUNT_STATS['minutes_active::day']
        self.current_property = stat.property
@@ -962,35 +668,6 @@ class TestCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value'], [[61 + 121 + 24*60 + 1]])
        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])

-    def test_minutes_active_realm_constraint(self) -> None:
-        # For single Realm
-
-        COUNT_STATS = get_count_stats(self.default_realm)
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['minutes_active::day']
-        self.current_property = stat.property
-
-        # Outside time range, should not appear. Also testing for intervals
-        # starting and ending on boundary
-        user1 = self.create_user()
-        user2 = self.create_user()
-        user3 = self.create_user(realm=self.second_realm)
-
-        # To be included
-        self.create_interval(user1, 20*self.HOUR, 19*self.HOUR)
-        self.create_interval(user2, 20*self.MINUTE, 19*self.MINUTE)
-
-        # To be excluded
-        self.create_interval(user3, 20*self.MINUTE, 19*self.MINUTE)
-
-        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(stat, self.TIME_ZERO, self.default_realm)
-        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['value', 'user'],
-                              [[60, user1], [1, user2]])
-        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'realm'],
-                              [[60 + 1, self.default_realm]])
-        # No aggregation to InstallationCount with realm constraint
-        self.assertTableState(InstallationCount, ['value'], [])
-        self.assertTableState(StreamCount, [], [])
-
 class TestDoAggregateToSummaryTable(AnalyticsTestCase):
    # do_aggregate_to_summary_table is mostly tested by the end to end
    # nature of the tests in TestCountStats. But want to highlight one
@@ -1057,12 +734,12 @@ class TestDoIncrementLoggingStat(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.current_property = 'test'
        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'end_time'],
                              [[1, 'subgroup1', self.TIME_ZERO], [1, 'subgroup2', self.TIME_ZERO],
-                               [1, 'subgroup1', self.TIME_LAST_HOUR]])
+                              [1, 'subgroup1', self.TIME_LAST_HOUR]])
        # This should trigger the get part of get_or_create
        do_increment_logging_stat(self.default_realm, stat, 'subgroup1', self.TIME_ZERO)
        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'subgroup', 'end_time'],
                              [[2, 'subgroup1', self.TIME_ZERO], [1, 'subgroup2', self.TIME_ZERO],
-                               [1, 'subgroup1', self.TIME_LAST_HOUR]])
+                              [1, 'subgroup1', self.TIME_LAST_HOUR]])

    def test_increment(self) -> None:
        stat = LoggingCountStat('test', RealmCount, CountStat.DAY)
@@ -1154,39 +831,6 @@ class TestLoggingCountStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        do_resend_user_invite_email(PreregistrationUser.objects.first())
        assertInviteCountEquals(6)

-    def test_messages_read_hour(self) -> None:
-        read_count_property = 'messages_read::hour'
-        interactions_property = 'messages_read_interactions::hour'
-
-        user1 = self.create_user()
-        user2 = self.create_user()
-        stream, recipient = self.create_stream_with_recipient()
-        self.subscribe(user1, stream.name)
-        self.subscribe(user2, stream.name)
-
-        self.send_personal_message(user1, user2)
-        client = get_client("website")
-        do_mark_all_as_read(user2, client)
-        self.assertEqual(1, UserCount.objects.filter(property=read_count_property)
-                         .aggregate(Sum('value'))['value__sum'])
-        self.assertEqual(1, UserCount.objects.filter(property=interactions_property)
-                         .aggregate(Sum('value'))['value__sum'])
-
-        self.send_stream_message(user1, stream.name)
-        self.send_stream_message(user1, stream.name)
-        do_mark_stream_messages_as_read(user2, client, stream)
-        self.assertEqual(3, UserCount.objects.filter(property=read_count_property)
-                         .aggregate(Sum('value'))['value__sum'])
-        self.assertEqual(2, UserCount.objects.filter(property=interactions_property)
-                         .aggregate(Sum('value'))['value__sum'])
-
-        message = self.send_stream_message(user2, stream.name)
-        do_update_message_flags(user1, client, 'add', 'read', [message])
-        self.assertEqual(4, UserCount.objects.filter(property=read_count_property)
-                         .aggregate(Sum('value'))['value__sum'])
-        self.assertEqual(3, UserCount.objects.filter(property=interactions_property)
-                         .aggregate(Sum('value'))['value__sum'])
-
 class TestDeleteStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
    def test_do_drop_all_analytics_tables(self) -> None:
        user = self.create_user()
@@ -1198,6 +842,7 @@ class TestDeleteStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
        RealmCount.objects.create(realm=user.realm, **count_args)
        InstallationCount.objects.create(**count_args)
        FillState.objects.create(property='test', end_time=self.TIME_ZERO, state=FillState.DONE)
+        Anomaly.objects.create(info='test anomaly')

        analytics = apps.get_app_config('analytics')
        for table in list(analytics.models.values()):
@@ -1220,6 +865,7 @@ class TestDeleteStats(AnalyticsTestCase):
            InstallationCount.objects.create(**count_args)
        FillState.objects.create(property='to_delete', end_time=self.TIME_ZERO, state=FillState.DONE)
        FillState.objects.create(property='to_save', end_time=self.TIME_ZERO, state=FillState.DONE)
+        Anomaly.objects.create(info='test anomaly')

        analytics = apps.get_app_config('analytics')
        for table in list(analytics.models.values()):
@@ -1227,8 +873,11 @@ class TestDeleteStats(AnalyticsTestCase):

        do_drop_single_stat('to_delete')
        for table in list(analytics.models.values()):
-            self.assertFalse(table.objects.filter(property='to_delete').exists())
-            self.assertTrue(table.objects.filter(property='to_save').exists())
+            if table._meta.db_table == 'analytics_anomaly':
+                self.assertTrue(table.objects.exists())
+            else:
+                self.assertFalse(table.objects.filter(property='to_delete').exists())
+                self.assertTrue(table.objects.filter(property='to_save').exists())

 class TestActiveUsersAudit(AnalyticsTestCase):
    def setUp(self) -> None:
@@ -1237,7 +886,7 @@ class TestActiveUsersAudit(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
        self.current_property = self.stat.property

-    def add_event(self, event_type: int, days_offset: float,
+    def add_event(self, event_type: str, days_offset: float,
                  user: Optional[UserProfile]=None) -> None:
        hours_offset = int(24*days_offset)
        if user is None:
@@ -1331,7 +980,7 @@ class TestActiveUsersAudit(AnalyticsTestCase):
    # doesn't go through do_create_user. Mainly just want to make sure that
    # that situation doesn't throw an error.
    def test_empty_realm_or_user_with_no_relevant_activity(self) -> None:
-        self.add_event(RealmAuditLog.USER_SOFT_ACTIVATED, 1)
+        self.add_event('unrelated', 1)
        self.create_user()  # also test a user with no RealmAuditLog entries
        Realm.objects.create(string_id='moo', name='moo')
        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(self.stat, self.TIME_ZERO)
@@ -1339,14 +988,14 @@ class TestActiveUsersAudit(AnalyticsTestCase):

    def test_max_audit_entry_is_unrelated(self) -> None:
        self.add_event(RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED, 1)
-        self.add_event(RealmAuditLog.USER_SOFT_ACTIVATED, .5)
+        self.add_event('unrelated', .5)
        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(self.stat, self.TIME_ZERO)
        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['subgroup'], [['false']])

    # Simultaneous related audit entries should not be allowed, and so not testing for that.
    def test_simultaneous_unrelated_audit_entry(self) -> None:
        self.add_event(RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED, 1)
-        self.add_event(RealmAuditLog.USER_SOFT_ACTIVATED, 1)
+        self.add_event('unrelated', 1)
        do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(self.stat, self.TIME_ZERO)
        self.assertTableState(UserCount, ['subgroup'], [['false']])

@@ -1376,7 +1025,7 @@ class TestActiveUsersAudit(AnalyticsTestCase):
            self.assertTrue(UserCount.objects.filter(
                user=user, property=self.current_property, subgroup='false',
                end_time=end_time, value=1).exists())
-        self.assertFalse(UserCount.objects.filter(user=user2, end_time=end_time).exists())
+        self.assertFalse(UserCount.objects.filter(user=user2).exists())

 class TestRealmActiveHumans(AnalyticsTestCase):
    def setUp(self) -> None:
@@ -1448,7 +1097,6 @@ class TestRealmActiveHumans(AnalyticsTestCase):
        self.create_user(realm=third_realm)

        RealmCount.objects.all().delete()
-        InstallationCount.objects.all().delete()
        for i in [-1, 0, 1]:
            do_fill_count_stat_at_hour(self.stat, self.TIME_ZERO + i*self.DAY)
        self.assertTableState(RealmCount, ['value', 'realm', 'end_time'],
--- a/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase

-
 # A very light test suite; the code being tested is not run in production.
 class TestFixtures(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_deterministic_settings(self) -> None:
--- a/analytics/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_views.py
@@ -1,27 +1,24 @@
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
-from typing import List, Optional
-from unittest import mock
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional

-import ujson
-from django.http import HttpResponse
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+import mock
+from django.utils.timezone import utc

 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
-from analytics.models import FillState, RealmCount, UserCount, last_successful_fill
-from analytics.views import rewrite_client_arrays, sort_by_totals, sort_client_labels
-from corporate.models import get_customer_by_realm
-from zerver.lib.actions import do_create_multiuse_invite_link, do_send_realm_reactivation_email
+from analytics.models import FillState, \
+    RealmCount, UserCount, last_successful_fill
+from analytics.views import get_chart_data, rewrite_client_arrays, \
+    sort_by_totals, sort_client_labels, stats
 from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
-from zerver.lib.test_helpers import reset_emails_in_zulip_realm
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, ceiling_to_hour, datetime_to_timestamp
-from zerver.models import Client, MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, get_realm
-
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, \
+    ceiling_to_hour, datetime_to_timestamp
+from zerver.models import Client, get_realm

 class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_stats(self) -> None:
        self.user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(self.user)
+        self.login(self.user.email)
        result = self.client_get('/stats')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
        # Check that we get something back
@@ -29,7 +26,7 @@ class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):

    def test_guest_user_cant_access_stats(self) -> None:
        self.user = self.example_user('polonius')
-        self.login_user(self.user)
+        self.login(self.user.email)
        result = self.client_get('/stats')
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)

@@ -37,15 +34,15 @@ class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)

    def test_stats_for_realm(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(user)
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)

        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/zulip/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])

        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/not_existing_realm/')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
@@ -55,15 +52,15 @@ class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)

    def test_stats_for_installation(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(user)
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)

        result = self.client_get('/stats/installation')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)

-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])

        result = self.client_get('/stats/installation')
        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
@@ -71,10 +68,9 @@ class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):

 class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
    def setUp(self) -> None:
-        super().setUp()
        self.realm = get_realm('zulip')
        self.user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(self.user)
+        self.login(self.user.email)
        self.end_times_hour = [ceiling_to_hour(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(hours=i)
                               for i in range(4)]
        self.end_times_day = [ceiling_to_day(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(days=i)
@@ -182,23 +178,6 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
            'result': 'success',
        })

-    def test_messages_read_over_time(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_read::hour']
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_read_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'msg': '',
-            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_hour],
-            'frequency': CountStat.HOUR,
-            'everyone': {'read': self.data(100)},
-            'user': {'read': self.data(0)},
-            'display_order': None,
-            'result': 'success',
-        })
-
    def test_include_empty_subgroups(self) -> None:
        FillState.objects.create(
            property='realm_active_humans::day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
@@ -301,86 +280,24 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'Unknown chart name')

    def test_analytics_not_running(self) -> None:
-        realm = get_realm("zulip")
-
-        self.assertEqual(FillState.objects.count(), 0)
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
+        # try to get data for a valid chart, but before we've put anything in the database
+        # (e.g. before update_analytics_counts has been run)
        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
+                                     {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')

-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, hours=2)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
-            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(hours=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        end_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=5)
-        fill_state = FillState.objects.create(property='messages_sent:is_bot:hour', end_time=end_time,
-                                              state=FillState.DONE)
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
-            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        end_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=2)
-        fill_state.end_time = end_time
-        fill_state.save(update_fields=["end_time"])
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, hours=2)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
-            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
-                                     {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data', {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
    def test_get_chart_data_for_realm(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(user)
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)

-        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip',
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip/',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)

-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])

@@ -393,16 +310,16 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
        self.assert_json_success(result)

    def test_get_chart_data_for_installation(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        self.login_user(user)
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)

        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/installation',
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)

-        user = self.example_user('hamlet')
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])

@@ -410,250 +327,13 @@ class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
        self.assert_json_success(result)

-class TestSupportEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_search(self) -> None:
-        reset_emails_in_zulip_realm()
-
-        def check_hamlet_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">user</span>\n', '<h3>King Hamlet</h3>',
-                                             '<b>Email</b>: hamlet@zulip.com', '<b>Is active</b>: True<br>',
-                                             '<b>Admins</b>: desdemona@zulip.com, iago@zulip.com\n',
-                                             'class="copy-button" data-copytext="desdemona@zulip.com, iago@zulip.com"',
-                                             ], result)
-
-        def check_zulip_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            zulip_realm = get_realm("zulip")
-            self.assert_in_success_response([f'<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="{zulip_realm.id}"',
-                                             'Zulip Dev</h3>',
-                                             '<option value="1" selected>Self Hosted</option>',
-                                             '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
-                                             'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
-                                             '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
-                                             '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
-                                             'scrub-realm-button">',
-                                             'data-string-id="zulip"'], result)
-
-        def check_lear_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-            self.assert_in_success_response([f'<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="{lear_realm.id}"',
-                                             'Lear &amp; Co.</h3>',
-                                             '<option value="1" selected>Self Hosted</option>',
-                                             '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
-                                             'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
-                                             '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
-                                             '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
-                                             'scrub-realm-button">',
-                                             'data-string-id="lear"'], result)
-
-        def check_preregistration_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse, email: str, invite: bool=False) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
-                                             f'<b>Email</b>: {email}',
-                                             ], result)
-            if invite:
-                self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
-                self.assert_in_success_response(['<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3',
-                                                 '<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked'], result)
-                self.assert_in_success_response([], result)
-            else:
-                self.assert_not_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
-                self.assert_in_success_response(['<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day',
-                                                 '<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked'], result)
-
-        def check_realm_creation_query_result(result: HttpResponse, email: str) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
-                                             '<span class="label">realm creation</span>\n',
-                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://testserver/accounts/do_confirm/',
-                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day<br>\n',
-                                             ], result)
-
-        def check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">multiuse invite</span>\n',
-                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/join/',
-                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3',
-                                             ], result)
-
-        def check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">realm reactivation</span>\n',
-                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/reactivate/',
-                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day',
-                                             ], result)
-
-        self.login('cordelia')
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        self.login('iago')
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
-        self.assert_in_success_response(['<input type="text" name="q" class="input-xxlarge search-query"'], result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "hamlet@zulip.com"})
-        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear"})
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://lear.testserver"})
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        with self.settings(REALM_HOSTS={'zulip': 'localhost'}):
-            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://localhost"})
-            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "hamlet@zulip.com, lear"})
-        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear, Hamlet <hamlet@zulip.com>"})
-        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        self.client_post('/accounts/home/', {'email': self.nonreg_email("test")})
-        self.login('iago')
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test")})
-        check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test"))
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        stream_ids = [self.get_stream_id("Denmark")]
-        invitee_emails = [self.nonreg_email("test1")]
-        self.client_post("/json/invites", {"invitee_emails": invitee_emails,
-                                           "stream_ids": ujson.dumps(stream_ids),
-                                           "invite_as": PreregistrationUser.INVITE_AS['MEMBER']})
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test1")})
-        check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test1"), invite=True)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        email = self.nonreg_email('alice')
-        self.client_post('/new/', {'email': email})
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": email})
-        check_realm_creation_query_result(result, email)
-
-        do_create_multiuse_invite_link(self.example_user("hamlet"), invited_as=1)
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
-        check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-        MultiuseInvite.objects.all().delete()
-
-        do_send_realm_reactivation_email(get_realm("zulip"))
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
-        check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-    def test_change_plan_type(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{cordelia.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"})
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_change_plan_type") as m:
-            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"})
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), 2)
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["Plan type of Zulip Dev changed from self hosted to limited"], result)
-
-    def test_attach_discount(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
-        lear_realm = get_realm('lear')
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"})
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        self.login('iago')
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.attach_discount_to_realm") as m:
-            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"})
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("lear"), 25)
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["Discount of Lear &amp; Co. changed to 25 from None"], result)
-
-    def test_change_sponsorship_status(self) -> None:
-        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-        self.assertIsNone(get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm))
-
-        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}",
-                                                        "sponsorship_pending": "true"})
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}",
-                                                        "sponsorship_pending": "true"})
-        self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. marked as pending sponsorship."], result)
-        customer = get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm)
-        assert(customer is not None)
-        self.assertTrue(customer.sponsorship_pending)
-
-        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}",
-                                                        "sponsorship_pending": "false"})
-        self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. is no longer pending sponsorship."], result)
-        customer = get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm)
-        assert(customer is not None)
-        self.assertFalse(customer.sponsorship_pending)
-
-    def test_activate_or_deactivate_realm(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
-        lear_realm = get_realm('lear')
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "deactivated"})
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        self.login('iago')
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_deactivate_realm") as m:
-            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "deactivated"})
-            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, self.example_user("iago"))
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. deactivated"], result)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_send_realm_reactivation_email") as m:
-            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "active"})
-            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm)
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["Realm reactivation email sent to admins of Lear"], result)
-
-    def test_scrub_realm(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user('cordelia')
-        lear_realm = get_realm('lear')
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"})
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        self.login('iago')
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_scrub_realm") as m:
-            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "scrub_realm": "scrub_realm"})
-            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, acting_user=self.example_user("iago"))
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. scrubbed"], result)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_scrub_realm") as m:
-            with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-                result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}"})
-            m.assert_not_called()
-
 class TestGetChartDataHelpers(ZulipTestCase):
    # last_successful_fill is in analytics/models.py, but get_chart_data is
    # the only function that uses it at the moment
    def test_last_successful_fill(self) -> None:
        self.assertIsNone(last_successful_fill('non-existant'))
-        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 19, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        one_hour_before = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 18, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 19).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+        one_hour_before = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 18).replace(tzinfo=utc)
        fillstate = FillState.objects.create(property='property', end_time=a_time,
                                             state=FillState.DONE)
        self.assertEqual(last_successful_fill('property'), a_time)
@@ -662,7 +342,7 @@ class TestGetChartDataHelpers(ZulipTestCase):
        self.assertEqual(last_successful_fill('property'), one_hour_before)

    def test_sort_by_totals(self) -> None:
-        empty: List[int] = []
+        empty = []  # type: List[int]
        value_arrays = {'c': [0, 1], 'a': [9], 'b': [1, 1, 1], 'd': empty}
        self.assertEqual(sort_by_totals(value_arrays), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

@@ -676,9 +356,9 @@ class TestTimeRange(ZulipTestCase):
        HOUR = timedelta(hours=1)
        DAY = timedelta(days=1)

-        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, 59, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        floor_hour = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        floor_day = datetime(2016, 3, 14, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, 59).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+        floor_hour = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+        floor_day = datetime(2016, 3, 14).replace(tzinfo=utc)

        # test start == end
        self.assertEqual(time_range(a_time, a_time, CountStat.HOUR, None), [])
--- a/analytics/urls.py
+++ b/analytics/urls.py
@@ -1,34 +1,25 @@
-from django.conf.urls import include
-from django.urls import path
+from django.conf.urls import include, url

 import analytics.views
 from zerver.lib.rest import rest_dispatch

 i18n_urlpatterns = [
    # Server admin (user_profile.is_staff) visible stats pages
-    path('activity', analytics.views.get_activity,
-         name='analytics.views.get_activity'),
-    path('activity/support', analytics.views.support,
-         name='analytics.views.support'),
-    path('realm_activity/<str:realm_str>/', analytics.views.get_realm_activity,
-         name='analytics.views.get_realm_activity'),
-    path('user_activity/<str:email>/', analytics.views.get_user_activity,
-         name='analytics.views.get_user_activity'),
+    url(r'^activity$', analytics.views.get_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_activity'),
+    url(r'^realm_activity/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_realm_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_realm_activity'),
+    url(r'^user_activity/(?P<email>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_user_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_user_activity'),

-    path('stats/realm/<str:realm_str>/', analytics.views.stats_for_realm,
-         name='analytics.views.stats_for_realm'),
-    path('stats/installation', analytics.views.stats_for_installation,
-         name='analytics.views.stats_for_installation'),
-    path('stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation',
-         analytics.views.stats_for_remote_installation,
-         name='analytics.views.stats_for_remote_installation'),
-    path('stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>/',
-         analytics.views.stats_for_remote_realm,
-         name='analytics.views.stats_for_remote_realm'),
+    url(r'^stats/realm/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.stats_for_realm,
+        name='analytics.views.stats_for_realm'),
+    url(r'^stats/installation$', analytics.views.stats_for_installation,
+        name='analytics.views.stats_for_installation'),

    # User-visible stats page
-    path('stats', analytics.views.stats,
-         name='analytics.views.stats'),
+    url(r'^stats$', analytics.views.stats,
+        name='analytics.views.stats'),
 ]

 # These endpoints are a part of the API (V1), which uses:
@@ -41,22 +32,17 @@ i18n_urlpatterns = [
 # All of these paths are accessed by either a /json or /api prefix
 v1_api_and_json_patterns = [
    # get data for the graphs at /stats
-    path('analytics/chart_data', rest_dispatch,
-         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data'}),
-    path('analytics/chart_data/realm/<str:realm_str>', rest_dispatch,
-         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_realm'}),
-    path('analytics/chart_data/installation', rest_dispatch,
-         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_installation'}),
-    path('analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation', rest_dispatch,
-         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_remote_installation'}),
-    path('analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>',
-         rest_dispatch,
-         {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_remote_realm'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data/realm/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_realm'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data/installation$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_installation'}),
 ]

 i18n_urlpatterns += [
-    path('api/v1/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
-    path('json/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^api/v1/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^json/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
 ]

 urlpatterns = i18n_urlpatterns
--- a/analytics/views.py
+++ b/analytics/views.py
--- a/babel.config.js
+++ b/babel.config.js
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-module.exports = {
-    presets: [
-        [
-            "@babel/preset-env",
-            {
-                corejs: 3,
-                loose: true,  // Loose mode for…of loops are 5× faster in Firefox
-                useBuiltIns: "usage",
-            },
-        ],
-        "@babel/typescript",
-    ],
-    plugins: [
-        "@babel/proposal-class-properties",
-        ["@babel/plugin-proposal-unicode-property-regex", { useUnicodeFlag: false }],
-    ],
-    sourceType: "unambiguous",
-};
--- a/confirmation/init.py
+++ b/confirmation/init.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.utils.timezone
-from django.db import migrations, models


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-17 09:16
 from django.db import migrations

--- a/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.2 on 2017-07-08 04:23
 from django.db import migrations, models

--- a/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2017-11-30 00:13
-import django.db.models.deletion
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 18:39
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

 from django.db import migrations, models

--- a/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-03-27 09:02
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('confirmation', '0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='confirmation',
-            name='confirmation_key',
-            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='confirmation',
-            name='date_sent',
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='confirmation',
-            name='object_id',
-            field=models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='realmcreationkey',
-            name='creation_key',
-            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40, verbose_name='activation key'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name='confirmation',
-            unique_together={('type', 'confirmation_key')},
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/confirmation/models.py
+++ b/confirmation/models.py
@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

 __revision__ = '$Id: models.py 28 2009-10-22 15:03:02Z jarek.zgoda $'
-import datetime
-import string
-from random import SystemRandom
-from typing import Mapping, Optional, Union
-from urllib.parse import urljoin

-from django.conf import settings
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
+import datetime
+
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models import CASCADE
+from django.urls import reverse
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
 from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

-from zerver.models import EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, Realm, UserProfile
-
+from zerver.lib.utils import generate_random_token
+from zerver.models import PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite, \
+    UserProfile, Realm
+from random import SystemRandom
+import string
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union

 class ConfirmationKeyException(Exception):
    WRONG_LENGTH = 1
@@ -43,8 +46,7 @@ def generate_key() -> str:

 ConfirmationObjT = Union[MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus]
 def get_object_from_key(confirmation_key: str,
-                        confirmation_type: int,
-                        activate_object: bool=True) -> ConfirmationObjT:
+                        confirmation_type: int) -> ConfirmationObjT:
    # Confirmation keys used to be 40 characters
    if len(confirmation_key) not in (24, 40):
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.WRONG_LENGTH)
@@ -59,42 +61,35 @@ def get_object_from_key(confirmation_key: str,
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED)

    obj = confirmation.content_object
-    if activate_object and hasattr(obj, "status"):
+    if hasattr(obj, "status"):
        obj.status = getattr(settings, 'STATUS_ACTIVE', 1)
        obj.save(update_fields=['status'])
    return obj

-def create_confirmation_link(obj: ContentType,
+def create_confirmation_link(obj: ContentType, host: str,
                             confirmation_type: int,
-                             url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {}) -> str:
+                             url_args: Optional[Dict[str, str]]=None) -> str:
    key = generate_key()
-    realm = None
-    if hasattr(obj, 'realm'):
-        realm = obj.realm
-    elif isinstance(obj, Realm):
-        realm = obj
-
    Confirmation.objects.create(content_object=obj, date_sent=timezone_now(), confirmation_key=key,
-                                realm=realm, type=confirmation_type)
-    return confirmation_url(key, realm, confirmation_type, url_args)
+                                realm=obj.realm, type=confirmation_type)
+    return confirmation_url(key, host, confirmation_type, url_args)

-def confirmation_url(confirmation_key: str, realm: Optional[Realm],
+def confirmation_url(confirmation_key: str, host: str,
                     confirmation_type: int,
-                     url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {}) -> str:
-    url_args = dict(url_args)
+                     url_args: Optional[Dict[str, str]]=None) -> str:
+    if url_args is None:
+        url_args = {}
    url_args['confirmation_key'] = confirmation_key
-    return urljoin(
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI if realm is None else realm.uri,
-        reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args),
-    )
+    return '%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME, host,
+                       reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args))

 class Confirmation(models.Model):
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    object_id: int = models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True)
+    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()  # type: int
    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
-    date_sent: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)
-    confirmation_key: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, db_index=True)
-    realm: Optional[Realm] = models.ForeignKey(Realm, null=True, on_delete=CASCADE)
+    date_sent = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
+    confirmation_key = models.CharField(max_length=40)  # type: str
+    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, null=True, on_delete=CASCADE)  # type: Optional[Realm]

    # The following list is the set of valid types
    USER_REGISTRATION = 1
@@ -104,14 +99,10 @@ class Confirmation(models.Model):
    SERVER_REGISTRATION = 5
    MULTIUSE_INVITE = 6
    REALM_CREATION = 7
-    REALM_REACTIVATION = 8
-    type: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
+    type = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f'<Confirmation: {self.content_object}>'
-
-    class Meta:
-        unique_together = ("type", "confirmation_key")
+        return '<Confirmation: %s>' % (self.content_object,)

 class ConfirmationType:
    def __init__(self, url_name: str,
@@ -130,18 +121,8 @@ _properties = {
        'zerver.views.registration.accounts_home_from_multiuse_invite',
        validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS),
    Confirmation.REALM_CREATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect'),
-    Confirmation.REALM_REACTIVATION: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.realm.realm_reactivation'),
 }

-def one_click_unsubscribe_link(user_profile: UserProfile, email_type: str) -> str:
-    """
-    Generate a unique link that a logged-out user can visit to unsubscribe from
-    Zulip e-mails without having to first log in.
-    """
-    return create_confirmation_link(user_profile,
-                                    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE,
-                                    url_args = {'email_type': email_type})
-
 # Functions related to links generated by the generate_realm_creation_link.py
 # management command.
 # Note that being validated here will just allow the user to access the create_realm
@@ -168,18 +149,18 @@ def generate_realm_creation_url(by_admin: bool=False) -> str:
    RealmCreationKey.objects.create(creation_key=key,
                                    date_created=timezone_now(),
                                    presume_email_valid=by_admin)
-    return urljoin(
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI,
-        reverse('zerver.views.create_realm', kwargs={'creation_key': key}),
-    )
+    return '%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME,
+                       settings.EXTERNAL_HOST,
+                       reverse('zerver.views.create_realm',
+                               kwargs={'creation_key': key}))

 class RealmCreationKey(models.Model):
-    creation_key = models.CharField('activation key', db_index=True, max_length=40)
+    creation_key = models.CharField('activation key', max_length=40)
    date_created = models.DateTimeField('created', default=timezone_now)

    # True just if we should presume the email address the user enters
    # is theirs, and skip sending mail to it to confirm that.
-    presume_email_valid: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
+    presume_email_valid = models.BooleanField(default=False)  # type: bool

    class Invalid(Exception):
        pass
--- a/confirmation/settings.py
+++ b/confirmation/settings.py
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 __revision__ = '$Id: settings.py 12 2008-11-23 19:38:52Z jarek.zgoda $'

 STATUS_ACTIVE = 1
-STATUS_REVOKED = 2
--- a/corporate/lib/stripe.py
+++ b/corporate/lib/stripe.py
@@ -1,32 +1,25 @@
-import logging
-import math
-import os
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from decimal import Decimal
+import datetime
 from functools import wraps
-from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, cast
-
-import stripe
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, TypeVar, Tuple
 import ujson
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.core.signing import Signer
-from django.db import transaction
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _

-from corporate.models import (
-    Customer,
-    CustomerPlan,
-    LicenseLedger,
-    get_current_plan_by_customer,
-    get_current_plan_by_realm,
-    get_customer_by_realm,
-)
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.db import transaction
+from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
+from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+from django.core.signing import Signer
+import stripe
+
+from zerver.lib.exceptions import JsonableError
 from zerver.lib.logging_util import log_to_file
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import datetime_to_timestamp, timestamp_to_datetime
 from zerver.lib.utils import generate_random_token
-from zerver.models import Realm, RealmAuditLog, UserProfile
-from zproject.config import get_secret
+from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type
+from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, RealmAuditLog
+from corporate.models import Customer, Plan, Coupon, BillingProcessor
+from zproject.settings import get_secret

 STRIPE_PUBLISHABLE_KEY = get_secret('stripe_publishable_key')
 stripe.api_key = get_secret('stripe_secret_key')
@@ -39,18 +32,30 @@ billing_logger = logging.getLogger('corporate.stripe')
 log_to_file(billing_logger, BILLING_LOG_PATH)
 log_to_file(logging.getLogger('stripe'), BILLING_LOG_PATH)

-CallableT = TypeVar('CallableT', bound=Callable[..., object])
+## Note: this is no longer accurate, as of when we added coupons
+# To generate the fixture data in stripe_fixtures.json:
+# * Set PRINT_STRIPE_FIXTURE_DATA to True
+# * ./manage.py setup_stripe
+# * Customer.objects.all().delete()
+# * Log in as a user, and go to http://localhost:9991/upgrade/
+# * Click Add card. Enter the following billing details:
+#       Name: Ada Starr, Street: Under the sea, City: Pacific,
+#       Zip: 33333, Country: United States
+#       Card number: 4242424242424242, Expiry: 03/33, CVV: 333
+# * Click Make payment.
+# * Copy out the 4 blobs of json from the dev console into stripe_fixtures.json.
+#   The contents of that file are '{\n' + concatenate the 4 json blobs + '\n}'.
+#   Then you can run e.g. `M-x mark-whole-buffer` and `M-x indent-region` in emacs
+#   to prettify the file (and make 4 space indents).
+# * Copy out the customer id, plan id, and quantity values into
+#   corporate.tests.test_stripe.StripeTest.setUp.
+# * Set PRINT_STRIPE_FIXTURE_DATA to False
+PRINT_STRIPE_FIXTURE_DATA = False

-MIN_INVOICED_LICENSES = 30
-MAX_INVOICED_LICENSES = 1000
-DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE = 30
+CallableT = TypeVar('CallableT', bound=Callable[..., Any])

-def get_latest_seat_count(realm: Realm) -> int:
-    non_guests = UserProfile.objects.filter(
-        realm=realm, is_active=True, is_bot=False).exclude(role=UserProfile.ROLE_GUEST).count()
-    guests = UserProfile.objects.filter(
-        realm=realm, is_active=True, is_bot=False, role=UserProfile.ROLE_GUEST).count()
-    return max(non_guests, math.ceil(guests / 5))
+def get_seat_count(realm: Realm) -> int:
+    return UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True, is_bot=False).count()

 def sign_string(string: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
    salt = generate_random_token(64)
@@ -61,94 +66,13 @@ def unsign_string(signed_string: str, salt: str) -> str:
    signer = Signer(salt=salt)
    return signer.unsign(signed_string)

-# Be extremely careful changing this function. Historical billing periods
-# are not stored anywhere, and are just computed on the fly using this
-# function. Any change you make here should return the same value (or be
-# within a few seconds) for basically any value from when the billing system
-# went online to within a year from now.
-def add_months(dt: datetime, months: int) -> datetime:
-    assert(months >= 0)
-    # It's fine that the max day in Feb is 28 for leap years.
-    MAX_DAY_FOR_MONTH = {1: 31, 2: 28, 3: 31, 4: 30, 5: 31, 6: 30,
-                         7: 31, 8: 31, 9: 30, 10: 31, 11: 30, 12: 31}
-    year = dt.year
-    month = dt.month + months
-    while month > 12:
-        year += 1
-        month -= 12
-    day = min(dt.day, MAX_DAY_FOR_MONTH[month])
-    # datetimes don't support leap seconds, so don't need to worry about those
-    return dt.replace(year=year, month=month, day=day)
-
-def next_month(billing_cycle_anchor: datetime, dt: datetime) -> datetime:
-    estimated_months = round((dt - billing_cycle_anchor).days * 12. / 365)
-    for months in range(max(estimated_months - 1, 0), estimated_months + 2):
-        proposed_next_month = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, months)
-        if 20 < (proposed_next_month - dt).days < 40:
-            return proposed_next_month
-    raise AssertionError('Something wrong in next_month calculation with '
-                         f'billing_cycle_anchor: {billing_cycle_anchor}, dt: {dt}')
-
-def start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> datetime:
-    if plan.status == CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL:
-        assert(plan.next_invoice_date is not None)  # for mypy
-        return plan.next_invoice_date
-
-    months_per_period = {
-        CustomerPlan.ANNUAL: 12,
-        CustomerPlan.MONTHLY: 1,
-    }[plan.billing_schedule]
-    periods = 1
-    dt = plan.billing_cycle_anchor
-    while dt <= event_time:
-        dt = add_months(plan.billing_cycle_anchor, months_per_period * periods)
-        periods += 1
-    return dt
-
-def next_invoice_date(plan: CustomerPlan) -> Optional[datetime]:
-    if plan.status == CustomerPlan.ENDED:
-        return None
-    assert(plan.next_invoice_date is not None)  # for mypy
-    months_per_period = {
-        CustomerPlan.ANNUAL: 12,
-        CustomerPlan.MONTHLY: 1,
-    }[plan.billing_schedule]
-    if plan.automanage_licenses:
-        months_per_period = 1
-    periods = 1
-    dt = plan.billing_cycle_anchor
-    while dt <= plan.next_invoice_date:
-        dt = add_months(plan.billing_cycle_anchor, months_per_period * periods)
-        periods += 1
-    return dt
-
-def renewal_amount(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> int:  # nocoverage: TODO
-    if plan.fixed_price is not None:
-        return plan.fixed_price
-    new_plan, last_ledger_entry = make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
-    if last_ledger_entry is None:
-        return 0
-    if last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal is None:
-        return 0
-    if new_plan is not None:
-        plan = new_plan
-    assert(plan.price_per_license is not None)  # for mypy
-    return plan.price_per_license * last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal
-
-def get_idempotency_key(ledger_entry: LicenseLedger) -> Optional[str]:
-    if settings.TEST_SUITE:
-        return None
-    return f'ledger_entry:{ledger_entry.id}'  # nocoverage
-
 class BillingError(Exception):
    # error messages
-    CONTACT_SUPPORT = _("Something went wrong. Please contact {email}.").format(
-        email=settings.ZULIP_ADMINISTRATOR,
-    )
+    CONTACT_SUPPORT = _("Something went wrong. Please contact %s." % (settings.ZULIP_ADMINISTRATOR,))
    TRY_RELOADING = _("Something went wrong. Please reload the page.")

    # description is used only for tests
-    def __init__(self, description: str, message: str=CONTACT_SUPPORT) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, description: str, message: str) -> None:
        self.description = description
        self.message = message

@@ -160,11 +84,14 @@ class StripeConnectionError(BillingError):

 def catch_stripe_errors(func: CallableT) -> CallableT:
    @wraps(func)
-    def wrapped(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
+    def wrapped(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
        if settings.DEVELOPMENT and not settings.TEST_SUITE:  # nocoverage
            if STRIPE_PUBLISHABLE_KEY is None:
                raise BillingError('missing stripe config', "Missing Stripe config. "
                                   "See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/subsystems/billing.html.")
+            if not Plan.objects.exists():
+                raise BillingError('missing plans',
+                                   "Plan objects not created. Please run ./manage.py setup_stripe")
        try:
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        # See https://stripe.com/docs/api/python#error_handling, though
@@ -172,36 +99,85 @@ def catch_stripe_errors(func: CallableT) -> CallableT:
        # https://stripe.com/docs/error-codes gives a more detailed set of error codes
        except stripe.error.StripeError as e:
            err = e.json_body.get('error', {})
-            billing_logger.error(
-                "Stripe error: %s %s %s %s",
-                e.http_status, err.get('type'), err.get('code'), err.get('param'),
-            )
+            billing_logger.error("Stripe error: %s %s %s %s" % (
+                e.http_status, err.get('type'), err.get('code'), err.get('param')))
            if isinstance(e, stripe.error.CardError):
                # TODO: Look into i18n for this
                raise StripeCardError('card error', err.get('message'))
-            if isinstance(e, (stripe.error.RateLimitError, stripe.error.APIConnectionError)):  # nocoverage TODO
+            if isinstance(e, stripe.error.RateLimitError) or \
+               isinstance(e, stripe.error.APIConnectionError):  # nocoverage TODO
                raise StripeConnectionError(
                    'stripe connection error',
                    _("Something went wrong. Please wait a few seconds and try again."))
            raise BillingError('other stripe error', BillingError.CONTACT_SUPPORT)
-    return cast(CallableT, wrapped)
+    return wrapped  # type: ignore # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/1927

@catch_stripe_errors
 def stripe_get_customer(stripe_customer_id: str) -> stripe.Customer:
-    return stripe.Customer.retrieve(stripe_customer_id, expand=["default_source"])
+    stripe_customer = stripe.Customer.retrieve(stripe_customer_id, expand=["default_source"])
+    if PRINT_STRIPE_FIXTURE_DATA:
+        print(''.join(['"customer_with_subscription": ', str(stripe_customer), ',']))  # nocoverage
+    return stripe_customer

@catch_stripe_errors
-def do_create_stripe_customer(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str]=None) -> Customer:
+def stripe_get_upcoming_invoice(stripe_customer_id: str) -> stripe.Invoice:
+    stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.upcoming(customer=stripe_customer_id)
+    if PRINT_STRIPE_FIXTURE_DATA:
+        print(''.join(['"upcoming_invoice": ', str(stripe_invoice), ',']))  # nocoverage
+    return stripe_invoice
+
+@catch_stripe_errors
+def stripe_get_invoice_preview_for_downgrade(
+        stripe_customer_id: str, stripe_subscription_id: str,
+        stripe_subscriptionitem_id: str) -> stripe.Invoice:
+    return stripe.Invoice.upcoming(
+        customer=stripe_customer_id, subscription=stripe_subscription_id,
+        subscription_items=[{'id': stripe_subscriptionitem_id, 'quantity': 0}])
+
+def preview_invoice_total_for_downgrade(stripe_customer: stripe.Customer) -> int:
+    stripe_subscription = extract_current_subscription(stripe_customer)
+    if stripe_subscription is None:
+        # Most likely situation is: user A goes to billing page, user B
+        # cancels subscription, user A clicks on "downgrade" or something
+        # else that calls this function.
+        billing_logger.error("Trying to extract subscription item that doesn't exist, for Stripe customer %s"
+                             % (stripe_customer.id,))
+        raise BillingError('downgrade without subscription', BillingError.TRY_RELOADING)
+    for item in stripe_subscription['items']:
+        # There should only be one item, but we can't index into stripe_subscription['items']
+        stripe_subscriptionitem_id = item.id
+    return stripe_get_invoice_preview_for_downgrade(
+        stripe_customer.id, stripe_subscription.id, stripe_subscriptionitem_id).total
+
+# Return type should be Optional[stripe.Subscription], which throws a mypy error.
+# Will fix once we add type stubs for the Stripe API.
+def extract_current_subscription(stripe_customer: stripe.Customer) -> Any:
+    if not stripe_customer.subscriptions:
+        return None
+    for stripe_subscription in stripe_customer.subscriptions:
+        if stripe_subscription.status != "canceled":
+            return stripe_subscription
+    return None
+
+@catch_stripe_errors
+def do_create_customer(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str]=None,
+                       coupon: Optional[Coupon]=None) -> stripe.Customer:
    realm = user.realm
+    stripe_coupon_id = None
+    if coupon is not None:
+        stripe_coupon_id = coupon.stripe_coupon_id
    # We could do a better job of handling race conditions here, but if two
    # people from a realm try to upgrade at exactly the same time, the main
    # bad thing that will happen is that we will create an extra stripe
    # customer that we can delete or ignore.
    stripe_customer = stripe.Customer.create(
-        description=f"{realm.string_id} ({realm.name})",
-        email=user.delivery_email,
+        description="%s (%s)" % (realm.string_id, realm.name),
+        email=user.email,
        metadata={'realm_id': realm.id, 'realm_str': realm.string_id},
-        source=stripe_token)
+        source=stripe_token,
+        coupon=stripe_coupon_id)
+    if PRINT_STRIPE_FIXTURE_DATA:
+        print(''.join(['"create_customer": ', str(stripe_customer), ',']))  # nocoverage
    event_time = timestamp_to_datetime(stripe_customer.created)
    with transaction.atomic():
        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
@@ -211,400 +187,231 @@ def do_create_stripe_customer(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str]=Non
            RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
                realm=user.realm, acting_user=user, event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CARD_CHANGED,
                event_time=event_time)
-        customer, created = Customer.objects.update_or_create(realm=realm, defaults={
-            'stripe_customer_id': stripe_customer.id})
+        Customer.objects.create(realm=realm, stripe_customer_id=stripe_customer.id)
        user.is_billing_admin = True
        user.save(update_fields=["is_billing_admin"])
-    return customer
+    return stripe_customer

@catch_stripe_errors
-def do_replace_payment_source(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: str,
-                              pay_invoices: bool=False) -> stripe.Customer:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(user.realm)
-    assert(customer is not None)  # for mypy
-
-    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(customer.stripe_customer_id)
+def do_replace_payment_source(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: str) -> stripe.Customer:
+    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(Customer.objects.get(realm=user.realm).stripe_customer_id)
    stripe_customer.source = stripe_token
    # Deletes existing card: https://stripe.com/docs/api#update_customer-source
+    # This can also have other side effects, e.g. it will try to pay certain past-due
+    # invoices: https://stripe.com/docs/api#update_customer
    updated_stripe_customer = stripe.Customer.save(stripe_customer)
    RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
        realm=user.realm, acting_user=user, event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CARD_CHANGED,
        event_time=timezone_now())
-    if pay_invoices:
-        for stripe_invoice in stripe.Invoice.list(
-                billing='charge_automatically', customer=stripe_customer.id, status='open'):
-            # The user will get either a receipt or a "failed payment" email, but the in-app
-            # messaging could be clearer here (e.g. it could explicitly tell the user that there
-            # were payment(s) and that they succeeded or failed).
-            # Worth fixing if we notice that a lot of cards end up failing at this step.
-            stripe.Invoice.pay(stripe_invoice)
    return updated_stripe_customer

-# event_time should roughly be timezone_now(). Not designed to handle
-# event_times in the past or future
-@transaction.atomic
-def make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan: CustomerPlan,
-                                        event_time: datetime) -> Tuple[Optional[CustomerPlan], Optional[LicenseLedger]]:
-    last_ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan).order_by('-id').first()
-    last_renewal = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan, is_renewal=True) \
-                                        .order_by('-id').first().event_time
-    next_billing_cycle = start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, last_renewal)
-    if next_billing_cycle <= event_time:
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.ACTIVE:
-            return None, LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-                plan=plan, is_renewal=True, event_time=next_billing_cycle,
-                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal)
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL:
-            plan.invoiced_through = last_ledger_entry
-            assert(plan.next_invoice_date is not None)
-            plan.billing_cycle_anchor = plan.next_invoice_date.replace(microsecond=0)
-            plan.status = CustomerPlan.ACTIVE
-            plan.save(update_fields=["invoiced_through", "billing_cycle_anchor", "status"])
-            return None, LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-                plan=plan, is_renewal=True, event_time=next_billing_cycle,
-                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal)
-
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.SWITCH_TO_ANNUAL_AT_END_OF_CYCLE:
-            if plan.fixed_price is not None:  # nocoverage
-                raise NotImplementedError("Can't switch fixed priced monthly plan to annual.")
-
-            plan.status = CustomerPlan.ENDED
-            plan.save(update_fields=["status"])
-
-            discount = plan.customer.default_discount or plan.discount
-            _, _, _, price_per_license = compute_plan_parameters(
-                automanage_licenses=plan.automanage_licenses, billing_schedule=CustomerPlan.ANNUAL,
-                discount=plan.discount
-            )
-
-            new_plan = CustomerPlan.objects.create(
-                customer=plan.customer, billing_schedule=CustomerPlan.ANNUAL, automanage_licenses=plan.automanage_licenses,
-                charge_automatically=plan.charge_automatically, price_per_license=price_per_license,
-                discount=discount, billing_cycle_anchor=next_billing_cycle,
-                tier=plan.tier, status=CustomerPlan.ACTIVE, next_invoice_date=next_billing_cycle,
-                invoiced_through=None, invoicing_status=CustomerPlan.INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT,
-            )
-
-            new_plan_ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-                plan=new_plan, is_renewal=True, event_time=next_billing_cycle,
-                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal
-            )
-
-            RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-                realm=new_plan.customer.realm, event_time=event_time,
-                event_type=RealmAuditLog.CUSTOMER_SWITCHED_FROM_MONTHLY_TO_ANNUAL_PLAN,
-                extra_data=ujson.dumps({
-                    "monthly_plan_id": plan.id,
-                    "annual_plan_id": new_plan.id,
-                })
-            )
-            return new_plan, new_plan_ledger_entry
-
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE:
-            process_downgrade(plan)
-        return None, None
-    return None, last_ledger_entry
-
-# Returns Customer instead of stripe_customer so that we don't make a Stripe
-# API call if there's nothing to update
-def update_or_create_stripe_customer(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str]=None) -> Customer:
-    realm = user.realm
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is None or customer.stripe_customer_id is None:
-        return do_create_stripe_customer(user, stripe_token=stripe_token)
-    if stripe_token is not None:
-        do_replace_payment_source(user, stripe_token)
-    return customer
-
-def compute_plan_parameters(
-        automanage_licenses: bool, billing_schedule: int,
-        discount: Optional[Decimal],
-        free_trial: bool=False) -> Tuple[datetime, datetime, datetime, int]:
-    # Everything in Stripe is stored as timestamps with 1 second resolution,
-    # so standardize on 1 second resolution.
-    # TODO talk about leapseconds?
-    billing_cycle_anchor = timezone_now().replace(microsecond=0)
-    if billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.ANNUAL:
-        # TODO use variables to account for Zulip Plus
-        price_per_license = 8000
-        period_end = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 12)
-    elif billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.MONTHLY:
-        price_per_license = 800
-        period_end = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 1)
-    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f'Unknown billing_schedule: {billing_schedule}')
-    if discount is not None:
-        # There are no fractional cents in Stripe, so round down to nearest integer.
-        price_per_license = int(float(price_per_license * (1 - discount / 100)) + .00001)
-    next_invoice_date = period_end
-    if automanage_licenses:
-        next_invoice_date = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 1)
-    if free_trial:
-        period_end = billing_cycle_anchor + timedelta(days=settings.FREE_TRIAL_DAYS)
-        next_invoice_date = period_end
-    return billing_cycle_anchor, next_invoice_date, period_end, price_per_license
-
-# Only used for cloud signups
@catch_stripe_errors
-def process_initial_upgrade(user: UserProfile, licenses: int, automanage_licenses: bool,
-                            billing_schedule: int, stripe_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
-    realm = user.realm
-    customer = update_or_create_stripe_customer(user, stripe_token=stripe_token)
-    charge_automatically = stripe_token is not None
-    free_trial = settings.FREE_TRIAL_DAYS not in (None, 0)
+def do_replace_coupon(user: UserProfile, coupon: Coupon) -> stripe.Customer:
+    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(Customer.objects.get(realm=user.realm).stripe_customer_id)
+    stripe_customer.coupon = coupon.stripe_coupon_id
+    return stripe.Customer.save(stripe_customer)

-    if get_current_plan_by_customer(customer) is not None:
-        # Unlikely race condition from two people upgrading (clicking "Make payment")
-        # at exactly the same time. Doesn't fully resolve the race condition, but having
-        # a check here reduces the likelihood.
-        billing_logger.warning(
-            "Customer %s trying to upgrade, but has an active subscription", customer,
-        )
+@catch_stripe_errors
+def do_subscribe_customer_to_plan(user: UserProfile, stripe_customer: stripe.Customer, stripe_plan_id: str,
+                                  seat_count: int, tax_percent: float) -> None:
+    if extract_current_subscription(stripe_customer) is not None:
+        # Most likely due to two people in the org going to the billing page,
+        # and then both upgrading their plan. We don't send clients
+        # real-time event updates for the billing pages, so this is more
+        # likely than it would be in other parts of the app.
+        billing_logger.error("Stripe customer %s trying to subscribe to %s, "
+                             "but has an active subscription" % (stripe_customer.id, stripe_plan_id))
        raise BillingError('subscribing with existing subscription', BillingError.TRY_RELOADING)
+    customer = Customer.objects.get(stripe_customer_id=stripe_customer.id)
+    # Note that there is a race condition here, where if two users upgrade at exactly the
+    # same time, they will have two subscriptions, and get charged twice. We could try to
+    # reduce the chance of it with a well-designed idempotency_key, but it's not easy since
+    # we also need to be careful not to block the customer from retrying if their
+    # subscription attempt fails (e.g. due to insufficient funds).

-    billing_cycle_anchor, next_invoice_date, period_end, price_per_license = compute_plan_parameters(
-        automanage_licenses, billing_schedule, customer.default_discount, free_trial)
-    # The main design constraint in this function is that if you upgrade with a credit card, and the
-    # charge fails, everything should be rolled back as if nothing had happened. This is because we
-    # expect frequent card failures on initial signup.
-    # Hence, if we're going to charge a card, do it at the beginning, even if we later may have to
-    # adjust the number of licenses.
-    if charge_automatically:
-        if not free_trial:
-            stripe_charge = stripe.Charge.create(
-                amount=price_per_license * licenses,
-                currency='usd',
-                customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-                description=f"Upgrade to Zulip Standard, ${price_per_license/100} x {licenses}",
-                receipt_email=user.delivery_email,
-                statement_descriptor='Zulip Standard')
-            # Not setting a period start and end, but maybe we should? Unclear what will make things
-            # most similar to the renewal case from an accounting perspective.
-            assert isinstance(stripe_charge.source, stripe.Card)
-            description = f"Payment (Card ending in {stripe_charge.source.last4})"
-            stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
-                amount=price_per_license * licenses * -1,
-                currency='usd',
-                customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-                description=description,
-                discountable=False)
-
-    # TODO: The correctness of this relies on user creation, deactivation, etc being
-    # in a transaction.atomic() with the relevant RealmAuditLog entries
+    # Success here implies the stripe_customer was charged: https://stripe.com/docs/billing/lifecycle#active
+    # Otherwise we should expect it to throw a stripe.error.
+    stripe_subscription = stripe.Subscription.create(
+        customer=stripe_customer.id,
+        billing='charge_automatically',
+        items=[{
+            'plan': stripe_plan_id,
+            'quantity': seat_count,
+        }],
+        prorate=True,
+        tax_percent=tax_percent)
+    if PRINT_STRIPE_FIXTURE_DATA:
+        print(''.join(['"create_subscription": ', str(stripe_subscription), ',']))  # nocoverage
    with transaction.atomic():
-        # billed_licenses can greater than licenses if users are added between the start of
-        # this function (process_initial_upgrade) and now
-        billed_licenses = max(get_latest_seat_count(realm), licenses)
-        plan_params = {
-            'automanage_licenses': automanage_licenses,
-            'charge_automatically': charge_automatically,
-            'price_per_license': price_per_license,
-            'discount': customer.default_discount,
-            'billing_cycle_anchor': billing_cycle_anchor,
-            'billing_schedule': billing_schedule,
-            'tier': CustomerPlan.STANDARD}
-        if free_trial:
-            plan_params['status'] = CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL
-        plan = CustomerPlan.objects.create(
-            customer=customer,
-            next_invoice_date=next_invoice_date,
-            **plan_params)
-        ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-            plan=plan,
-            is_renewal=True,
-            event_time=billing_cycle_anchor,
-            licenses=billed_licenses,
-            licenses_at_next_renewal=billed_licenses)
-        plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
-        plan.save(update_fields=['invoiced_through'])
+        customer.has_billing_relationship = True
+        customer.save(update_fields=['has_billing_relationship'])
+        customer.realm.has_seat_based_plan = True
+        customer.realm.save(update_fields=['has_seat_based_plan'])
        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-            realm=realm, acting_user=user, event_time=billing_cycle_anchor,
-            event_type=RealmAuditLog.CUSTOMER_PLAN_CREATED,
-            extra_data=ujson.dumps(plan_params))
+            realm=customer.realm,
+            acting_user=user,
+            event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_PLAN_CHANGED,
+            event_time=timestamp_to_datetime(stripe_subscription.created),
+            extra_data=ujson.dumps({'plan': stripe_plan_id, 'quantity': seat_count}))

-    if not free_trial:
-        stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
-            currency='usd',
-            customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-            description='Zulip Standard',
-            discountable=False,
-            period = {'start': datetime_to_timestamp(billing_cycle_anchor),
-                      'end': datetime_to_timestamp(period_end)},
-            quantity=billed_licenses,
-            unit_amount=price_per_license)
+        current_seat_count = get_seat_count(customer.realm)
+        if seat_count != current_seat_count:
+            RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
+                realm=customer.realm,
+                event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_PLAN_QUANTITY_RESET,
+                event_time=timestamp_to_datetime(stripe_subscription.created),
+                requires_billing_update=True,
+                extra_data=ujson.dumps({'quantity': current_seat_count}))

-        if charge_automatically:
-            billing_method = 'charge_automatically'
-            days_until_due = None
-        else:
-            billing_method = 'send_invoice'
-            days_until_due = DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE
-
-        stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.create(
-            auto_advance=True,
-            billing=billing_method,
-            customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-            days_until_due=days_until_due,
-            statement_descriptor='Zulip Standard')
-        stripe.Invoice.finalize_invoice(stripe_invoice)
-
-    from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type
-    do_change_plan_type(realm, Realm.STANDARD)
-
-def update_license_ledger_for_automanaged_plan(realm: Realm, plan: CustomerPlan,
-                                               event_time: datetime) -> None:
-    new_plan, last_ledger_entry = make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
-    if last_ledger_entry is None:
-        return
-    if new_plan is not None:
-        plan = new_plan
-    licenses_at_next_renewal = get_latest_seat_count(realm)
-    licenses = max(licenses_at_next_renewal, last_ledger_entry.licenses)
-
-    LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-        plan=plan, event_time=event_time, licenses=licenses,
-        licenses_at_next_renewal=licenses_at_next_renewal)
-
-def update_license_ledger_if_needed(realm: Realm, event_time: datetime) -> None:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if plan is None:
-        return
-    if not plan.automanage_licenses:
-        return
-    update_license_ledger_for_automanaged_plan(realm, plan, event_time)
-
-def invoice_plan(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> None:
-    if plan.invoicing_status == CustomerPlan.STARTED:
-        raise NotImplementedError('Plan with invoicing_status==STARTED needs manual resolution.')
-    make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
-
-    if plan.invoicing_status == CustomerPlan.INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT:
-        invoiced_through_id = -1
-        licenses_base = None
+def process_initial_upgrade(user: UserProfile, plan: Plan, seat_count: int, stripe_token: str) -> None:
+    customer = Customer.objects.filter(realm=user.realm).first()
+    if customer is None:
+        stripe_customer = do_create_customer(user, stripe_token=stripe_token)
    else:
-        assert(plan.invoiced_through is not None)
-        licenses_base = plan.invoiced_through.licenses
-        invoiced_through_id = plan.invoiced_through.id
+        stripe_customer = do_replace_payment_source(user, stripe_token)
+    do_subscribe_customer_to_plan(
+        user=user,
+        stripe_customer=stripe_customer,
+        stripe_plan_id=plan.stripe_plan_id,
+        seat_count=seat_count,
+        # TODO: billing address details are passed to us in the request;
+        # use that to calculate taxes.
+        tax_percent=0)
+    do_change_plan_type(user, Realm.STANDARD)

-    invoice_item_created = False
-    for ledger_entry in LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan, id__gt=invoiced_through_id,
-                                                     event_time__lte=event_time).order_by('id'):
-        price_args: Dict[str, int] = {}
-        if ledger_entry.is_renewal:
-            if plan.fixed_price is not None:
-                price_args = {'amount': plan.fixed_price}
+def attach_discount_to_realm(user: UserProfile, percent_off: int) -> None:
+    coupon = Coupon.objects.get(percent_off=percent_off)
+    customer = Customer.objects.filter(realm=user.realm).first()
+    if customer is None:
+        do_create_customer(user, coupon=coupon)
+    else:
+        do_replace_coupon(user, coupon)
+
+@catch_stripe_errors
+def process_downgrade(user: UserProfile) -> None:
+    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(
+        Customer.objects.filter(realm=user.realm).first().stripe_customer_id)
+    subscription_balance = preview_invoice_total_for_downgrade(stripe_customer)
+    # If subscription_balance > 0, they owe us money. This is likely due to
+    # people they added in the last day, so we can just forgive it.
+    # Stripe automatically forgives it when we delete the subscription, so nothing we need to do there.
+    if subscription_balance < 0:
+        stripe_customer.account_balance = stripe_customer.account_balance + subscription_balance
+    stripe_subscription = extract_current_subscription(stripe_customer)
+    # Wish these two could be transaction.atomic
+    stripe_subscription = stripe_subscription.delete()
+    stripe.Customer.save(stripe_customer)
+    with transaction.atomic():
+        user.realm.has_seat_based_plan = False
+        user.realm.save(update_fields=['has_seat_based_plan'])
+        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
+            realm=user.realm,
+            acting_user=user,
+            event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_PLAN_CHANGED,
+            event_time=timestamp_to_datetime(stripe_subscription.canceled_at),
+            extra_data=ujson.dumps({'plan': None, 'quantity': stripe_subscription.quantity}))
+    # Doing this last, since it results in user-visible confirmation (via
+    # product changes) that the downgrade succeeded.
+    # Keeping it out of the transaction.atomic block because it will
+    # eventually have a lot of stuff going on.
+    do_change_plan_type(user, Realm.LIMITED)
+
+## Process RealmAuditLog
+
+def do_set_subscription_quantity(
+        customer: Customer, timestamp: int, idempotency_key: str, quantity: int) -> None:
+    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(customer.stripe_customer_id)
+    stripe_subscription = extract_current_subscription(stripe_customer)
+    stripe_subscription.quantity = quantity
+    stripe_subscription.proration_date = timestamp
+    stripe_subscription.save(idempotency_key=idempotency_key)
+
+def do_adjust_subscription_quantity(
+        customer: Customer, timestamp: int, idempotency_key: str, delta: int) -> None:
+    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(customer.stripe_customer_id)
+    stripe_subscription = extract_current_subscription(stripe_customer)
+    stripe_subscription.quantity = stripe_subscription.quantity + delta
+    stripe_subscription.proration_date = timestamp
+    stripe_subscription.save(idempotency_key=idempotency_key)
+
+def increment_subscription_quantity(
+        customer: Customer, timestamp: int, idempotency_key: str) -> None:
+    return do_adjust_subscription_quantity(customer, timestamp, idempotency_key, 1)
+
+def decrement_subscription_quantity(
+        customer: Customer, timestamp: int, idempotency_key: str) -> None:
+    return do_adjust_subscription_quantity(customer, timestamp, idempotency_key, -1)
+
+@catch_stripe_errors
+def process_billing_log_entry(processor: BillingProcessor, log_row: RealmAuditLog) -> None:
+    processor.state = BillingProcessor.STARTED
+    processor.log_row = log_row
+    processor.save()
+
+    customer = Customer.objects.get(realm=log_row.realm)
+    timestamp = datetime_to_timestamp(log_row.event_time)
+    idempotency_key = 'process_billing_log_entry:%s' % (log_row.id,)
+    extra_args = {}  # type: Dict[str, Any]
+    if log_row.extra_data is not None:
+        extra_args = ujson.loads(log_row.extra_data)
+    processing_functions = {
+        RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_PLAN_QUANTITY_RESET: do_set_subscription_quantity,
+        RealmAuditLog.USER_CREATED: increment_subscription_quantity,
+        RealmAuditLog.USER_ACTIVATED: increment_subscription_quantity,
+        RealmAuditLog.USER_DEACTIVATED: decrement_subscription_quantity,
+        RealmAuditLog.USER_REACTIVATED: increment_subscription_quantity,
+    }  # type: Dict[str, Callable[..., None]]
+    processing_functions[log_row.event_type](customer, timestamp, idempotency_key, **extra_args)
+
+    processor.state = BillingProcessor.DONE
+    processor.save()
+
+def get_next_billing_log_entry(processor: BillingProcessor) -> Optional[RealmAuditLog]:
+    if processor.state == BillingProcessor.STARTED:
+        return processor.log_row
+    assert processor.state != BillingProcessor.STALLED
+    if processor.state not in [BillingProcessor.DONE, BillingProcessor.SKIPPED]:
+        raise BillingError(
+            'unknown processor state',
+            "Check for typos, since this value is sometimes set by hand: %s" % (processor.state,))
+
+    if processor.realm is None:
+        realms_with_processors = BillingProcessor.objects.exclude(
+            realm=None).values_list('realm', flat=True)
+        query = RealmAuditLog.objects.exclude(realm__in=realms_with_processors)
+    else:
+        global_processor = BillingProcessor.objects.get(realm=None)
+        query = RealmAuditLog.objects.filter(
+            realm=processor.realm, id__lt=global_processor.log_row.id)
+    return query.filter(id__gt=processor.log_row.id,
+                        requires_billing_update=True).order_by('id').first()
+
+def run_billing_processor_one_step(processor: BillingProcessor) -> bool:
+    # Returns True if a row was processed, or if processing was attempted
+    log_row = get_next_billing_log_entry(processor)
+    if log_row is None:
+        if processor.realm is not None:
+            processor.delete()
+        return False
+    try:
+        process_billing_log_entry(processor, log_row)
+        return True
+    except Exception as e:
+        # Possible errors include processing subscription quantity entries
+        # after downgrade, since the downgrade code doesn't check that
+        # billing processor is up to date
+        billing_logger.error("Error on log_row.realm=%s, event_type=%s, log_row.id=%s, "
+                             "processor.id=%s, processor.realm=%s" % (
+                                 processor.log_row.realm.string_id, processor.log_row.event_type,
+                                 processor.log_row.id, processor.id, processor.realm))
+        if isinstance(e, StripeCardError):
+            if processor.realm is None:
+                BillingProcessor.objects.create(log_row=processor.log_row,
+                                                realm=processor.log_row.realm,
+                                                state=BillingProcessor.STALLED)
+                processor.state = BillingProcessor.SKIPPED
            else:
-                assert(plan.price_per_license is not None)  # needed for mypy
-                price_args = {'unit_amount': plan.price_per_license,
-                              'quantity': ledger_entry.licenses}
-            description = "Zulip Standard - renewal"
-        elif licenses_base is not None and ledger_entry.licenses != licenses_base:
-            assert(plan.price_per_license)
-            last_renewal = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(
-                plan=plan, is_renewal=True, event_time__lte=ledger_entry.event_time) \
-                .order_by('-id').first().event_time
-            period_end = start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, ledger_entry.event_time)
-            proration_fraction = (period_end - ledger_entry.event_time) / (period_end - last_renewal)
-            price_args = {'unit_amount': int(plan.price_per_license * proration_fraction + .5),
-                          'quantity': ledger_entry.licenses - licenses_base}
-            description = "Additional license ({} - {})".format(
-                ledger_entry.event_time.strftime('%b %-d, %Y'), period_end.strftime('%b %-d, %Y'))
-
-        if price_args:
-            plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
-            plan.invoicing_status = CustomerPlan.STARTED
-            plan.save(update_fields=['invoicing_status', 'invoiced_through'])
-            stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
-                currency='usd',
-                customer=plan.customer.stripe_customer_id,
-                description=description,
-                discountable=False,
-                period = {'start': datetime_to_timestamp(ledger_entry.event_time),
-                          'end': datetime_to_timestamp(
-                              start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, ledger_entry.event_time))},
-                idempotency_key=get_idempotency_key(ledger_entry),
-                **price_args)
-            invoice_item_created = True
-        plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
-        plan.invoicing_status = CustomerPlan.DONE
-        plan.save(update_fields=['invoicing_status', 'invoiced_through'])
-        licenses_base = ledger_entry.licenses
-
-    if invoice_item_created:
-        if plan.charge_automatically:
-            billing_method = 'charge_automatically'
-            days_until_due = None
-        else:
-            billing_method = 'send_invoice'
-            days_until_due = DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE
-        stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.create(
-            auto_advance=True,
-            billing=billing_method,
-            customer=plan.customer.stripe_customer_id,
-            days_until_due=days_until_due,
-            statement_descriptor='Zulip Standard')
-        stripe.Invoice.finalize_invoice(stripe_invoice)
-
-    plan.next_invoice_date = next_invoice_date(plan)
-    plan.save(update_fields=['next_invoice_date'])
-
-def invoice_plans_as_needed(event_time: datetime=timezone_now()) -> None:
-    for plan in CustomerPlan.objects.filter(next_invoice_date__lte=event_time):
-        invoice_plan(plan, event_time)
-
-def attach_discount_to_realm(realm: Realm, discount: Decimal) -> None:
-    Customer.objects.update_or_create(realm=realm, defaults={'default_discount': discount})
-
-def update_sponsorship_status(realm: Realm, sponsorship_pending: bool) -> None:
-    customer, _ = Customer.objects.get_or_create(realm=realm)
-    customer.sponsorship_pending = sponsorship_pending
-    customer.save(update_fields=["sponsorship_pending"])
-
-def get_discount_for_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[Decimal]:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is not None:
-        return customer.default_discount
-    return None
-
-def do_change_plan_status(plan: CustomerPlan, status: int) -> None:
-    plan.status = status
-    plan.save(update_fields=['status'])
-    billing_logger.info(
-        'Change plan status: Customer.id: %s, CustomerPlan.id: %s, status: %s',
-        plan.customer.id, plan.id, status,
-    )
-
-def process_downgrade(plan: CustomerPlan) -> None:
-    from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type
-    do_change_plan_type(plan.customer.realm, Realm.LIMITED)
-    plan.status = CustomerPlan.ENDED
-    plan.save(update_fields=['status'])
-
-def estimate_annual_recurring_revenue_by_realm() -> Dict[str, int]:  # nocoverage
-    annual_revenue = {}
-    for plan in CustomerPlan.objects.filter(
-            status=CustomerPlan.ACTIVE).select_related('customer__realm'):
-        # TODO: figure out what to do for plans that don't automatically
-        # renew, but which probably will renew
-        renewal_cents = renewal_amount(plan, timezone_now())
-        if plan.billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.MONTHLY:
-            renewal_cents *= 12
-        # TODO: Decimal stuff
-        annual_revenue[plan.customer.realm.string_id] = int(renewal_cents / 100)
-    return annual_revenue
-
-# During realm deactivation we instantly downgrade the plan to Limited.
-# Extra users added in the final month are not charged. Also used
-# for the cancelation of Free Trial.
-def downgrade_now(realm: Realm) -> None:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if plan is None:
-        return
-
-    process_downgrade(plan)
-    plan.invoiced_through = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan).order_by('id').last()
-    plan.next_invoice_date = next_invoice_date(plan)
-    plan.save(update_fields=["invoiced_through", "next_invoice_date"])
+                processor.state = BillingProcessor.STALLED
+            processor.save()
+            return True
+        raise
--- a/corporate/management/commands/process_billing_updates.py
+++ b/corporate/management/commands/process_billing_updates.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""\
+Run BillingProcessors.
+
+This management command is run via supervisor. Do not run on multiple
+machines, as the code has not been made robust to race conditions from doing
+so.  (Alternatively, you can set `BILLING_PROCESSOR_ENABLED=False` on all but
+one machine to make the command have no effect.)
+"""
+
+import time
+from typing import Any
+
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
+
+from zerver.lib.context_managers import lockfile
+from zerver.lib.management import sleep_forever
+from corporate.lib.stripe import StripeConnectionError, \
+    run_billing_processor_one_step
+from corporate.models import BillingProcessor
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = """Run BillingProcessors, to sync billing-relevant updates into Stripe.
+
+Run this command under supervisor.
+
+Usage: ./manage.py process_billing_updates
+"""
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        if not settings.BILLING_PROCESSOR_ENABLED:
+            sleep_forever()
+
+        with lockfile("/tmp/zulip_billing_processor.lockfile"):
+            while True:
+                for processor in BillingProcessor.objects.exclude(
+                        state=BillingProcessor.STALLED):
+                    try:
+                        entry_processed = run_billing_processor_one_step(processor)
+                    except StripeConnectionError:
+                        time.sleep(5*60)
+                    # Less load on the db during times of activity
+                    # and more responsiveness when the load is low
+                    if entry_processed:
+                        time.sleep(10)
+                    else:
+                        time.sleep(2)
--- a/corporate/management/commands/setup_stripe.py
+++ b/corporate/management/commands/setup_stripe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from zerver.lib.management import ZulipBaseCommand
+from corporate.models import Plan, Coupon, Customer
+from zproject.settings import get_secret
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import stripe
+stripe.api_key = get_secret('stripe_secret_key')
+
+class Command(ZulipBaseCommand):
+    help = """Script to add the appropriate products and plans to Stripe."""
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        Customer.objects.all().delete()
+        Plan.objects.all().delete()
+        Coupon.objects.all().delete()
+
+        # Zulip Cloud offerings
+        product = stripe.Product.create(
+            name="Zulip Cloud Standard",
+            type='service',
+            statement_descriptor="Zulip Cloud Standard",
+            unit_label="user")
+
+        plan = stripe.Plan.create(
+            currency='usd',
+            interval='month',
+            product=product.id,
+            amount=800,
+            billing_scheme='per_unit',
+            nickname=Plan.CLOUD_MONTHLY,
+            usage_type='licensed')
+        Plan.objects.create(nickname=Plan.CLOUD_MONTHLY, stripe_plan_id=plan.id)
+
+        plan = stripe.Plan.create(
+            currency='usd',
+            interval='year',
+            product=product.id,
+            amount=8000,
+            billing_scheme='per_unit',
+            nickname=Plan.CLOUD_ANNUAL,
+            usage_type='licensed')
+        Plan.objects.create(nickname=Plan.CLOUD_ANNUAL, stripe_plan_id=plan.id)
+
+        coupon = stripe.Coupon.create(
+            duration='forever',
+            name='25% discount',
+            percent_off=25)
+        Coupon.objects.create(percent_off=25, stripe_coupon_id=coupon.id)
+
+        coupon = stripe.Coupon.create(
+            duration='forever',
+            name='85% discount',
+            percent_off=85)
+        Coupon.objects.create(percent_off=85, stripe_coupon_id=coupon.id)
--- a/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.14 on 2018-09-25 12:02
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
--- a/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-12 20:19
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0001_initial'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='customer',
-            name='default_discount',
-            field=models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=7, null=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-22 21:05
-
-import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0002_customer_default_discount'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='CustomerPlan',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('licenses', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('automanage_licenses', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ('charge_automatically', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ('price_per_license', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ('fixed_price', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ('discount', models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)),
-                ('billing_cycle_anchor', models.DateTimeField()),
-                ('billing_schedule', models.SmallIntegerField()),
-                ('billed_through', models.DateTimeField()),
-                ('next_billing_date', models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)),
-                ('tier', models.SmallIntegerField()),
-                ('status', models.SmallIntegerField(default=1)),
-                ('customer', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='corporate.Customer')),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-19 05:01
-
-import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0003_customerplan'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name='LicenseLedger',
-            fields=[
-                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
-                ('is_renewal', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ('event_time', models.DateTimeField()),
-                ('licenses', models.IntegerField()),
-                ('licenses_at_next_renewal', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ('plan', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='corporate.CustomerPlan')),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0005_customerplan_invoicing.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0005_customerplan_invoicing.py
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-28 13:04
-
-import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0004_licenseledger'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RenameField(
-            model_name='customerplan',
-            old_name='next_billing_date',
-            new_name='next_invoice_date',
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='customerplan',
-            name='billed_through',
-        ),
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='customerplan',
-            name='invoiced_through',
-            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='+', to='corporate.LicenseLedger'),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='customerplan',
-            name='invoicing_status',
-            field=models.SmallIntegerField(default=1),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-29 01:46
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0005_customerplan_invoicing'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='customer',
-            name='stripe_customer_id',
-            field=models.CharField(max_length=255, null=True, unique=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0007_remove_deprecated_fields.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0007_remove_deprecated_fields.py
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-31 22:16
-
-from django.db import migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='billingprocessor',
-            name='log_row',
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='billingprocessor',
-            name='realm',
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name='Coupon',
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name='Plan',
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='customer',
-            name='has_billing_relationship',
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name='customerplan',
-            name='licenses',
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name='BillingProcessor',
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0008_nullable_next_invoice_date.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0008_nullable_next_invoice_date.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.20 on 2019-04-11 00:45
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0007_remove_deprecated_fields'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name='customerplan',
-            name='next_invoice_date',
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0009_customer_sponsorship_pending.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0009_customer_sponsorship_pending.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.13 on 2020-06-09 12:09
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ('corporate', '0008_nullable_next_invoice_date'),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name='customer',
-            name='sponsorship_pending',
-            field=models.BooleanField(default=False),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/models.py
+++ b/corporate/models.py
@@ -1,87 +1,46 @@
 import datetime
-from decimal import Decimal
-from typing import Optional

 from django.db import models
-from django.db.models import CASCADE
-
-from zerver.models import Realm

+from zerver.models import Realm, RealmAuditLog

 class Customer(models.Model):
-    realm: Realm = models.OneToOneField(Realm, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    stripe_customer_id: str = models.CharField(max_length=255, null=True, unique=True)
-    sponsorship_pending: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    # A percentage, like 85.
-    default_discount: Optional[Decimal] = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=7, null=True)
+    realm = models.OneToOneField(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # type: Realm
+    stripe_customer_id = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)  # type: str
+    # Becomes True the first time a payment successfully goes through, and never
+    # goes back to being False
+    has_billing_relationship = models.BooleanField(default=False)  # type: bool

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<Customer {self.realm} {self.stripe_customer_id}>"
+        return "<Customer %s %s>" % (self.realm, self.stripe_customer_id)

-def get_customer_by_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[Customer]:
-    return Customer.objects.filter(realm=realm).first()
+class Plan(models.Model):
+    # The two possible values for nickname
+    CLOUD_MONTHLY = 'monthly'
+    CLOUD_ANNUAL = 'annual'
+    nickname = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)  # type: str

-class CustomerPlan(models.Model):
-    customer: Customer = models.ForeignKey(Customer, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    automanage_licenses: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    charge_automatically: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
+    stripe_plan_id = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)  # type: str

-    # Both of these are in cents. Exactly one of price_per_license or
-    # fixed_price should be set. fixed_price is only for manual deals, and
-    # can't be set via the self-serve billing system.
-    price_per_license: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
-    fixed_price: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
+class Coupon(models.Model):
+    percent_off = models.SmallIntegerField(unique=True)  # type: int
+    stripe_coupon_id = models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)  # type: str

-    # Discount that was applied. For display purposes only.
-    discount: Optional[Decimal] = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return '<Coupon: %s %s %s>' % (self.percent_off, self.stripe_coupon_id, self.id)

-    billing_cycle_anchor: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
-    ANNUAL = 1
-    MONTHLY = 2
-    billing_schedule: int = models.SmallIntegerField()
+class BillingProcessor(models.Model):
+    log_row = models.ForeignKey(RealmAuditLog, on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # RealmAuditLog
+    # Exactly one processor, the global processor, has realm=None.
+    realm = models.OneToOneField(Realm, null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)  # type: Realm

-    next_invoice_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True)
-    invoiced_through: Optional["LicenseLedger"] = models.ForeignKey(
-        'LicenseLedger', null=True, on_delete=CASCADE, related_name='+')
-    DONE = 1
-    STARTED = 2
-    INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT = 3
-    invoicing_status: int = models.SmallIntegerField(default=DONE)
+    DONE = 'done'
+    STARTED = 'started'
+    SKIPPED = 'skipped'  # global processor only
+    STALLED = 'stalled'  # realm processors only
+    state = models.CharField(max_length=20)  # type: str

-    STANDARD = 1
-    PLUS = 2  # not available through self-serve signup
-    ENTERPRISE = 10
-    tier: int = models.SmallIntegerField()
+    last_modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)  # type: datetime.datetime

-    ACTIVE = 1
-    DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE = 2
-    FREE_TRIAL = 3
-    SWITCH_TO_ANNUAL_AT_END_OF_CYCLE = 4
-    # "Live" plans should have a value < LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD.
-    # There should be at most one live plan per customer.
-    LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD = 10
-    ENDED = 11
-    NEVER_STARTED = 12
-    status: int = models.SmallIntegerField(default=ACTIVE)
-
-    # TODO maybe override setattr to ensure billing_cycle_anchor, etc are immutable
-
-def get_current_plan_by_customer(customer: Customer) -> Optional[CustomerPlan]:
-    return CustomerPlan.objects.filter(
-        customer=customer, status__lt=CustomerPlan.LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD).first()
-
-def get_current_plan_by_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[CustomerPlan]:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is None:
-        return None
-    return get_current_plan_by_customer(customer)
-
-class LicenseLedger(models.Model):
-    plan: CustomerPlan = models.ForeignKey(CustomerPlan, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    # Also True for the initial upgrade.
-    is_renewal: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    event_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
-    licenses: int = models.IntegerField()
-    # None means the plan does not automatically renew.
-    # This cannot be None if plan.automanage_licenses.
-    licenses_at_next_renewal: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return '<BillingProcessor: %s %s %s>' % (self.realm, self.log_row, self.id)
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures.json
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+{
+    "create_customer": {
+        "account_balance": 0,
+        "created": 1529990750,
+        "currency": null,
+        "default_source": "card_1Ch9gVGh0CmXqmnwv94RombT",
+        "delinquent": false,
+        "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
+        "discount": {
+            "coupon": {
+                "amount_off": null,
+                "created": 1535002820,
+                "currency": null,
+                "duration": "forever",
+                "duration_in_months": null,
+                "id": "rncBblSZ",
+                "livemode": false,
+                "max_redemptions": null,
+                "metadata": {},
+                "name": "85% discount",
+                "object": "coupon",
+                "percent_off": 85.0,
+                "redeem_by": null,
+                "times_redeemed": 1,
+                "valid": true
+            },
+            "customer": "cus_DT7pd3yW0w8lF1",
+            "end": null,
+            "object": "discount",
+            "start": 1535004909,
+            "subscription": null
+        },
+        "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
+        "id": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+        "invoice_prefix": "23ABC45",
+        "livemode": false,
+        "metadata": {
+            "realm_id": "1",
+            "realm_str": "zulip"
+        },
+        "object": "customer",
+        "shipping": null,
+        "sources": {
+            "data": [
+                {
+                    "address_city": "Pacific",
+                    "address_country": "United States",
+                    "address_line1": "Under the sea",
+                    "address_line1_check": "pass",
+                    "address_line2": null,
+                    "address_state": "FL",
+                    "address_zip": "33333",
+                    "address_zip_check": "pass",
+                    "brand": "Visa",
+                    "country": "US",
+                    "customer": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+                    "cvc_check": "pass",
+                    "dynamic_last4": null,
+                    "exp_month": 3,
+                    "exp_year": 2033,
+                    "fingerprint": "6dAXT9VZvwro65EK",
+                    "funding": "credit",
+                    "id": "card_1Ch9gVGh0CmXqmnwv94RombT",
+                    "last4": "4242",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "Ada Starr",
+                    "object": "card",
+                    "tokenization_method": null
+                }
+            ],
+            "has_more": false,
+            "object": "list",
+            "total_count": 1,
+            "url": "/v1/customers/cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL/sources"
+        },
+        "subscriptions": {}
+    },
+    "create_subscription": {
+        "application_fee_percent": null,
+        "billing": "charge_automatically",
+        "billing_cycle_anchor": 1529990751,
+        "cancel_at_period_end": false,
+        "canceled_at": null,
+        "created": 1529990751,
+        "current_period_end": 1561526751,
+        "current_period_start": 1529990751,
+        "customer": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+        "days_until_due": null,
+        "discount": null,
+        "ended_at": null,
+        "id": "sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah",
+        "items": {
+            "data": [
+                {
+                    "created": 1529990751,
+                    "id": "si_D7OTEItF5ZLN2R",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "object": "subscription_item",
+                    "plan": {
+                        "active": true,
+                        "aggregate_usage": null,
+                        "amount": 8000,
+                        "billing_scheme": "per_unit",
+                        "created": 1529987890,
+                        "currency": "usd",
+                        "id": "plan_Do3xCvbzO89OsR",
+                        "interval": "year",
+                        "interval_count": 1,
+                        "livemode": false,
+                        "metadata": {},
+                        "nickname": "annual",
+                        "object": "plan",
+                        "product": "prod_D7NhmicJvX2edE",
+                        "tiers": null,
+                        "tiers_mode": null,
+                        "transform_usage": null,
+                        "trial_period_days": null,
+                        "usage_type": "licensed"
+                    },
+                    "quantity": 8,
+                    "subscription": "sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah"
+                }
+            ],
+            "has_more": false,
+            "object": "list",
+            "total_count": 1,
+            "url": "/v1/subscription_items?subscription=sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah"
+        },
+        "livemode": false,
+        "metadata": {},
+        "object": "subscription",
+        "plan": {
+            "active": true,
+            "aggregate_usage": null,
+            "amount": 8000,
+            "billing_scheme": "per_unit",
+            "created": 1529987890,
+            "currency": "usd",
+            "id": "plan_Do3xCvbzO89OsR",
+            "interval": "year",
+            "interval_count": 1,
+            "livemode": false,
+            "metadata": {},
+            "nickname": "annual",
+            "object": "plan",
+            "product": "prod_D7NhmicJvX2edE",
+            "tiers": null,
+            "tiers_mode": null,
+            "transform_usage": null,
+            "trial_period_days": null,
+            "usage_type": "licensed"
+        },
+        "quantity": 8,
+        "start": 1529990751,
+        "status": "active",
+        "tax_percent": 0.0,
+        "trial_end": null,
+        "trial_start": null
+    },
+    "customer_with_subscription": {
+        "account_balance": 0,
+        "created": 1529990750,
+        "currency": "usd",
+        "default_source": {
+            "address_city": "Pacific",
+            "address_country": "United States",
+            "address_line1": "Under the sea",
+            "address_line1_check": "pass",
+            "address_line2": null,
+            "address_state": "FL",
+            "address_zip": "33333",
+            "address_zip_check": "pass",
+            "brand": "Visa",
+            "country": "US",
+            "customer": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+            "cvc_check": "pass",
+            "dynamic_last4": null,
+            "exp_month": 3,
+            "exp_year": 2033,
+            "fingerprint": "6dAXT9VZvwro65EK",
+            "funding": "credit",
+            "id": "card_1Ch9gVGh0CmXqmnwv94RombT",
+            "last4": "4242",
+            "metadata": {},
+            "name": "Ada Starr",
+            "object": "card",
+            "tokenization_method": null
+        },
+        "delinquent": false,
+        "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
+        "discount": null,
+        "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
+        "id": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+        "invoice_prefix": "23ABC45",
+        "livemode": false,
+        "metadata": {
+            "realm_id": "1",
+            "realm_str": "zulip"
+        },
+        "object": "customer",
+        "shipping": null,
+        "sources": {
+            "data": [
+                {
+                    "address_city": "Pacific",
+                    "address_country": "United States",
+                    "address_line1": "Under the sea",
+                    "address_line1_check": "pass",
+                    "address_line2": null,
+                    "address_state": "FL",
+                    "address_zip": "33333",
+                    "address_zip_check": "pass",
+                    "brand": "Visa",
+                    "country": "US",
+                    "customer": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+                    "cvc_check": "pass",
+                    "dynamic_last4": null,
+                    "exp_month": 3,
+                    "exp_year": 2033,
+                    "fingerprint": "6dAXT9VZvwro65EK",
+                    "funding": "credit",
+                    "id": "card_1Ch9gVGh0CmXqmnwv94RombT",
+                    "last4": "4242",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "Ada Starr",
+                    "object": "card",
+                    "tokenization_method": null
+                }
+            ],
+            "has_more": false,
+            "object": "list",
+            "total_count": 1,
+            "url": "/v1/customers/cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL/sources"
+        },
+        "subscriptions": {
+            "data": [
+                {
+                    "application_fee_percent": null,
+                    "billing": "charge_automatically",
+                    "billing_cycle_anchor": 1529990751,
+                    "cancel_at_period_end": false,
+                    "canceled_at": null,
+                    "created": 1529990751,
+                    "current_period_end": 1561526751,
+                    "current_period_start": 1529990751,
+                    "customer": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+                    "days_until_due": null,
+                    "discount": null,
+                    "ended_at": null,
+                    "id": "sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah",
+                    "items": {
+                        "data": [
+                            {
+                                "created": 1529990751,
+                                "id": "si_D7OTEItF5ZLN2R",
+                                "metadata": {},
+                                "object": "subscription_item",
+                                "plan": {
+                                    "active": true,
+                                    "aggregate_usage": null,
+                                    "amount": 8000,
+                                    "billing_scheme": "per_unit",
+                                    "created": 1529987890,
+                                    "currency": "usd",
+                                    "id": "plan_Do3xCvbzO89OsR",
+                                    "interval": "year",
+                                    "interval_count": 1,
+                                    "livemode": false,
+                                    "metadata": {},
+                                    "nickname": "annual",
+                                    "object": "plan",
+                                    "product": "prod_D7NhmicJvX2edE",
+                                    "tiers": null,
+                                    "tiers_mode": null,
+                                    "transform_usage": null,
+                                    "trial_period_days": null,
+                                    "usage_type": "licensed"
+                                },
+                                "quantity": 8,
+                                "subscription": "sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah"
+                            }
+                        ],
+                        "has_more": false,
+                        "object": "list",
+                        "total_count": 1,
+                        "url": "/v1/subscription_items?subscription=sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah"
+                    },
+                    "livemode": false,
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "object": "subscription",
+                    "plan": {
+                        "active": true,
+                        "aggregate_usage": null,
+                        "amount": 8000,
+                        "billing_scheme": "per_unit",
+                        "created": 1529987890,
+                        "currency": "usd",
+                        "id": "plan_Do3xCvbzO89OsR",
+                        "interval": "year",
+                        "interval_count": 1,
+                        "livemode": false,
+                        "metadata": {},
+                        "nickname": "annual",
+                        "object": "plan",
+                        "product": "prod_D7NhmicJvX2edE",
+                        "tiers": null,
+                        "tiers_mode": null,
+                        "transform_usage": null,
+                        "trial_period_days": null,
+                        "usage_type": "licensed"
+                    },
+                    "quantity": 8,
+                    "start": 1529990751,
+                    "status": "active",
+                    "tax_percent": 0.0,
+                    "trial_end": null,
+                    "trial_start": null
+                }
+            ],
+            "has_more": false,
+            "object": "list",
+            "total_count": 1,
+            "url": "/v1/customers/cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL/subscriptions"
+        }
+    },
+    "upcoming_invoice": {
+        "amount_due": 64000,
+        "amount_paid": 0,
+        "amount_remaining": 64000,
+        "application_fee": null,
+        "attempt_count": 0,
+        "attempted": false,
+        "billing": "charge_automatically",
+        "billing_reason": "upcoming",
+        "charge": null,
+        "closed": false,
+        "currency": "usd",
+        "customer": "cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL",
+        "date": 1561526751,
+        "description": "",
+        "discount": null,
+        "due_date": null,
+        "ending_balance": null,
+        "forgiven": false,
+        "lines": {
+            "data": [
+                {
+                    "amount": 64000,
+                    "currency": "usd",
+                    "description": "8 user \u00d7 Zulip Cloud Standard (at $80.00 / year)",
+                    "discountable": true,
+                    "id": "sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah",
+                    "livemode": false,
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "object": "line_item",
+                    "period": {
+                        "end": 1593149151,
+                        "start": 1561526751
+                    },
+                    "plan": {
+                        "active": true,
+                        "aggregate_usage": null,
+                        "amount": 8000,
+                        "billing_scheme": "per_unit",
+                        "created": 1529987890,
+                        "currency": "usd",
+                        "id": "plan_Do3xCvbzO89OsR",
+                        "interval": "year",
+                        "interval_count": 1,
+                        "livemode": false,
+                        "metadata": {},
+                        "nickname": "annual",
+                        "object": "plan",
+                        "product": "prod_D7NhmicJvX2edE",
+                        "tiers": null,
+                        "tiers_mode": null,
+                        "transform_usage": null,
+                        "trial_period_days": null,
+                        "usage_type": "licensed"
+                    },
+                    "proration": false,
+                    "quantity": 8,
+                    "subscription": null,
+                    "subscription_item": "si_D7OTEItF5ZLN2R",
+                    "type": "subscription"
+                }
+            ],
+            "has_more": false,
+            "object": "list",
+            "total_count": 1,
+            "url": "/v1/invoices/upcoming/lines?customer=cus_D7OT2jf5YAtZQL"
+        },
+        "livemode": false,
+        "metadata": {},
+        "next_payment_attempt": 1561530351,
+        "number": "23ABC45-0002",
+        "object": "invoice",
+        "paid": false,
+        "period_end": 1561526751,
+        "period_start": 1529990751,
+        "receipt_number": null,
+        "starting_balance": 0,
+        "statement_descriptor": null,
+        "subscription": "sub_D7OTT8FZbOPxah",
+        "subtotal": 64000,
+        "tax": 0,
+        "tax_percent": 0.0,
+        "total": 64000,
+        "webhooks_delivered_at": null
+    },
+}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.1.json
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "amount": 7200,
-  "amount_refunded": 0,
-  "application": null,
-  "application_fee": null,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "billing_details": {
-    "address": {
-      "city": "Pacific",
-      "country": "United States",
-      "line1": "Under the sea,",
-      "line2": null,
-      "postal_code": "33333",
-      "state": null
-    },
-    "email": null,
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "phone": null
-  },
-  "captured": true,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
-  "destination": null,
-  "dispute": null,
-  "failure_code": null,
-  "failure_message": null,
-  "fraud_details": {},
-  "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "invoice": null,
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "object": "charge",
-  "on_behalf_of": null,
-  "order": null,
-  "outcome": {
-    "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-    "reason": null,
-    "risk_level": "normal",
-    "risk_score": 00,
-    "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-    "type": "authorized"
-  },
-  "paid": true,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "payment_method_details": {
-    "card": {
-      "brand": "visa",
-      "checks": {
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-        "cvc_check": "pass"
-      },
-      "country": "US",
-      "exp_month": 3,
-      "exp_year": 2033,
-      "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-      "funding": "credit",
-      "last4": "4242",
-      "three_d_secure": null,
-      "wallet": null
-    },
-    "type": "card"
-  },
-  "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
-  "refunded": false,
-  "refunds": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/charges/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/refunds"
-  },
-  "review": null,
-  "shipping": null,
-  "source": {
-    "address_city": "Pacific",
-    "address_country": "United States",
-    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-    "address_line1_check": "pass",
-    "address_line2": null,
-    "address_state": null,
-    "address_zip": "33333",
-    "address_zip_check": "pass",
-    "brand": "Visa",
-    "country": "US",
-    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-    "cvc_check": "pass",
-    "dynamic_last4": null,
-    "exp_month": 3,
-    "exp_year": 2033,
-    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-    "funding": "credit",
-    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-    "last4": "4242",
-    "metadata": {},
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "object": "card",
-    "tokenization_method": null
-  },
-  "source_transfer": null,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
-  "status": "succeeded",
-  "transfer_data": null,
-  "transfer_group": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.2.json
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "amount": 36000,
-  "amount_refunded": 0,
-  "application": null,
-  "application_fee": null,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "billing_details": {
-    "address": {
-      "city": "Pacific",
-      "country": "United States",
-      "line1": "Under the sea,",
-      "line2": null,
-      "postal_code": "33333",
-      "state": null
-    },
-    "email": null,
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "phone": null
-  },
-  "captured": true,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $60.0 x 6",
-  "destination": null,
-  "dispute": null,
-  "failure_code": null,
-  "failure_message": null,
-  "fraud_details": {},
-  "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "invoice": null,
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "object": "charge",
-  "on_behalf_of": null,
-  "order": null,
-  "outcome": {
-    "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-    "reason": null,
-    "risk_level": "normal",
-    "risk_score": 00,
-    "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-    "type": "authorized"
-  },
-  "paid": true,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "payment_method_details": {
-    "card": {
-      "brand": "visa",
-      "checks": {
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-        "cvc_check": "pass"
-      },
-      "country": "US",
-      "exp_month": 3,
-      "exp_year": 2033,
-      "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-      "funding": "credit",
-      "last4": "4242",
-      "three_d_secure": null,
-      "wallet": null
-    },
-    "type": "card"
-  },
-  "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000002",
-  "refunded": false,
-  "refunds": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/charges/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/refunds"
-  },
-  "review": null,
-  "shipping": null,
-  "source": {
-    "address_city": "Pacific",
-    "address_country": "United States",
-    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-    "address_line1_check": "pass",
-    "address_line2": null,
-    "address_state": null,
-    "address_zip": "33333",
-    "address_zip_check": "pass",
-    "brand": "Visa",
-    "country": "US",
-    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-    "cvc_check": "pass",
-    "dynamic_last4": null,
-    "exp_month": 3,
-    "exp_year": 2033,
-    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-    "funding": "credit",
-    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-    "last4": "4242",
-    "metadata": {},
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "object": "card",
-    "tokenization_method": null
-  },
-  "source_transfer": null,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
-  "status": "succeeded",
-  "transfer_data": null,
-  "transfer_group": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.1.json
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "data": [
-    {
-      "amount": 7200,
-      "amount_refunded": 0,
-      "application": null,
-      "application_fee": null,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "billing_details": {
-        "address": {
-          "city": "Pacific",
-          "country": "United States",
-          "line1": "Under the sea,",
-          "line2": null,
-          "postal_code": "33333",
-          "state": null
-        },
-        "email": null,
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "phone": null
-      },
-      "captured": true,
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
-      "destination": null,
-      "dispute": null,
-      "failure_code": null,
-      "failure_message": null,
-      "fraud_details": {},
-      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "invoice": null,
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "object": "charge",
-      "on_behalf_of": null,
-      "order": null,
-      "outcome": {
-        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-        "reason": null,
-        "risk_level": "normal",
-        "risk_score": 00,
-        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-        "type": "authorized"
-      },
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "payment_method_details": {
-        "card": {
-          "brand": "visa",
-          "checks": {
-            "address_line1_check": "pass",
-            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-            "cvc_check": "pass"
-          },
-          "country": "US",
-          "exp_month": 3,
-          "exp_year": 2033,
-          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-          "funding": "credit",
-          "last4": "4242",
-          "three_d_secure": null,
-          "wallet": null
-        },
-        "type": "card"
-      },
-      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
-      "refunded": false,
-      "refunds": {},
-      "review": null,
-      "shipping": null,
-      "source": {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      },
-      "source_transfer": null,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
-      "status": "succeeded",
-      "transfer_data": null,
-      "transfer_group": null
-    }
-  ],
-  "has_more": false,
-  "object": "list",
-  "url": "/v1/charges"
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.2.json
@@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "data": [
-    {
-      "amount": 36000,
-      "amount_refunded": 0,
-      "application": null,
-      "application_fee": null,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-      "billing_details": {
-        "address": {
-          "city": "Pacific",
-          "country": "United States",
-          "line1": "Under the sea,",
-          "line2": null,
-          "postal_code": "33333",
-          "state": null
-        },
-        "email": null,
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "phone": null
-      },
-      "captured": true,
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $60.0 x 6",
-      "destination": null,
-      "dispute": null,
-      "failure_code": null,
-      "failure_message": null,
-      "fraud_details": {},
-      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-      "invoice": null,
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "object": "charge",
-      "on_behalf_of": null,
-      "order": null,
-      "outcome": {
-        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-        "reason": null,
-        "risk_level": "normal",
-        "risk_score": 00,
-        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-        "type": "authorized"
-      },
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-      "payment_method_details": {
-        "card": {
-          "brand": "visa",
-          "checks": {
-            "address_line1_check": "pass",
-            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-            "cvc_check": "pass"
-          },
-          "country": "US",
-          "exp_month": 3,
-          "exp_year": 2033,
-          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-          "funding": "credit",
-          "last4": "4242",
-          "three_d_secure": null,
-          "wallet": null
-        },
-        "type": "card"
-      },
-      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000002",
-      "refunded": false,
-      "refunds": {},
-      "review": null,
-      "shipping": null,
-      "source": {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      },
-      "source_transfer": null,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
-      "status": "succeeded",
-      "transfer_data": null,
-      "transfer_group": null
-    },
-    {
-      "amount": 7200,
-      "amount_refunded": 0,
-      "application": null,
-      "application_fee": null,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "billing_details": {
-        "address": {
-          "city": "Pacific",
-          "country": "United States",
-          "line1": "Under the sea,",
-          "line2": null,
-          "postal_code": "33333",
-          "state": null
-        },
-        "email": null,
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "phone": null
-      },
-      "captured": true,
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
-      "destination": null,
-      "dispute": null,
-      "failure_code": null,
-      "failure_message": null,
-      "fraud_details": {},
-      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "invoice": null,
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "object": "charge",
-      "on_behalf_of": null,
-      "order": null,
-      "outcome": {
-        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-        "reason": null,
-        "risk_level": "normal",
-        "risk_score": 00,
-        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-        "type": "authorized"
-      },
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "payment_method_details": {
-        "card": {
-          "brand": "visa",
-          "checks": {
-            "address_line1_check": "pass",
-            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-            "cvc_check": "pass"
-          },
-          "country": "US",
-          "exp_month": 3,
-          "exp_year": 2033,
-          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-          "funding": "credit",
-          "last4": "4242",
-          "three_d_secure": null,
-          "wallet": null
-        },
-        "type": "card"
-      },
-      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
-      "refunded": false,
-      "refunds": {},
-      "review": null,
-      "shipping": null,
-      "source": {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      },
-      "source_transfer": null,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "statement_descriptor_suffix": "Zulip Standard",
-      "status": "succeeded",
-      "transfer_data": null,
-      "transfer_group": null
-    }
-  ],
-  "has_more": false,
-  "object": "list",
-  "url": "/v1/charges"
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.create.1.json
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_balance": 0,
-  "address": null,
-  "balance": 0,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": null,
-  "default_source": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "delinquent": false,
-  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
-  "discount": null,
-  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
-  "invoice_settings": {
-    "custom_fields": null,
-    "default_payment_method": null,
-    "footer": null
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {
-    "realm_id": "1",
-    "realm_str": "zulip"
-  },
-  "name": null,
-  "object": "customer",
-  "phone": null,
-  "preferred_locales": [],
-  "shipping": null,
-  "sources": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 1,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
-  },
-  "subscriptions": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
-  },
-  "tax_exempt": "none",
-  "tax_ids": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
-  },
-  "tax_info": null,
-  "tax_info_verification": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.retrieve.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.retrieve.1.json
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_balance": 0,
-  "address": null,
-  "balance": 0,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "default_source": {
-    "address_city": "Pacific",
-    "address_country": "United States",
-    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-    "address_line1_check": "pass",
-    "address_line2": null,
-    "address_state": null,
-    "address_zip": "33333",
-    "address_zip_check": "pass",
-    "brand": "Visa",
-    "country": "US",
-    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-    "cvc_check": "pass",
-    "dynamic_last4": null,
-    "exp_month": 3,
-    "exp_year": 2033,
-    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-    "funding": "credit",
-    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-    "last4": "4242",
-    "metadata": {},
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "object": "card",
-    "tokenization_method": null
-  },
-  "delinquent": false,
-  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
-  "discount": null,
-  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
-  "invoice_settings": {
-    "custom_fields": null,
-    "default_payment_method": null,
-    "footer": null
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {
-    "realm_id": "1",
-    "realm_str": "zulip"
-  },
-  "name": null,
-  "object": "customer",
-  "phone": null,
-  "preferred_locales": [],
-  "shipping": null,
-  "sources": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 1,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
-  },
-  "subscriptions": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
-  },
-  "tax_exempt": "none",
-  "tax_ids": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
-  },
-  "tax_info": null,
-  "tax_info_verification": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.save.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.save.1.json
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_balance": 0,
-  "address": null,
-  "balance": 0,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "default_source": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "delinquent": false,
-  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
-  "discount": null,
-  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
-  "invoice_settings": {
-    "custom_fields": null,
-    "default_payment_method": null,
-    "footer": null
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {
-    "realm_id": "1",
-    "realm_str": "zulip"
-  },
-  "name": null,
-  "object": "customer",
-  "phone": null,
-  "preferred_locales": [],
-  "shipping": null,
-  "sources": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 1,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
-  },
-  "subscriptions": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
-  },
-  "tax_exempt": "none",
-  "tax_ids": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
-  },
-  "tax_info": null,
-  "tax_info_verification": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.1.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_country": "US",
-  "account_name": "Dev account",
-  "amount_due": 0,
-  "amount_paid": 0,
-  "amount_remaining": 0,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "attempt_count": 0,
-  "attempted": false,
-  "auto_advance": true,
-  "billing": "charge_automatically",
-  "billing_reason": "manual",
-  "charge": null,
-  "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "custom_fields": null,
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "customer_address": null,
-  "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "customer_name": null,
-  "customer_phone": null,
-  "customer_shipping": null,
-  "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
-  "customer_tax_ids": [],
-  "default_payment_method": null,
-  "default_source": null,
-  "default_tax_rates": [],
-  "description": "",
-  "discount": null,
-  "due_date": null,
-  "ending_balance": null,
-  "footer": null,
-  "hosted_invoice_url": null,
-  "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "invoice_pdf": null,
-  "lines": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "amount": 7200,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Zulip Standard",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 6,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      },
-      {
-        "amount": -7200,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 1,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 2,
-    "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000001/lines"
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "next_payment_attempt": 1000000000,
-  "number": "NORMALI-0001",
-  "object": "invoice",
-  "paid": false,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "period_end": 1000000000,
-  "period_start": 1000000000,
-  "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "starting_balance": 0,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "status": "draft",
-  "status_transitions": {
-    "finalized_at": null,
-    "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
-    "paid_at": null,
-    "voided_at": null
-  },
-  "subscription": null,
-  "subtotal": 0,
-  "tax": null,
-  "tax_percent": null,
-  "total": 0,
-  "total_tax_amounts": [],
-  "webhooks_delivered_at": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.create.2.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_country": "US",
-  "account_name": "Dev account",
-  "amount_due": 0,
-  "amount_paid": 0,
-  "amount_remaining": 0,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "attempt_count": 0,
-  "attempted": false,
-  "auto_advance": true,
-  "billing": "charge_automatically",
-  "billing_reason": "manual",
-  "charge": null,
-  "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "custom_fields": null,
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "customer_address": null,
-  "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "customer_name": null,
-  "customer_phone": null,
-  "customer_shipping": null,
-  "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
-  "customer_tax_ids": [],
-  "default_payment_method": null,
-  "default_source": null,
-  "default_tax_rates": [],
-  "description": "",
-  "discount": null,
-  "due_date": null,
-  "ending_balance": null,
-  "footer": null,
-  "hosted_invoice_url": null,
-  "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "invoice_pdf": null,
-  "lines": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "amount": 36000,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Zulip Standard",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 6,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      },
-      {
-        "amount": -36000,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 1,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 2,
-    "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000002/lines"
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "next_payment_attempt": 1000000000,
-  "number": "NORMALI-0002",
-  "object": "invoice",
-  "paid": false,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "period_end": 1000000000,
-  "period_start": 1000000000,
-  "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "starting_balance": 0,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "status": "draft",
-  "status_transitions": {
-    "finalized_at": null,
-    "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
-    "paid_at": null,
-    "voided_at": null
-  },
-  "subscription": null,
-  "subtotal": 0,
-  "tax": null,
-  "tax_percent": null,
-  "total": 0,
-  "total_tax_amounts": [],
-  "webhooks_delivered_at": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.finalize_invoice.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.finalize_invoice.1.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_country": "US",
-  "account_name": "Dev account",
-  "amount_due": 0,
-  "amount_paid": 0,
-  "amount_remaining": 0,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "attempt_count": 0,
-  "attempted": true,
-  "auto_advance": false,
-  "billing": "charge_automatically",
-  "billing_reason": "manual",
-  "charge": null,
-  "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "custom_fields": null,
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "customer_address": null,
-  "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "customer_name": null,
-  "customer_phone": null,
-  "customer_shipping": null,
-  "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
-  "customer_tax_ids": [],
-  "default_payment_method": null,
-  "default_source": null,
-  "default_tax_rates": [],
-  "description": "",
-  "discount": null,
-  "due_date": 1000000000,
-  "ending_balance": 0,
-  "footer": null,
-  "hosted_invoice_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001",
-  "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "invoice_pdf": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001/pdf",
-  "lines": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "amount": 7200,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Zulip Standard",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 6,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      },
-      {
-        "amount": -7200,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 1,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 2,
-    "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000001/lines"
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "next_payment_attempt": null,
-  "number": "NORMALI-0001",
-  "object": "invoice",
-  "paid": true,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "period_end": 1000000000,
-  "period_start": 1000000000,
-  "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "starting_balance": 0,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "status": "paid",
-  "status_transitions": {
-    "finalized_at": 1000000000,
-    "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
-    "paid_at": 1000000000,
-    "voided_at": null
-  },
-  "subscription": null,
-  "subtotal": 0,
-  "tax": null,
-  "tax_percent": null,
-  "total": 0,
-  "total_tax_amounts": [],
-  "webhooks_delivered_at": 1000000000
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.finalize_invoice.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.finalize_invoice.2.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_country": "US",
-  "account_name": "Dev account",
-  "amount_due": 0,
-  "amount_paid": 0,
-  "amount_remaining": 0,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "attempt_count": 0,
-  "attempted": true,
-  "auto_advance": false,
-  "billing": "charge_automatically",
-  "billing_reason": "manual",
-  "charge": null,
-  "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "custom_fields": null,
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "customer_address": null,
-  "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "customer_name": null,
-  "customer_phone": null,
-  "customer_shipping": null,
-  "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
-  "customer_tax_ids": [],
-  "default_payment_method": null,
-  "default_source": null,
-  "default_tax_rates": [],
-  "description": "",
-  "discount": null,
-  "due_date": 1000000000,
-  "ending_balance": 0,
-  "footer": null,
-  "hosted_invoice_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000002",
-  "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "invoice_pdf": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000002/pdf",
-  "lines": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "amount": 36000,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Zulip Standard",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 6,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      },
-      {
-        "amount": -36000,
-        "currency": "usd",
-        "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
-        "discountable": false,
-        "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
-        "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
-        "livemode": false,
-        "metadata": {},
-        "object": "line_item",
-        "period": {
-          "end": 1000000000,
-          "start": 1000000000
-        },
-        "plan": null,
-        "proration": false,
-        "quantity": 1,
-        "subscription": null,
-        "tax_amounts": [],
-        "tax_rates": [],
-        "type": "invoiceitem"
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 2,
-    "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000002/lines"
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "next_payment_attempt": null,
-  "number": "NORMALI-0002",
-  "object": "invoice",
-  "paid": true,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "period_end": 1000000000,
-  "period_start": 1000000000,
-  "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "starting_balance": 0,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "status": "paid",
-  "status_transitions": {
-    "finalized_at": 1000000000,
-    "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
-    "paid_at": 1000000000,
-    "voided_at": null
-  },
-  "subscription": null,
-  "subtotal": 0,
-  "tax": null,
-  "tax_percent": null,
-  "total": 0,
-  "total_tax_amounts": [],
-  "webhooks_delivered_at": 1000000000
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.list.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.list.1.json
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "data": [
-    {
-      "account_country": "US",
-      "account_name": "Dev account",
-      "amount_due": 0,
-      "amount_paid": 0,
-      "amount_remaining": 0,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "attempt_count": 0,
-      "attempted": true,
-      "auto_advance": false,
-      "billing": "charge_automatically",
-      "billing_reason": "manual",
-      "charge": null,
-      "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "custom_fields": null,
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "customer_address": null,
-      "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "customer_name": null,
-      "customer_phone": null,
-      "customer_shipping": null,
-      "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
-      "customer_tax_ids": [],
-      "default_payment_method": null,
-      "default_source": null,
-      "default_tax_rates": [],
-      "description": "",
-      "discount": null,
-      "due_date": 1000000000,
-      "ending_balance": 0,
-      "footer": null,
-      "hosted_invoice_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001",
-      "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "invoice_pdf": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001/pdf",
-      "lines": {
-        "data": [
-          {
-            "amount": 7200,
-            "currency": "usd",
-            "description": "Zulip Standard",
-            "discountable": false,
-            "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-            "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-            "livemode": false,
-            "metadata": {},
-            "object": "line_item",
-            "period": {
-              "end": 1000000000,
-              "start": 1000000000
-            },
-            "plan": null,
-            "proration": false,
-            "quantity": 6,
-            "subscription": null,
-            "tax_amounts": [],
-            "tax_rates": [],
-            "type": "invoiceitem"
-          },
-          {
-            "amount": -7200,
-            "currency": "usd",
-            "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
-            "discountable": false,
-            "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-            "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-            "livemode": false,
-            "metadata": {},
-            "object": "line_item",
-            "period": {
-              "end": 1000000000,
-              "start": 1000000000
-            },
-            "plan": null,
-            "proration": false,
-            "quantity": 1,
-            "subscription": null,
-            "tax_amounts": [],
-            "tax_rates": [],
-            "type": "invoiceitem"
-          }
-        ],
-        "has_more": false,
-        "object": "list",
-        "total_count": 2,
-        "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000001/lines"
-      },
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "next_payment_attempt": null,
-      "number": "NORMALI-0001",
-      "object": "invoice",
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "period_end": 1000000000,
-      "period_start": 1000000000,
-      "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-      "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "starting_balance": 0,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "status": "paid",
-      "status_transitions": {
-        "finalized_at": 1000000000,
-        "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
-        "paid_at": 1000000000,
-        "voided_at": null
-      },
-      "subscription": null,
-      "subtotal": 0,
-      "tax": null,
-      "tax_percent": null,
-      "total": 0,
-      "total_tax_amounts": [],
-      "webhooks_delivered_at": 1000000000
-    }
-  ],
-  "has_more": false,
-  "object": "list",
-  "url": "/v1/invoices"
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.list.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Invoice.list.2.json
@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "data": [
-    {
-      "account_country": "US",
-      "account_name": "Dev account",
-      "amount_due": 0,
-      "amount_paid": 0,
-      "amount_remaining": 0,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "attempt_count": 0,
-      "attempted": true,
-      "auto_advance": false,
-      "billing": "charge_automatically",
-      "billing_reason": "manual",
-      "charge": null,
-      "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "custom_fields": null,
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "customer_address": null,
-      "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "customer_name": null,
-      "customer_phone": null,
-      "customer_shipping": null,
-      "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
-      "customer_tax_ids": [],
-      "default_payment_method": null,
-      "default_source": null,
-      "default_tax_rates": [],
-      "description": "",
-      "discount": null,
-      "due_date": 1000000000,
-      "ending_balance": 0,
-      "footer": null,
-      "hosted_invoice_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000002",
-      "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-      "invoice_pdf": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000002/pdf",
-      "lines": {
-        "data": [
-          {
-            "amount": 36000,
-            "currency": "usd",
-            "description": "Zulip Standard",
-            "discountable": false,
-            "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
-            "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000003",
-            "livemode": false,
-            "metadata": {},
-            "object": "line_item",
-            "period": {
-              "end": 1000000000,
-              "start": 1000000000
-            },
-            "plan": null,
-            "proration": false,
-            "quantity": 6,
-            "subscription": null,
-            "tax_amounts": [],
-            "tax_rates": [],
-            "type": "invoiceitem"
-          },
-          {
-            "amount": -36000,
-            "currency": "usd",
-            "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
-            "discountable": false,
-            "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
-            "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000004",
-            "livemode": false,
-            "metadata": {},
-            "object": "line_item",
-            "period": {
-              "end": 1000000000,
-              "start": 1000000000
-            },
-            "plan": null,
-            "proration": false,
-            "quantity": 1,
-            "subscription": null,
-            "tax_amounts": [],
-            "tax_rates": [],
-            "type": "invoiceitem"
-          }
-        ],
-        "has_more": false,
-        "object": "list",
-        "total_count": 2,
-        "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000002/lines"
-      },
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "next_payment_attempt": null,
-      "number": "NORMALI-0002",
-      "object": "invoice",
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "period_end": 1000000000,
-      "period_start": 1000000000,
-      "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-      "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "starting_balance": 0,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "status": "paid",
-      "status_transitions": {
-        "finalized_at": 1000000000,
-        "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
-        "paid_at": 1000000000,
-        "voided_at": null
-      },
-      "subscription": null,
-      "subtotal": 0,
-      "tax": null,
-      "tax_percent": null,
-      "total": 0,
-      "total_tax_amounts": [],
-      "webhooks_delivered_at": 1000000000
-    },
-    {
-      "account_country": "US",
-      "account_name": "Dev account",
-      "amount_due": 0,
-      "amount_paid": 0,
-      "amount_remaining": 0,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "attempt_count": 0,
-      "attempted": true,
-      "auto_advance": false,
-      "billing": "charge_automatically",
-      "billing_reason": "manual",
-      "charge": null,
-      "collection_method": "charge_automatically",
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "custom_fields": null,
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "customer_address": null,
-      "customer_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "customer_name": null,
-      "customer_phone": null,
-      "customer_shipping": null,
-      "customer_tax_exempt": "none",
-      "customer_tax_ids": [],
-      "default_payment_method": null,
-      "default_source": null,
-      "default_tax_rates": [],
-      "description": "",
-      "discount": null,
-      "due_date": 1000000000,
-      "ending_balance": 0,
-      "footer": null,
-      "hosted_invoice_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001",
-      "id": "in_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "invoice_pdf": "https://pay.stripe.com/invoice/invst_NORMALIZED0000000000000001/pdf",
-      "lines": {
-        "data": [
-          {
-            "amount": 7200,
-            "currency": "usd",
-            "description": "Zulip Standard",
-            "discountable": false,
-            "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-            "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-            "livemode": false,
-            "metadata": {},
-            "object": "line_item",
-            "period": {
-              "end": 1000000000,
-              "start": 1000000000
-            },
-            "plan": null,
-            "proration": false,
-            "quantity": 6,
-            "subscription": null,
-            "tax_amounts": [],
-            "tax_rates": [],
-            "type": "invoiceitem"
-          },
-          {
-            "amount": -7200,
-            "currency": "usd",
-            "description": "Payment (Card ending in 4242)",
-            "discountable": false,
-            "id": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-            "invoice_item": "ii_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-            "livemode": false,
-            "metadata": {},
-            "object": "line_item",
-            "period": {
-              "end": 1000000000,
-              "start": 1000000000
-            },
-            "plan": null,
-            "proration": false,
-            "quantity": 1,
-            "subscription": null,
-            "tax_amounts": [],
-            "tax_rates": [],
-            "type": "invoiceitem"
-          }
-        ],
-        "has_more": false,
-        "object": "list",
-        "total_count": 2,
-        "url": "/v1/invoices/in_NORMALIZED00000000000001/lines"
-      },
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "next_payment_attempt": null,
-      "number": "NORMALI-0001",
-      "object": "invoice",
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "period_end": 1000000000,
-      "period_start": 1000000000,
-      "post_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-      "pre_payment_credit_notes_amount": 0,
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "starting_balance": 0,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "status": "paid",
-      "status_transitions": {
-        "finalized_at": 1000000000,
-        "marked_uncollectible_at": null,
-        "paid_at": 1000000000,
-        "voided_at": null
-      },
-      "subscription": null,
-      "subtotal": 0,
-      "tax": null,
-      "tax_percent": null,
-      "total": 0,
-      "total_tax_amounts": [],
-      "webhooks_delivered_at": 1000000000
-    }
-  ],
-  "has_more": false,
-  "object": "list",
-  "url": "/v1/invoices"
-}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Tim Abbott	8e7ac21fe0	Release Zulip Server 1.9.2.	2019-01-29 16:33:36 -08:00
Tim Abbott	cbfae3e0d0	import: Fix uploading avatars with S3 upload backend. This should hopefully be the last commit of this form; ultimately, my hope is that we'll be able to refactor the semi-duplicated logic in this file to avoid so much effort going into keeping this correct.	2019-01-29 16:26:19 -08:00
Tim Abbott	ffeb4340a9	auth: Migrate Google authentication off deprecated name API. As part of Google+ being removed, they've eliminated support for the /plus/v1/people/me endpoint. Replace it with the very similar /oauth2/v3/userinfo endpoint.	2019-01-29 16:17:27 -08:00
Matthew Wegner	79f781b9ea	import: Normalize Slackbot String Comparison. In very old Slack workspaces, slackbot can appear as "Slackbot", and the import script only checks for "slackbot" (case sensitive). This breaks the import--it throws the assert that immediately follows the test. I don't know how common this is, but it definitely affected our import. The simple fix is to compare against a lowercased-version of the user's full name.	2019-01-29 16:14:10 -08:00
Tim Abbott	fd89df63b4	hipchat: Fix importing of private messages. Apparently a stupid typing issue meant that we broke this a few weeks ago.	2019-01-29 16:13:25 -08:00
Tim Abbott	509d335705	import: Handle corner case around EMAIL_GATEWAY_BOT emails.	2019-01-29 16:12:01 -08:00
Tim Abbott	ce28ccf2bf	import: Fix pointer logic for zulip->zulip imports. Previously, the pointer was almost guaranteed to be an invalid random value, because we renumber message IDs unconditionally now.	2019-01-29 16:11:56 -08:00
Tim Abbott	4adbeedef6	hipchat: Handle unusual emoticons.json format. Apparently, hc-migrate can generate emoticons.json files with a somewhat different format. Assuming that other files are in the normal format, we should be able to handle it like this. See report in #11135.	2019-01-29 16:11:34 -08:00
Tim Abbott	09ed7d5b77	hipchat: Handle case where emoticons.json is not in export. Apparently, some methods of exporting from HipChat do not include an emoticons.json file. We could test for this using the `include_emoticons` field in `metadata.json`, but we currently don't even bother to read that file. Rather than changing that, we just print a warning and proceed. This is arguably better anyway, in that often not having emoticons.json is the result of user error when exporting, and it's nice to flag that this is happening. Fixes #11135.	2019-01-29 16:11:30 -08:00
Tim Abbott	f445d3f589	import: Ensure presence of basic avatar images for HipChat. Our HipChat conversion tool didn't properly handle basic avatar images, resulting in only the medium-size avatar images being imported properly. This fixes that bug by asking the import tool to do the thumbnailing for the basic avatar image (from the .original file) as well as the medium avatar image.	2019-01-29 16:11:23 -08:00
Tim Abbott	e8ee374d4f	slack import: Import long-inactive users as long-term idle. This avoids creating UserMessage rows for long-inactive users in organizations with many thousands of users.	2019-01-29 16:10:59 -08:00
Tim Abbott	9ff5359522	export: Remove assertion on current working directory. This command hasn't made deep assumptions about CWD for a long time, and this enables users to run it through a symlink (etc.). Fixes #10961.	2019-01-29 16:10:26 -08:00
Tim Abbott	a31f56443a	import: Avoid unnecessary forks when downloading attachments. The previous implementation used run_parallel incorrectly, passing it a set of very small jobs (each was to download a single file), which meant that we'd end up forking once for every file to download. This correct implementation sends each of N threads 1/N of the files to download, which is more consistent with the goal of distributing the download work between N threads.	2019-01-29 16:09:42 -08:00
rht	0b263d8b8c	slack import: Eliminate need to load all messages into memory. This works by yielding messages sorted based on timestamp. Because the Slack exports are broken into files by date, it's convenient to do a 2-layer sorting process, where we open all the files for a given day, and then sort their messages by timestamp before yielding them. Fixes #10930.	2019-01-29 16:09:37 -08:00
Tim Abbott	ad00b02c66	slack import: Fix all messages being imported to one channel. This was an ugly variable-escape-from-loop regression introduced in `e59ff6e6db`.	2019-01-29 16:09:06 -08:00
Tim Abbott	02f2ae4048	slack import: Fix empty values for custom profile fields. The Slack import process would incorrectly issue CustomProfileFieldValue entries with a value of "" for users who didn't have a given CustomProfileField (especially common for the "skype" and "phone" fields). This had no user-visible effect, but certainly added some clutter in the database.	2019-01-29 16:09:02 -08:00
Tim Abbott	56d4426738	gitter: Do something reasonable with invalid fullnames.	2019-01-29 16:08:55 -08:00
Tim Abbott	f0fe7d3887	scripts: Recommend apt update after enabling universe. One needs to manually do an apt update after add-apt-repository, or it won't actually work.	2019-01-29 16:07:31 -08:00
Sumanth V Rao	21166fbdf9	upgrade-zulip-stage-2: Added argument to skip purging old deployments. This makes it possible to add --skip-purge-old-deployments in the deploy_options section of /etc/zulip/zulip.conf, and control whether old deployments are purged automatically on a system. We still need to do https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues/10534 and probably also to add these arguments to be directly passed into upgrade-zulip, but that can wait for future work. Fixes #10946.	2019-01-29 16:06:08 -08:00
Tim Abbott	b2c865aab5	scripts: Fix incorrect garbage-collection of emoji/node caches. Apparently, we were incorrectly expressing the paths in the caches_in_use data structures for these two cache-cleaning algorithms, resulting in the default threshhold_days algorithm controlling which caches could be garbage-collected. While the emoji one was just a performance optimization for upgrade-zulip-from-git, it was possible for the main `node_modules` cache in use in production to be GCed, resulting in LaTeX rendering being broken.	2019-01-29 16:05:32 -08:00
Tim Abbott	fd9847ffcb	Release Zulip Server 1.9.1.	2018-11-30 13:10:54 -08:00
Tim Abbott	2bca1d4ef0	docs: Move generic reverse proxy notes further down.	2018-11-30 13:08:34 -08:00
Bruce	871fdddf86	docs: Document how to use Zulip behind an haproxy reverse proxy. With significant rearrangement by tabbott to have more common text between different proxy implementations.	2018-11-30 13:08:34 -08:00
Igor Posledov	bf4e01eb02	docs: Add nginx reverse proxy basic config example.	2018-11-30 13:08:34 -08:00
Tim Abbott	92ea9a0729	show_admins: Rewrite to use management library. This makes this command more standardized, and helps avoid future bugs like the one fixed in the last commit.	2018-11-30 13:08:34 -08:00
Tim Abbott	a36cb9b247	show_admins: Fix buggy realm parsing.	2018-11-30 13:08:34 -08:00
Rohitt Vashishtha	da71f67f85	scripts: Cleanly exit manage.py when run with python2. Fixes #10854.	2018-11-30 13:08:34 -08:00
Anders Kaseorg	5518abe1d6	install: Check whether universe repository is enabled on Ubuntu. Fixes #10417. Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <andersk@mit.edu>	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Rohitt Vashishtha	b34848447e	scripts: Make upgrade-zulip-* use root checking from zulip_tools. This is mostly just a nice code deduplication/cleanup.	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Rohitt Vashishtha	3d5c994a32	scripts: Make manage.py use root checking from zulip_tools.	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Rohitt Vashishtha	cfa2c6bf37	scripts: Make zulip-puppet-apply check if the user is root. Fixes #10833.	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Rohitt Vashishtha	3d243a457f	scripts: Add util functions for checking root to zulip_tools.	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Tim Abbott	e414036eb3	docs: Fix missing quotes in `su zulip -c` documentation. This fixes an actual user-facing issue in our mobile push notifications documentation (where we were incorrectly failing to quote the argument to `./manage.py register_server` making it not work), as well as preventing future similar issues from occurring again via a linter rule.	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Tim Abbott	9ec154bbe8	docs: Document how to setup system postfix email with Zulip.	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Tim Abbott	da479c3613	setup-apt-repo: Install gnupg as part of installation. Apparently, on Debian stretch, the gnupg package isn't installed by default, which means that our `apt-key add` commands were failing with these errors on an ultra-minimal Debian installation: + apt-key add ./scripts/setup/packagecloud.asc E: gnupg, gnupg2 and gnupg1 do not seem to be installed, but one of them is required for this operation + apt-key add ./scripts/setup/pgroonga-debian.asc E: gnupg, gnupg2 and gnupg1 do not seem to be installed, but one of them is required for this operation Fixes #10480.	2018-11-30 13:08:33 -08:00
Tim Abbott	23d8f6e6b0	i18n: Update translation data from transifex.	2018-11-28 12:48:53 -08:00
Tim Abbott	d929ad0122	upload: Fix ensure_medium_avatar_image for S3 backend. Previously, it tried to interact with the wrong path for the original image.	2018-11-28 12:30:24 -08:00
Tim Abbott	429d0f9728	push notifications: Improve logging for missing configuration. While it could make sense to print these logging statements at WARN level on server startup, it doesn't make sense to do so on every message (though it perhaps did make sense to do so before more recent changes added good ways to discover you forgot to configure push notifications). Instead, we now just do a WARN log on queue processor startup, and then at DEBUG level for individual messages. Fixes #10894.	2018-11-28 12:30:24 -08:00
Tim Abbott	c905915055	push notifications: Fix a comment typo.	2018-11-28 12:30:24 -08:00
Tim Abbott	b238d0e75e	docs: Fix some broken links in security model doc. Apparently, we haven't been running test-documentation in production of late.	2018-11-28 12:30:23 -08:00
Tim Abbott	a4ebdac521	docs: Document how to use AWS SIGv4 with boto. This is required in some AWS regions. The right long-term fix is to move to boto3 which doesn't have this problem. Allows us to downgrade the priority of #9376.	2018-11-28 12:27:18 -08:00
Tim Abbott	bdd6e1fabe	docs: Fix accidental repeat bullet #1 in S3 backend documentation. Due to missing indentation, the numbering was resetting to 1 rather than continuing to 6.	2018-11-28 12:27:15 -08:00
Vishnu Ks	d120ee25b4	auth: Always force Google to show account chooser. Fixes #10515	2018-11-16 11:57:12 -08:00
Tim Abbott	14938fbf4c	nginx: Fix missing API authentication configuration. This fixes a bug where our API routes for uploaded files (where we need to use a consistent URL between session auth and API auth) were not properly configured to pass through the API authentication headers (and otherwise provide REST endpoint settings). In particular, this prevented the Zulip mobile apps from being able to access authenticated image files using these URLs.	2018-11-16 11:57:05 -08:00
Tim Abbott	8babe17f8f	docs: Clarify preparatory process for data import. You need a Zulip server running the a matching version, and no longer need to do an upgrade from master before using established import tools.	2018-11-14 17:15:02 -08:00
Tim Abbott	724e1d3002	docs: Link to setup-certbot multiple hostname support.	2018-11-14 13:10:05 -08:00
Rohitt Vashishtha	a474a08195	setup-cerbot: Allow issuing certificates for multiple domains. This commit allows specifying Subject Alternative Names to issue certs for multiple domains using certbot. The first name passed to certbot-auto becomes the common name for the certificate; common name and the other names are then added to the SAN field. All of these arguments are now positional. Also read the following for the certbot syntax reference: https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/how-to-specify-subject-name-on-san/ Fixes #10674.	2018-11-14 13:10:02 -08:00
Tim Abbott	a48bbef766	docs: Clarify push registration for running manage.py correctly. We've had several users get errors running this because they ran it as a bash script; fix this my making the command super explicit.	2018-11-14 13:09:58 -08:00
Tim Abbott	71c5632e07	install: Provide a suggestive error message when missing Universe. By far the dominant cause of errors when installing apt packages is not having the Universe repository enabled in Ubuntu bionic (this seems to have started happening a lot recently; I wonder if Ubuntu changed the defaults for new server installs or something?). In any case, providing that suggestion in the error output should help reduce these a lot.	2018-11-12 10:57:07 -08:00
Tim Abbott	498b6e4670	install: Improve some error output for common errors. This uses `set +x` to hide the `echo` output, and then sets the font color to red.	2018-11-12 10:57:04 -08:00
Tim Abbott	925ddc28f4	import: Don't assume a last_modified key is present. This fixes an exception when importing uploaded file data from Slack/HipChat.	2018-11-08 15:29:49 -08:00
Tim Abbott	3651b8d254	import: Fix buggy handling of avatars in Slack conversion. This was a pretty nasty error, where we were accidentally accessing the parent list in this inner loop function. This appears to have been introduced as a refactoring bug in `7822ef38c2`.	2018-11-08 15:29:25 -08:00
Tim Abbott	90d3cbceed	docs: Further document tokenized noreply email addresses. We should still extend email.html to explain the security issue a bit more clearly, since the article we link to is super long.	2018-11-08 15:29:22 -08:00