docker: Set has_appserver=0 correctly.

2025-10-23 04:52:12 +00:00 · 2018-05-15 08:16:39 -07:00
5076 changed files with 309080 additions and 653206 deletions
--- a/.browserslistrc
+++ b/.browserslistrc
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-> 0.15%
-> 0.15% in US
-last 2 versions
-Firefox ESR
-not dead
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# See CircleCI upstream's docs on this config format:
+#   https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/language-python/
+#
+version: 2
+jobs:
+  "trusty-python-3.4":
+    docker:
+      # This is built from tools/circleci/images/trusty/Dockerfile .
+      - image: gregprice/circleci:trusty-python-4.test
+
+    working_directory: ~/zulip
+
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - run:
+          name: create cache directories
+          command: |
+              dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv}-cache)
+              sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
+              sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
+
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-npm-base.trusty-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-venv-base.trusty-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: install dependencies
+          command: |
+            # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
+            sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
+
+            # CircleCI sets the following in Git config at clone time:
+            #   url.ssh://git@github.com.insteadOf https://github.com
+            # This breaks the Git clones in the NVM `install.sh` we run
+            # in `install-node`.
+            # TODO: figure out why that breaks, and whether we want it.
+            #   (Is it an optimization?)
+            rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
+
+            # This is the main setup job for the test suite
+            mispipe "tools/travis/setup-backend" ts
+
+            # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in Circle, because
+            # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
+            # mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0" ts
+
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
+          key: v1-npm-base.trusty-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
+          key: v1-venv-base.trusty-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+      # TODO: in Travis we also cache ~/zulip-emoji-cache, ~/node, ~/misc
+
+      # The moment of truth!  Run the tests.
+
+      - run:
+          name: run backend tests
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            mispipe ./tools/travis/backend ts
+
+      - run:
+          name: run frontend tests
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            mispipe ./tools/travis/frontend ts
+
+      -  run:
+          name: upload coverage report
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            pip install codecov && codecov \
+              || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
+
+      # - store_artifacts:  # TODO
+      #     path: var/casper/
+      #     # also /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/
+      #     destination: test-reports
+
+  "xenial-python-3.5":
+    docker:
+      # This is built from tools/circleci/images/xenial/Dockerfile .
+      - image: gregprice/circleci:xenial-python-3.test
+
+    working_directory: ~/zulip
+
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - run:
+          name: create cache directories
+          command: |
+              dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv}-cache)
+              sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
+              sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
+
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-npm-base.xenial-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - restore_cache:
+          keys:
+          - v1-venv-base.xenial-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: install dependencies
+          command: |
+            sudo apt-get update
+            sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
+            rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
+            mispipe "tools/travis/setup-backend" ts
+
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
+          key: v1-npm-base.xenial-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+      - save_cache:
+          paths:
+            - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
+          key: v1-venv-base.xenial-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+      - run:
+          name: run backend tests
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            mispipe ./tools/travis/backend ts
+
+      -  run:
+          name: upload coverage report
+          command: |
+            . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+            pip install codecov && codecov \
+              || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
+
+workflows:
+  version: 2
+  build:
+    jobs:
+      - "trusty-python-3.4"
+      - "xenial-python-3.5"
--- a/.codecov.yml
+++ b/.codecov.yml
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ coverage:
    project:
      default:
        target: auto
-        # Codecov has the tendency to report a lot of false negatives,
-        # so we basically suppress comments completely.
-        threshold: 50%
+        threshold: 0.50
        base: auto
    patch: off
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -3,22 +3,17 @@ root = true
 [*]
 end_of_line = lf
 charset = utf-8
-indent_size = 4
-indent_style = space
-insert_final_newline = true
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+insert_final_newline = true

-binary_next_line = true  # for shfmt
-switch_case_indent = true  # for shfmt
+[*.{sh,py,pyi,js,json,yml,xml,css,md,markdown,handlebars,html}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4

-[{*.{js,json,ts},check-openapi}]
-max_line_length = 100
-
-[*.{py,pyi}]
-max_line_length = 110
-
-[*.{svg,rb,pp,yaml,yml}]
+[*.{svg,rb,pp,pl}]
+indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2

-[package.json]
-indent_size = 2
+[*.{cfg}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 8
--- a/.eslintignore
+++ b/.eslintignore
@@ -1,15 +1,2 @@
-# This is intended for generated files and vendored third-party files.
-# For our source code, instead of adding files here, consider using
-# specific eslint-disable comments in the files themselves.
-
-/docs/_build
-/static/generated
-/static/third
-/static/webpack-bundles
-/var/*
-!/var/puppeteer
-/var/puppeteer/*
-!/var/puppeteer/test_credentials.d.ts
-/zulip-current-venv
-/zulip-py3-venv
-/zulip-thumbor-venv
+static/js/blueslip.js
+static/webpack-bundles
--- a/.eslintrc.json
+++ b/.eslintrc.json
@@ -1,227 +1,362 @@
 {
    "env": {
-        "es2020": true,
-        "node": true
+        "node": true,
+        "es6": true
    },
-    "extends": [
-        "eslint:recommended",
-        "plugin:import/errors",
-        "plugin:import/warnings",
-        "plugin:unicorn/recommended",
-        "prettier"
-    ],
-    "parser": "@babel/eslint-parser",
    "parserOptions": {
-        "warnOnUnsupportedTypeScriptVersion": false,
-        "sourceType": "unambiguous"
+        "sourceType": "module"
    },
-    "reportUnusedDisableDirectives": true,
+    "globals": {
+        "$": false,
+        "_": false,
+        "jQuery": false,
+        "Spinner": false,
+        "Handlebars": false,
+        "XDate": false,
+        "zxcvbn": false,
+        "SockJS": false,
+        "marked": false,
+        "md5": false,
+        "moment": false,
+        "i18n": false,
+        "LightboxCanvas": false,
+        "bridge": false,
+        "page_params": false,
+        "attachments_ui": false,
+        "csrf_token": false,
+        "typeahead_helper": false,
+        "pygments_data": false,
+        "popovers": false,
+        "server_events": false,
+        "server_events_dispatch": false,
+        "message_scroll": false,
+        "keydown_util": false,
+        "info_overlay": false,
+        "ui": false,
+        "ui_report": false,
+        "night_mode": false,
+        "ui_util": false,
+        "lightbox": false,
+        "input_pill": false,
+        "user_pill": false,
+        "compose_pm_pill": false,
+        "stream_color": false,
+        "people": false,
+        "user_groups": false,
+        "navigate": false,
+        "toMarkdown": false,
+        "settings_toggle": false,
+        "settings_account": false,
+        "settings_display": false,
+        "settings_notifications": false,
+        "settings_muting": false,
+        "settings_bots": false,
+        "settings_sections": false,
+        "settings_emoji": false,
+        "settings_org": false,
+        "settings_ui": false,
+        "settings_users": false,
+        "settings_streams": false,
+        "settings_filters": false,
+        "settings_invites": false,
+        "settings_user_groups": false,
+        "settings_profile_fields": false,
+        "settings": false,
+        "resize": false,
+        "loading": false,
+        "typing": false,
+        "typing_events": false,
+        "typing_data": false,
+        "typing_status": false,
+        "sent_messages": false,
+        "transmit": false,
+        "compose": false,
+        "compose_actions": false,
+        "compose_state": false,
+        "compose_fade": false,
+        "overlays": false,
+        "stream_create": false,
+        "stream_edit": false,
+        "subs": false,
+        "stream_muting": false,
+        "stream_events": false,
+        "timerender": false,
+        "message_live_update": false,
+        "message_edit": false,
+        "reload": false,
+        "composebox_typeahead": false,
+        "search": false,
+        "topic_list": false,
+        "topic_generator": false,
+        "gear_menu": false,
+        "hashchange": false,
+        "hash_util": false,
+        "FetchStatus": false,
+        "message_list": false,
+        "Filter": false,
+        "flatpickr": false,
+        "pointer": false,
+        "util": false,
+        "MessageListData": false,
+        "MessageListView": false,
+        "blueslip": false,
+        "rows": false,
+        "WinChan": false,
+        "muting_ui": false,
+        "Socket": false,
+        "channel": false,
+        "components": false,
+        "scroll_util": false,
+        "message_viewport": false,
+        "upload_widget": false,
+        "avatar": false,
+        "realm_icon": false,
+        "feature_flags": false,
+        "search_suggestion": false,
+        "notifications": false,
+        "message_flags": false,
+        "bot_data": false,
+        "top_left_corner": false,
+        "stream_sort": false,
+        "stream_list": false,
+        "stream_popover": false,
+        "narrow_state": false,
+        "narrow": false,
+        "admin_sections": false,
+        "admin": false,
+        "stream_data": false,
+        "topic_data": false,
+        "list_util": false,
+        "muting": false,
+        "Dict": false,
+        "unread": false,
+        "alert_words_ui": false,
+        "message_store": false,
+        "message_util": false,
+        "message_events": false,
+        "message_fetch": false,
+        "favicon": false,
+        "condense": false,
+        "list_render": false,
+        "floating_recipient_bar": false,
+        "tab_bar": false,
+        "emoji": false,
+        "presence": false,
+        "user_search": false,
+        "buddy_data": false,
+        "buddy_list": false,
+        "list_cursor": false,
+        "activity": false,
+        "invite": false,
+        "colorspace": false,
+        "reactions": false,
+        "tutorial": false,
+        "templates": false,
+        "alert_words": false,
+        "fenced_code": false,
+        "markdown": false,
+        "echo": false,
+        "localstorage": false,
+        "localStorage": false,
+        "current_msg_list": true,
+        "home_msg_list": false,
+        "pm_list": false,
+        "pm_conversations": false,
+        "recent_senders": false,
+        "unread_ui": false,
+        "unread_ops": false,
+        "upload": false,
+        "user_events": false,
+        "Plotly": false,
+        "emoji_codes": false,
+        "drafts": false,
+        "katex": false,
+        "ClipboardJS": false,
+        "emoji_picker": false,
+        "hotspots": false,
+        "compose_ui": false,
+        "common": false,
+        "panels": false,
+        "PerfectScrollbar": false
+    },
+    "plugins": [
+        "eslint-plugin-empty-returns"
+    ],
    "rules": {
        "array-callback-return": "error",
-        "arrow-body-style": "error",
-        "block-scoped-var": "error",
-        "consistent-return": "error",
-        "curly": "error",
-        "dot-notation": "error",
-        "eqeqeq": "error",
-        "guard-for-in": "error",
-        "import/extensions": "error",
-        "import/first": "error",
-        "import/newline-after-import": "error",
-        "import/no-useless-path-segments": "error",
-        "import/order": [
-            "error",
+        "array-bracket-spacing": "error",
+        "arrow-spacing": [ "error", { "before": true, "after": true } ],
+        "block-scoped-var": 2,
+        "brace-style": [ "error", "1tbs", { "allowSingleLine": true } ],
+        "camelcase": 0,
+        "comma-dangle": [ "error",
            {
-                "alphabetize": {"order": "asc"},
-                "newlines-between": "always"
+                "arrays": "always-multiline",
+                "objects": "always-multiline",
+                "imports": "always-multiline",
+                "exports": "always-multiline",
+                "functions": "never"
            }
        ],
-        "import/unambiguous": "error",
-        "lines-around-directive": "error",
-        "new-cap": "error",
-        "no-alert": "error",
-        "no-array-constructor": "error",
-        "no-bitwise": "error",
-        "no-caller": "error",
-        "no-catch-shadow": "error",
-        "no-constant-condition": ["error", {"checkLoops": false}],
-        "no-div-regex": "error",
-        "no-duplicate-imports": "error",
-        "no-else-return": "error",
-        "no-eq-null": "error",
-        "no-eval": "error",
-        "no-implicit-coercion": "error",
-        "no-implied-eval": "error",
-        "no-inner-declarations": "off",
-        "no-iterator": "error",
-        "no-label-var": "error",
-        "no-labels": "error",
-        "no-loop-func": "error",
-        "no-multi-str": "error",
-        "no-native-reassign": "error",
-        "no-new-func": "error",
-        "no-new-object": "error",
-        "no-new-wrappers": "error",
-        "no-octal-escape": "error",
-        "no-plusplus": "error",
-        "no-proto": "error",
-        "no-return-assign": "error",
-        "no-script-url": "error",
-        "no-self-compare": "error",
-        "no-sync": "error",
-        "no-throw-literal": "error",
-        "no-undef-init": "error",
-        "no-unneeded-ternary": ["error", {"defaultAssignment": false}],
-        "no-unused-expressions": "error",
-        "no-use-before-define": ["error", {"functions": false}],
-        "no-useless-concat": "error",
-        "no-useless-constructor": "error",
-        "no-var": "error",
-        "object-shorthand": "error",
-        "one-var": ["error", "never"],
-        "prefer-arrow-callback": "error",
-        "prefer-const": [
-            "error",
+        "complexity": [ 0, 4 ],
+        "curly": 2,
+        "dot-notation": [ "error", { "allowKeywords": true } ],
+        "empty-returns/main": "error",
+        "eol-last": [ "error", "always" ],
+        "eqeqeq": 2,
+        "func-style": [ "off", "expression" ],
+        "guard-for-in": 2,
+        "indent": ["error", 4, {
+            "ArrayExpression": "first",
+            "outerIIFEBody": 0,
+            "ObjectExpression": "first",
+            "SwitchCase": 0,
+            "CallExpression": {"arguments": "first"},
+            "FunctionExpression": {"parameters": "first"},
+            "FunctionDeclaration": {"parameters": "first"}
+        }],
+        "keyword-spacing": [ "error",
            {
+                "before": true,
+                "after": true,
+                "overrides": {
+                    "return": { "after": true },
+                    "throw": { "after": true },
+                    "case": { "after": true }
+                }
+            }
+        ],
+        "max-depth": [ 0, 4 ],
+        "max-len": [ "error", 100, 2,
+            {
+                "ignoreUrls": true,
+                "ignoreComments": false,
+                "ignoreRegExpLiterals": true,
+                "ignoreStrings": true,
+                "ignoreTemplateLiterals": true
+            }
+        ],
+        "max-params": [ 0, 3 ],
+        "max-statements": [ 0, 10 ],
+        "new-cap": [ "error",
+            {
+                "newIsCap": true,
+                "capIsNew": false
+            }
+        ],
+        "new-parens": 2,
+        "newline-per-chained-call": 0,
+        "no-alert": 2,
+        "no-array-constructor": "error",
+        "no-bitwise": 2,
+        "no-caller": 2,
+        "no-case-declarations": "error",
+        "no-catch-shadow": 2,
+        "no-console": 0,
+        "no-const-assign": "error",
+        "no-control-regex": 2,
+        "no-debugger": 2,
+        "no-delete-var": 2,
+        "no-div-regex": 2,
+        "no-dupe-class-members": "error",
+        "no-dupe-keys": 2,
+        "no-duplicate-imports": "error",
+        "no-else-return": 2,
+        "no-empty": 2,
+        "no-empty-character-class": 2,
+        "no-eq-null": 2,
+        "no-eval": 2,
+        "no-ex-assign": 2,
+        "no-extra-parens": [ "error", "functions" ],
+        "no-extra-semi": 2,
+        "no-fallthrough": 2,
+        "no-floating-decimal": 2,
+        "no-func-assign": 2,
+        "no-implied-eval": 2,
+        "no-iterator": "error",
+        "no-label-var": 2,
+        "no-labels": 2,
+        "no-loop-func": 2,
+        "no-mixed-requires": [ 0, false ],
+        "no-multi-str": 2,
+        "no-native-reassign": 2,
+        "no-nested-ternary": 0,
+        "no-new-func": "error",
+        "no-new-object": 2,
+        "no-new-wrappers": 2,
+        "no-obj-calls": 2,
+        "no-octal": 2,
+        "no-octal-escape": 2,
+        "no-param-reassign": 0,
+        "no-plusplus": 2,
+        "no-proto": 2,
+        "no-redeclare": 2,
+        "no-regex-spaces": 2,
+        "no-restricted-syntax": 0,
+        "no-return-assign": 2,
+        "no-script-url": 2,
+        "no-self-compare": 2,
+        "no-shadow": 0,
+        "no-sync": 2,
+        "no-ternary": 0,
+        "no-undef": "error",
+        "no-undef-init": 2,
+        "no-underscore-dangle": 0,
+        "no-unneeded-ternary": [ "error", { "defaultAssignment": false } ],
+        "no-unreachable": 2,
+        "no-unused-expressions": 2,
+        "no-unused-vars": [ "error",
+            {
+                "vars": "local",
+                "args": "after-used",
+                "varsIgnorePattern": "print_elapsed_time|check_duplicate_ids"
+            }
+        ],
+        "no-use-before-define": 2,
+        "no-useless-constructor": "error",
+        // The Zulip codebase complies partially with the "no-useless-escape"
+        // rule; only regex expressions haven't been updated yet.
+        // Updated regex expressions are currently being tested in casper
+        // files and will decide about a potential future enforcement of this rule.
+        "no-useless-escape": 0,
+        "no-whitespace-before-property": 0,
+        "no-with": 2,
+        "one-var": [ "error", "never" ],
+        "padded-blocks": 0,
+        "prefer-const": [ "error",
+            {
+                "destructuring": "any",
                "ignoreReadBeforeAssign": true
            }
        ],
-        "radix": "error",
-        "sort-imports": ["error", {"ignoreDeclarationSort": true}],
-        "spaced-comment": ["error", "always", {"markers": ["/"]}],
-        "strict": "error",
-        "unicorn/consistent-function-scoping": "off",
-        "unicorn/explicit-length-check": "off",
-        "unicorn/filename-case": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-nested-ternary": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-null": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-process-exit": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-useless-undefined": "off",
-        "unicorn/number-literal-case": "off",
-        "unicorn/prefer-spread": "off",
-        "unicorn/prefer-ternary": "off",
-        "unicorn/prevent-abbreviations": "off",
-        "valid-typeof": ["error", {"requireStringLiterals": true}],
-        "yoda": "error"
-    },
-    "overrides": [
-        {
-            "files": ["frontend_tests/puppeteer_lib/**", "frontend_tests/puppeteer_tests/**"],
-            "globals": {
-                "$": false,
-                "zulip_test": false
+        "quote-props": [ "error", "as-needed",
+            {
+                "keywords": false,
+                "unnecessary": true,
+                "numbers": false
            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["static/js/**"],
-            "globals": {
-                "StripeCheckout": false
+        ],
+        "quotes": [ 0, "single" ],
+        "radix": 2,
+        "semi": 2,
+        "space-before-blocks": 2,
+        "space-before-function-paren": [ "error",
+            {
+                "anonymous": "always",
+                "named": "never",
+                "asyncArrow": "always"
            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["**/*.ts"],
-            "extends": ["plugin:@typescript-eslint/recommended", "plugin:import/typescript"],
-            "parserOptions": {
-                "project": "tsconfig.json"
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                // Disable base rule to avoid conflict
-                "no-duplicate-imports": "off",
-                "no-unused-vars": "off",
-                "no-useless-constructor": "off",
-
-                "@typescript-eslint/array-type": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/await-thenable": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-imports": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": [
-                    "error",
-                    {"allowExpressions": true}
-                ],
-                "@typescript-eslint/member-ordering": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-duplicate-imports": "off",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any": "off",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-extraneous-class": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion": "off",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-parameter-properties": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-qualifier": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-type-assertion": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": ["error", {"varsIgnorePattern": "^_"}],
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-use-before-define": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-useless-constructor": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-includes": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-regexp-exec": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-string-starts-ends-with": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/promise-function-async": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/unified-signatures": "error",
-                "no-undef": "error"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["**/*.d.ts"],
-            "rules": {
-                "import/unambiguous": "off"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["frontend_tests/**"],
-            "globals": {
-                "CSS": false,
-                "document": false,
-                "navigator": false,
-                "window": false
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                "no-sync": "off"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["tools/debug-require.js"],
-            "env": {
-                "browser": true,
-                "es2020": false
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                // Don’t require ES features that PhantomJS doesn’t support
-                // TODO: Toggle these settings now that we don't use PhantomJS
-                "no-var": "off",
-                "object-shorthand": "off",
-                "prefer-arrow-callback": "off"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["static/**"],
-            "env": {
-                "browser": true,
-                "node": false
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                "no-console": "error"
-            },
-            "settings": {
-                "import/resolver": "webpack"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["static/shared/**"],
-            "env": {
-                "browser": false,
-                "shared-node-browser": true
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                "import/no-restricted-paths": [
-                    "error",
-                    {
-                        "zones": [
-                            {
-                                "target": "./static/shared",
-                                "from": ".",
-                                "except": ["./node_modules", "./static/shared"]
-                            }
-                        ]
-                    }
-                ]
-            }
-        }
-    ]
+        ],
+        "space-in-parens": 2,
+        "space-infix-ops": 0,
+        "spaced-comment": 0,
+        "strict": 0,
+        "template-curly-spacing": "error",
+        "unnecessary-strict": 0,
+        "use-isnan": 2,
+        "valid-typeof": [ "error", { "requireStringLiterals": true } ],
+        "wrap-iife": [ "error", "outside", { "functionPrototypeMethods": false } ],
+        "wrap-regex": 0,
+        "yoda": 2
+    }
 }
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -11,3 +11,4 @@
 *.otf binary
 *.tif binary
 *.ogg binary
+yarn.lock binary
--- a/.github/FUNDING.yml
+++ b/.github/FUNDING.yml
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-github: zulip
-patreon: zulip
-open_collective: zulip
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 <!-- What's this PR for?  (Just a link to an issue is fine.) -->


-**Testing plan:** <!-- How have you tested? -->
+**Testing Plan:** <!-- How have you tested? -->


-**GIFs or screenshots:** <!-- If a UI change.  See:
+**GIFs or Screenshots:** <!-- If a UI change.  See:
  https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/screenshot-and-gif-software.html
  -->

--- a/.github/workflows/cancel-previous-runs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cancel-previous-runs.yml
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-name: Cancel previous runs
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  cancel:
-    name: Cancel previous runs
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 3
-
-    # Don't run this job for zulip/zulip pushes since we
-    # want to run those jobs.
-    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'push' || github.event.repository.full_name != 'zulip/zulip' }}
-
-    steps:
-      # We get workflow IDs from GitHub API so we don't have to maintain
-      # a hard-coded list of IDs which need to be updated when a workflow
-      # is added or removed. And, workflow IDs are different for other forks
-      # so this is required.
-      - name: Get workflow IDs.
-        id: workflow_ids
-        env:
-          # This is in <owner>/<repo> format e.g. zulip/zulip
-          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
-        run: |
-          workflow_api_url=https://api.github.com/repos/$REPOSITORY/actions/workflows
-          curl $workflow_api_url -o workflows.json
-
-          script="const {workflows} = require('./workflows'); \
-                  const ids = workflows.map(workflow => workflow.id); \
-                  console.log(ids.join(','));"
-          ids=$(node -e "$script")
-          echo "::set-output name=ids::$ids"
-
-      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.4.1
-        with:
-          workflow_id: ${{ steps.workflow_ids.outputs.ids }}
-          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-name: "Code scanning"
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  CodeQL:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Check out repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-        with:
-          # We must fetch at least the immediate parents so that if this is
-          # a pull request then we can check out the head.
-          fetch-depth: 2
-
-      # If this run was triggered by a pull request event, then check out
-      # the head of the pull request instead of the merge commit.
-      - run: git checkout HEAD^2
-        if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
-
-      # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
-      - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
-
-        # Override language selection by uncommenting this and choosing your languages
-        # with:
-        #   languages: go, javascript, csharp, python, cpp, java
-      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1
--- a/.github/workflows/legacy-os.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/legacy-os.yml
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-name: Legacy OS
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-jobs:
-  xenial:
-    name: Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial (Python 3.5, legacy)
-    runs-on: ubuntu-16.04
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Check tools/provision error message on xenial
-        run: |
-          { { ! tools/provision 2>&1 >&3; } | tee provision.err; } 3>&1 >&2
-          grep -Fqx 'Error: ubuntu 16.04 is no longer a supported platform for Zulip.' provision.err
-      - name: Check scripts/lib/upgrade-zulip-stage-2 error message on xenial
-        run: |
-          { { ! sudo scripts/lib/upgrade-zulip-stage-2 2>&1 >&3; } | tee upgrade.err; } 3>&1 >&2
-          grep -Fq 'upgrade-zulip-stage-2: Unsupported platform: ubuntu 16.04' upgrade.err
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: tools/ci/send-failure-message
--- a/.github/workflows/production-suite.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/production-suite.yml
@@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
-name: Zulip production suite
-
-on:
-  push:
-    paths:
-      - "**/migrations/**"
-      - puppet/**
-      - requirements/**
-      - scripts/**
-      - static/**
-      - tools/**
-      - zproject/**
-      - yarn.lock
-      - .github/workflows/production-suite.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - "**/migrations/**"
-      - puppet/**
-      - requirements/**
-      - scripts/**
-      - static/**
-      - tools/**
-      - zproject/**
-      - yarn.lock
-      - .github/workflows/production-suite.yml
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  production_build:
-    name: Bionic production build
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
-    #   tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile
-    # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
-    container: zulip/ci:bionic
-    steps:
-      - name: Add required permissions
-        run: |
-          # The checkout actions doesn't clone to ~/zulip or allow
-          # us to use the path option to clone outside the current
-          # /__w/zulip/zulip directory. Since this directory is owned
-          # by root we need to change it's ownership to allow the
-          # github user to clone the code here.
-          # Note: /__w/ is a docker volume mounted to $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
-          # which is /home/runner/work/.
-          sudo chown -R github .
-
-          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
-          # the current github user must be able to access for the
-          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
-          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Restore node_modules cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-          key: v1-yarn-deps-${{ github.job }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('yarn.lock') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-${{ github.job }}
-
-      - name: Restore python cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-venv-cache
-          key: v1-venv-${{ github.job }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/thumbor-dev.txt') }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/dev.txt') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-venv-${{ github.job }}
-
-      - name: Restore emoji cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
-          key: v1-emoji-${{ github.job }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-emoji-${{ github.job }}
-
-      - name: Do Bionic hack
-        run: |
-          # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
-          # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
-          sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
-
-      - name: Build production tarball
-        run: ./tools/ci/production-build
-
-      - name: Upload production build artifacts for install jobs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: production-tarball
-          path: /tmp/production-build
-          retention-days: 14
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: tools/ci/send-failure-message
-
-  production_install:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Base images are built using `tools/ci/Dockerfile.template`.
-          # The comments at the top explain how to build and upload these images.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:bionic
-            name: Bionic production install
-            is_bionic: true
-            os: bionic
-
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:focal
-            name: Focal production install
-            is_focal: true
-            os: focal
-
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:buster
-            name: Buster production install
-            is_buster: true
-            os: buster
-
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:bullseye
-            name: Bullseye production install
-            is_bullseye: true
-            os: bullseye
-
-    name: ${{ matrix.name  }}
-    container: ${{ matrix.docker_image }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: production_build
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Download built production tarball
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: production-tarball
-          path: /tmp
-
-      - name: Add required permissions and setup
-        run: |
-          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
-          # the current github user must be able to access for the
-          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
-          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
-
-          # Create the zulip directory that the tools/ci/ scripts needs
-          mkdir -p /home/github/zulip
-
-          # Since actions/download-artifact@v2 loses all the permissions
-          # of the tarball uploaded by the upload artifact fix those.
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-extract-tarball
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-upgrade-pg
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-install
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-verify
-          chmod +x /tmp/send-failure-message
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Restore node_modules cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-          key: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('/tmp/package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('/tmp/yarn.lock') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Do Bionic hack
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        run: |
-          # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
-          # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
-          sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
-
-      - name: Production extract tarball
-        run: /tmp/production-extract-tarball
-
-      - name: Install production
-        run: |
-          sudo service rabbitmq-server restart
-          sudo /tmp/production-install
-
-      - name: Verify install
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-verify
-
-      - name: Upgrade postgresql
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-upgrade-pg
-
-      - name: Verify install after upgrading postgresql
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-verify
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: /tmp/send-failure-message
--- a/.github/workflows/update-oneclick-apps.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/update-oneclick-apps.yml
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-name: Update one click apps
-on:
-  release:
-    types: [published]
-jobs:
-  update-digitalocean-oneclick-app:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Update DigitalOcean one click app
-        env:
-          DIGITALOCEAN_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ONE_CLICK_ACTION_DIGITALOCEAN_API_KEY }}
-          ZULIP_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ONE_CLICK_ACTION_ZULIP_BOT_API_KEY }}
-          ZULIP_EMAIL: ${{ secrets.ONE_CLICK_ACTION_ZULIP_BOT_EMAIL }}
-          ZULIP_SITE: https://chat.zulip.org
-          ONE_CLICK_ACTION_STREAM: kandra ops
-          PYTHON_DIGITALOCEAN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SEC: 30
-          RELEASE_VERSION: ${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}
-        run: |
-          export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"
-          git clone https://github.com/zulip/marketplace-partners
-          pip3 install python-digitalocean zulip fab-classic
-          echo $PATH
-          python3 tools/oneclickapps/prepare_digital_ocean_one_click_app_release.py
--- a/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
@@ -1,250 +0,0 @@
-# NOTE: Everything test in this file should be in `tools/test-all`.  If there's a
-# reason not to run it there, it should be there as a comment
-# explaining why.
-
-name: Zulip CI
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  tests:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
-          #   tools/ci/images/bionic/Dockerfile
-          # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:bionic
-            name: Ubuntu 18.04 Bionic (Python 3.6, backend + frontend)
-            os: bionic
-            is_bionic: true
-            include_frontend_tests: true
-
-          # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
-          #   tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile
-          # Focal ships with Python 3.8.2.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:focal
-            name: Ubuntu 20.04 Focal (Python 3.8, backend)
-            os: focal
-            is_focal: true
-            include_frontend_tests: false
-
-          # This docker image was created by a generated Dockerfile at:
-          #   tools/ci/images/focal/Dockerfile
-          # Bullseye ships with Python 3.9.2.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:bullseye
-            name: Debian 11 Bullseye (Python 3.9, backend)
-            os: bullseye
-            is_bullseye: true
-            include_frontend_tests: false
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    name: ${{ matrix.name }}
-    container: ${{ matrix.docker_image }}
-    env:
-      # GitHub Actions sets HOME to /github/home which causes
-      # problem later in provison and frontend test that runs
-      # tools/setup/postgresql-init-dev-db because of the .pgpass
-      # location. PostgreSQL (psql) expects .pgpass to be at
-      # /home/github/.pgpass and setting home to `/home/github/`
-      # ensures it written there because we write it to ~/.pgpass.
-      HOME: /home/github/
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Add required permissions
-        run: |
-          # The checkout actions doesn't clone to ~/zulip or allow
-          # us to use the path option to clone outside the current
-          # /__w/zulip/zulip directory. Since this directory is owned
-          # by root we need to change it's ownership to allow the
-          # github user to clone the code here.
-          # Note: /__w/ is a docker volume mounted to $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
-          # which is /home/runner/work/.
-          sudo chown -R github .
-
-          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
-          # the current github user must be able to access for the
-          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
-          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Restore node_modules cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-          key: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('yarn.lock') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Restore python cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-venv-cache
-          key: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/thumbor-dev.txt') }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/dev.txt') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Restore emoji cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
-          key: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Do Bionic hack
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        run: |
-          # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
-          # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
-          sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          # This is the main setup job for the test suite
-          ./tools/ci/setup-backend --skip-dev-db-build
-
-          # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in GitHub Actions, because
-          # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
-          # scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0
-
-      - name: Run tools test
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/test-tools
-
-      - name: Run backend lint
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          echo "Test suite is running under $(python --version)."
-          ./tools/lint --groups=backend --skip=gitlint,mypy # gitlint disabled because flaky
-
-      - name: Run frontend lint
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/lint --groups=frontend --skip=gitlint # gitlint disabled because flaky
-
-      - name: Run backend tests
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/test-backend --coverage --include-webhooks --no-cov-cleanup --ban-console-output
-
-      - name: Run mypy
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # We run mypy after the backend tests so we get output from the
-          # backend tests, which tend to uncover more serious problems, first.
-          ./tools/run-mypy --version
-          ./tools/run-mypy
-
-      - name: Run miscellaneous tests
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-
-          # Currently our compiled requirements files will differ for different python versions
-          # so we will run test-locked-requirements only for Bionic.
-          # ./tools/test-locked-requirements
-          # ./tools/test-run-dev  # https://github.com/zulip/zulip/pull/14233
-          #
-          # This test has been persistently flaky at like 1% frequency, is slow,
-          # and is for a very specific single feature, so we don't run it by default:
-          # ./tools/test-queue-worker-reload
-
-          ./tools/test-migrations
-          ./tools/setup/optimize-svg --check
-          ./tools/setup/generate_integration_bots_avatars.py --check-missing
-
-      - name: Run documentation and api tests
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # In CI, we only test links we control in test-documentation to avoid flakes
-          ./tools/test-documentation --skip-external-links
-          ./tools/test-help-documentation --skip-external-links
-          ./tools/test-api
-
-      - name: Run node tests
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # Run the node tests first, since they're fast and deterministic
-          ./tools/test-js-with-node --coverage
-
-      - name: Check schemas
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # Check that various schemas are consistent. (is fast)
-          ./tools/check-schemas
-
-      - name: Check capitalization of strings
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./manage.py makemessages --locale en
-          PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore ./tools/check-capitalization --no-generate
-          PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore ./tools/check-frontend-i18n --no-generate
-
-      - name: Run puppeteer tests
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/test-js-with-puppeteer
-
-      - name: Check for untracked files
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # This final check looks for untracked files that may have been
-          # created by test-backend or provision.
-          untracked="$(git ls-files --exclude-standard --others)"
-          if [ -n "$untracked" ]; then
-              printf >&2 "Error: untracked files:\n%s\n" "$untracked"
-              exit 1
-          fi
-
-      - name: Test locked requirements
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_bionic }}
-        run: |
-          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate && \
-          ./tools/test-locked-requirements
-
-      - name: Upload coverage reports
-
-        # Only upload coverage when both frontend and backend
-        # tests are ran.
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          # Codcov requires `.coverage` file to be stored in the
-          # current working directory.
-          mv ./var/.coverage ./.coverage
-          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate || true
-
-          pip install codecov && codecov || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
-
-      - name: Store Puppeteer artifacts
-        # Upload these on failure, as well
-        if: ${{ always() && matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: puppeteer
-          path: ./var/puppeteer
-          retention-days: 60
-
-      - name: Check development database build
-        if: ${{ matrix.is_focal || matrix.is_bullseye }}
-        run: ./tools/ci/setup-backend
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: tools/ci/send-failure-message
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -27,21 +27,10 @@
 package-lock.json

 /.vagrant
-/var/*
-!/var/puppeteer
-/var/puppeteer/*
-!/var/puppeteer/test_credentials.d.ts
+/var

-/.dmypy.json
-
-# Dockerfiles generated for continuous integration
-/tools/ci/images
-
-# Generated i18n data
-/locale/en
-/locale/language_options.json
-/locale/language_name_map.json
-/locale/*/mobile.json
+# Dockerfiles generated for CircleCI
+/tools/circleci/images

 # Static build
 *.mo
@@ -51,7 +40,6 @@ npm-debug.log
 /staticfiles.json
 /webpack-stats-production.json
 /yarn-error.log
-zulip-git-version

 # Test / analysis tools
 .coverage
@@ -60,7 +48,6 @@ zulip-git-version
 /zproject/prod_settings.py
 /zulip-current-venv
 /zulip-py3-venv
-/zulip-thumbor-venv

 ## Files left by various editors and local environments
 # (Ideally these should be in everyone's respective personal gitignore files.)
@@ -80,9 +67,6 @@ zulip.kdev4
 .cache/
 .eslintcache

-# Core dump files
-core
-
 ## Miscellaneous
 # (Ideally this section is empty.)
 zthumbor/thumbor_local_settings.py
--- a/.gitlint
+++ b/.gitlint
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 [general]
-ignore=title-trailing-punctuation, body-min-length, body-is-missing
+ignore=title-trailing-punctuation, body-min-length, body-is-missing, title-imperative-mood

 extra-path=tools/lib/gitlint-rules.py

-[title-match-regex]
+[title-match-regex-allow-exception]
 regex=^(.+:\ )?[A-Z].+\.$

 [title-max-length]
--- a/.isort.cfg
+++ b/.isort.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[settings]
+line_length = 79
+multi_line_output = 2
+balanced_wrapping = true
+known_third_party = django, ujson, sqlalchemy
+known_first_party = zerver, zproject, version, confirmation, zilencer, analytics, frontend_tests, scripts, corporate
+sections = FUTURE, STDLIB, THIRDPARTY, FIRSTPARTY, LOCALFOLDER
+lines_after_imports = 1
+# See the comment related to ioloop_logging for why this is skipped.
+skip = zerver/management/commands/runtornado.py
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com> <alex@chmrr.net>
-Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com> <github@chmrr.net>
-Allen Rabinovich <allenrabinovich@yahoo.com> <allenr@humbughq.com>
-Allen Rabinovich <allenrabinovich@yahoo.com> <allenr@zulip.com>
-Aman Agrawal <amanagr@zulip.com> <f2016561@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in>
-Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <anders@zulipchat.com>
-Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <andersk@mit.edu>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <bjwhitta@asu.edu>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brockwhittaker@Brocks-MacBook.local>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brock@zulipchat.org>
-Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <cbobbe@zulipchat.com>
-Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <csbobbe@gmail.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <gnprice@gmail.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <greg@zulipchat.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <price@mit.edu>
-Jeff Arnold <jbarnold@gmail.com> <jbarnold@humbughq.com>
-Jeff Arnold <jbarnold@gmail.com> <jbarnold@zulip.com>
-Jessica McKellar <jesstess@mit.edu> <jesstess@humbughq.com>
-Jessica McKellar <jesstess@mit.edu> <jesstess@zulip.com>
-Kevin Mehall <km@kevinmehall.net> <kevin@humbughq.com>
-Kevin Mehall <km@kevinmehall.net> <kevin@zulip.com>
-Ray Kraesig <rkraesig@zulip.com> <rkraesig@zulipchat.com>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulipchat.com> <rishig+git@mit.edu>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulipchat.com> <rishig@kandralabs.com>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulipchat.com> <rishig@users.noreply.github.com>
-Reid Barton <rwbarton@gmail.com> <rwbarton@humbughq.com>
-Scott Feeney <scott@oceanbase.org> <scott@humbughq.com>
-Scott Feeney <scott@oceanbase.org> <scott@zulip.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell30@yahoo.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@yahoo.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@zulipchat.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@humbughq.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@zulip.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@dropbox.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@humbughq.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@mit.edu>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@zulipchat.com>
-Vishnu KS <vishnu@zulip.com> <hackerkid@vishnuks.com>
-Vishnu KS <vishnu@zulip.com> <yo@vishnuks.com>
-Alya Abbott <alya@zulip.com> <alyaabbott@elance-odesk.com>
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures
-/locale
-/static/third
-/tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json
-/zerver/tests/fixtures
-/zerver/webhooks/*/fixtures
--- a/.pyre_configuration
+++ b/.pyre_configuration
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "source_directories": ["."],
-  "taint_models_path": [
-      "stubs/taint",
-      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/taint/"
-  ],
-  "search_path": [
-      "stubs/",
-      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/stubs/"
-  ],
-  "typeshed": "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/typeshed/",
-  "exclude": [
-      "/srv/zulip/zulip-py3-venv/.*"
-  ]
-}
--- a/.sonarcloud.properties
+++ b/.sonarcloud.properties
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-sonar.inclusions=**/*.py,**/*.html
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/travis.html for
+# high-level documentation on our Travis CI setup.
+dist: trusty
+group: deprecated-2017Q4
+install:
+  # Disable sometimes-broken sources.list in Travis base images
+  - sudo rm -vf /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*
+  - sudo apt-get update
+
+  # Disable Travis CI's built-in NVM installation
+  - mispipe "mv ~/.nvm ~/.travis-nvm-disabled" ts
+
+  # Install codecov, the library for the code coverage reporting tool we use
+  # With a retry to minimize impact of transient networking errors.
+  - mispipe "pip install codecov" ts || mispipe "pip install codecov" ts
+
+  # This is the main setup job for the test suite
+  - mispipe "tools/travis/setup-$TEST_SUITE" ts
+
+  # Clean any caches that are not in use to avoid our cache
+  # becoming huge.
+  - mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0" ts
+
+script:
+  # We unset GEM_PATH here as a hack to work around Travis CI having
+  # broken running their system puppet with Ruby.  See
+  # https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip/jobs/240120991 for an example traceback.
+  - unset GEM_PATH
+  - mispipe "./tools/travis/$TEST_SUITE" ts
+cache:
+  yarn: true
+  apt: false
+  directories:
+    - $HOME/zulip-venv-cache
+    - $HOME/zulip-npm-cache
+    - $HOME/zulip-emoji-cache
+    - $HOME/node
+    - $HOME/misc
+env:
+  global:
+    - BOTO_CONFIG=/tmp/nowhere
+language: python
+# Our test suites generally run on Python 3.4, the version in
+# Ubuntu 14.04 trusty, which is the oldest OS release we support.
+matrix:
+  include:
+    # Travis will actually run the jobs in the order they're listed here;
+    # that doesn't seem to be documented, but it's what we see empirically.
+    # We only get 4 jobs running at a time, so we try to make the first few
+    # the most likely to break.
+    - python: "3.4"
+      env: TEST_SUITE=production
+    # Other suites moved to CircleCI -- see .circleci/.
+sudo: required
+addons:
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      # Casper debugging data (screenshots, etc.) is super useful for
+      # debugging test flakes.
+      - $(ls var/casper/* | tr "\n" ":")
+      - $(ls /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/* | tr "\n" ":")
+  postgresql: "9.3"
+  apt:
+    packages:
+      - moreutils
+after_success:
+  - codecov
--- a/.tx/config
+++ b/.tx/config
@@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ host = https://www.transifex.com
 lang_map = zh-Hans: zh_Hans, zh-Hant: zh_Hant

 [zulip.djangopo]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
-source_file = locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
+source_file = static/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_lang = en
 type = PO
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po

 [zulip.translationsjson]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/translations.json
-source_file = locale/en/translations.json
+source_file = static/locale/en/translations.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/translations.json

-[zulip.mobile]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/mobile.json
-source_file = locale/en/mobile.json
+[zulip.messages]
+source_file = static/locale/en/mobile.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/mobile.json

 [zulip-test.djangopo]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
-source_file = locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
+source_file = static/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
 source_lang = en
 type = PO
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/django.po

 [zulip-test.translationsjson]
-file_filter = locale/<lang>/translations.json
-source_file = locale/en/translations.json
+source_file = static/locale/en/translations.json
 source_lang = en
 type = KEYVALUEJSON
+file_filter = static/locale/<lang>/translations.json
--- a/.yarnrc
+++ b/.yarnrc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ignore-scripts true
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This isn't an exhaustive list of things that you can't do. Rather, take it
 in the spirit in which it's intended --- a guide to make it easier to enrich
 all of us and the technical communities in which we participate.

-## Expected behavior
+## Expected Behavior

 The following behaviors are expected and requested of all community members:

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The following behaviors are expected and requested of all community members:
 * Community event venues may be shared with members of the public; be
  respectful to all patrons of these locations.

-## Unacceptable behavior
+## Unacceptable Behavior

 The following behaviors are considered harassment and are unacceptable
 within the Zulip community:
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ within the Zulip community:
  presentations.
 * Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the behaviors above.

-## Reporting and enforcement
+## Reporting and Enforcement

 Harassment and other code of conduct violations reduce the value of the
 community for everyone. If someone makes you or anyone else feel unsafe or
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ something you can do while a violation is happening, do it. A lot of the
 harms of harassment and other violations can be mitigated by the victim
 knowing that the other people present are on their side.

-All reports will be kept confidential. In some cases, we may determine that a
+All reports will be kept confidential. In some cases we may determine that a
 public statement will need to be made. In such cases, the identities of all
 victims and reporters will remain confidential unless those individuals
 instruct us otherwise.
@@ -95,10 +95,11 @@ behavior occurring outside the scope of community activities when such
 behavior has the potential to adversely affect the safety and well-being of
 community members.

-## License and attribution
+## License and Attribution

 This Code of Conduct is adapted from the
+[Citizen Code of Conduct](http://citizencodeofconduct.org/) and the
 [Django Code of Conduct](https://www.djangoproject.com/conduct/), and is
 under a
-[Creative Commons BY-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+[Creative Commons BY-SA](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
 license.
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@ user, or anything else. Make sure to read the
 before posting. The Zulip community is also governed by a
 [code of conduct](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct.html).

-You can subscribe to
-[zulip-devel-announce@googlegroups.com](https://groups.google.com/g/zulip-devel-announce)
-or our [Twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip) account for a very low
-traffic (<1 email/month) way to hear about things like mentorship
-opportunities with Google Summer of Code, in-person sprints at
-conferences, and other opportunities to contribute.
+You can subscribe to zulip-devel@googlegroups.com for a lower traffic (~1
+email/month) way to hear about things like mentorship opportunities with Google
+Code-in, in-person sprints at conferences, and other opportunities to
+contribute.

 ## Ways to contribute

@@ -30,11 +28,11 @@ needs doing:
  [backend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), web
  [frontend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), React Native
  [mobile app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile), or Electron
-  [desktop app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop).
+  [desktop app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron).
 * Building out our
  [Python API and bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api) framework.
-* [Writing an integration](https://zulip.com/api/integrations-overview).
-* Improving our [user](https://zulip.com/help/) or
+* [Writing an integration](https://zulipchat.com/api/integration-guide).
+* Improving our [user](https://zulipchat.com/help/) or
  [developer](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) documentation.
 * [Reviewing code](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html)
  and manually testing pull requests.
@@ -45,11 +43,10 @@ don't require touching the codebase at all. We list a few of them below:
 * [Reporting issues](#reporting-issues), including both feature requests and
  bug reports.
 * [Giving feedback](#user-feedback) if you are evaluating or using Zulip.
-* [Sponsor Zulip](https://github.com/sponsors/zulip) through the GitHub sponsors program.
 * [Translating](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html)
  Zulip.
 * [Outreach](#zulip-outreach): Star us on GitHub, upvote us
-  on product comparison sites, or write for [the Zulip blog](https://blog.zulip.org/).
+  on product comparison sites, or write for [the Zulip blog](http://blog.zulip.org/).

 ## Your first (codebase) contribution

@@ -61,22 +58,23 @@ to help.
  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html),
  paying special attention to the community norms. If you'd like, introduce
  yourself in
-  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members), using
+  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/new.20members), using
  your name as the topic. Bonus: tell us about your first impressions of
  Zulip, and anything that felt confusing/broken as you started using the
  product.
 * Read [What makes a great Zulip contributor](#what-makes-a-great-zulip-contributor).
 * [Install the development environment](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/development/overview.html),
  getting help in
-  [#development help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/49-development-help)
+  [#development help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/development.20help)
  if you run into any troubles.
 * Read the
  [Zulip guide to Git](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/index.html)
-  and do the Git tutorial (coming soon) if you are unfamiliar with
-  Git, getting help in
-  [#git help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/44-git-help) if
-  you run into any troubles.  Be sure to check out the
-  [extremely useful Zulip-specific tools page](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/zulip-tools.html).
+  and do the Git tutorial (coming soon) if you are unfamiliar with Git,
+  getting help in
+  [#git help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/git.20help) if you run
+  into any troubles.
+* Sign the
+  [Dropbox Contributor License Agreement](https://opensource.dropbox.com/cla/).

 ### Picking an issue

@@ -86,53 +84,43 @@ on.

 * If you're interested in
  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
-  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
+  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
  or
  [bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue)
  development, check the respective links for open issues, or post in
-  [#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/48-mobile),
-  [#desktop](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/16-desktop), or
-  [#integration](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/127-integrations).
-* For the main server and web repository, we recommend browsing
-  recently opened issues to look for issues you are confident you can
-  fix correctly in a way that clearly communicates why your changes
-  are the correct fix.  Our GitHub workflow bot, zulipbot, limits
-  users who have 0 commits merged to claiming a single issue labeled
-  with "good first issue" or "help wanted".
+  [#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/mobile),
+  [#electron](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/electron), or
+  [#bots](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/bots).
+* For the main server and web repository, start by looking through issues
+  with the label
+  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A"good+first+issue").
+  These are smaller projects particularly suitable for a first contribution.
 * We also partition all of our issues in the main repo into areas like
  admin, compose, emoji, hotkeys, i18n, onboarding, search, etc. Look
  through our [list of labels](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels), and
  click on some of the `area:` labels to see all the issues related to your
  areas of interest.
 * If the lists of issues are overwhelming, post in
-  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with a
+  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/new.20members) with a
  bit about your background and interests, and we'll help you out. The most
  important thing to say is whether you're looking for a backend (Python),
-  frontend (JavaScript and TypeScript), mobile (React Native), desktop (Electron),
-  documentation (English) or visual design (JavaScript/TypeScript + CSS) issue, and a
+  frontend (JavaScript), mobile (React Native), desktop (Electron),
+  documentation (English) or visual design (JavaScript + CSS) issue, and a
  bit about your programming experience and available time.

 We also welcome suggestions of features that you feel would be valuable or
 changes that you feel would make Zulip a better open source project. If you
 have a new feature you'd like to add, we recommend you start by posting in
-[#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with the
+[#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/new.20members) with the
 feature idea and the problem that you're hoping to solve.

 Other notes:
 * For a first pull request, it's better to aim for a smaller contribution
  than a bigger one. Many first contributions have fewer than 10 lines of
  changes (not counting changes to tests).
-* The full list of issues explicitly looking for a contributor can be
-  found with the
-  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
-  and
+* The full list of issues looking for a contributor can be found with the
  [help wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
-  labels.  Avoid issues with the "difficult" label unless you
-  understand why it is difficult and are confident you can resolve the
-  issue correctly and completely.  Issues without one of these labels
-  are fair game if Tim has written a clear technical design proposal
-  in the issue, or it is a bug that you can reproduce and you are
-  confident you can fix the issue correctly.
+  label.
 * For most new contributors, there's a lot to learn while making your first
  pull request. It's OK if it takes you a while; that's normal! You'll be
  able to work a lot faster as you build experience.
@@ -144,12 +132,6 @@ the issue thread. [Zulipbot](https://github.com/zulip/zulipbot) is a GitHub
 workflow bot; it will assign you to the issue and label the issue as "in
 progress". Some additional notes:

-* You can only claim issues with the
-  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
-  or
-  [help wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
-  labels. Zulipbot will give you an error if you try to claim an issue
-  without one of those labels.
 * You're encouraged to ask questions on how to best implement or debug your
  changes -- the Zulip maintainers are excited to answer questions to help
  you stay unblocked and working efficiently. You can ask questions on
@@ -172,8 +154,9 @@ labels.

 ## What makes a great Zulip contributor?

-Zulip has a lot of experience working with new contributors.  In our
-experience, these are the best predictors of success:
+Zulip runs a lot of [internship programs](#internship-programs), so we have
+a lot of experience with new contributors. In our experience, these are the
+best predictors of success:

 * Posting good questions. This generally means explaining your current
  understanding, saying what you've done or tried so far, and including
@@ -193,8 +176,8 @@ experience, these are the best predictors of success:
  able to address things within a few days.
 * Being helpful and friendly on chat.zulip.org.

-These are also the main criteria we use to select candidates for all
-of our outreach programs.
+These are also the main criteria we use to select interns for all of our
+internship programs.

 ## Reporting issues

@@ -203,9 +186,9 @@ bugs, feel free to just open an issue on the relevant project on GitHub.

 If you have a feature request or are not yet sure what the underlying bug
 is, the best place to post issues is
-[#issues](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/9-issues) (or
-[#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/48-mobile) or
-[#desktop](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/16-desktop)) on the
+[#issues](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/issues) (or
+[#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/mobile) or
+[#electron](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/electron)) on the
 [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html).
 This allows us to interactively figure out what is going on, let you know if
 a similar issue has already been opened, and collect any other information
@@ -215,9 +198,8 @@ and how to reproduce it if known, your browser/OS if relevant, and a
 if appropriate.

 **Reporting security issues**. Please do not report security issues
-  publicly, including on public streams on chat.zulip.org. You can
-  email security@zulip.com.  We create a CVE for every security
-  issue in our released software.
+  publicly, including on public streams on chat.zulip.org. You can email
+  zulip-security@googlegroups.com. We create a CVE for every security issue.

 ## User feedback

@@ -232,7 +214,7 @@ to:
 * Pros and cons: What are the pros and cons of Zulip for your organization,
  and the pros and cons of other products you are evaluating?
 * Features: What are the features that are most important for your
-  organization? In the best-case scenario, what would your chat solution do
+  organization? In the best case scenario, what would your chat solution do
  for you?
 * Onboarding: If you remember it, what was your impression during your first
  few minutes of using Zulip? What did you notice, and how did you feel? Was
@@ -240,20 +222,21 @@ to:
 * Organization: What does your organization do? How big is the organization?
  A link to your organization's website?

-## Outreach programs
+## Internship programs

-Zulip participates in [Google Summer of Code
-(GSoC)](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/) every year.
-In the past, we've also participated in
-[Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/), [Google
-Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/), and hosted
-summer interns from Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.
+Zulip runs internship programs with
+[Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/),
+[Google Summer of Code (GSoC)](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/)
+[1], and the
+[MIT Externship program](https://alum.mit.edu/students/NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram),
+and has in the past taken summer interns from Harvard, MIT, and
+Stanford.

 While each third-party program has its own rules and requirements, the
 Zulip community's approaches all of these programs with these ideas in
 mind:
 * We try to make the application process as valuable for the applicant as
-  possible. Expect high-quality code reviews, a supportive community, and
+  possible. Expect high quality code reviews, a supportive community, and
  publicly viewable patches you can link to from your resume, regardless of
  whether you are selected.
 * To apply, you'll have to submit at least one pull request to a Zulip
@@ -267,22 +250,26 @@ mind:
  application to makes mistakes in your first few PRs as long as your
  work improves.

-Most of our outreach program participants end up sticking around the
-project long-term, and many have become core team members, maintaining
-important parts of the project. We hope you apply!
+Zulip also participates in
+[Google Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/). Our
+selection criteria for Finalists and Grand Prize Winners is the same as our
+selection criteria for interns above.
+
+Most of our interns end up sticking around the project long-term, and many
+quickly become core team members. We hope you apply!

 ### Google Summer of Code

-The largest outreach program Zulip participates in is GSoC (14
-students in 2017; 11 in 2018; 17 in 2019; 18 in 2020).  While we don't control how
-many slots Google allocates to Zulip, we hope to mentor a similar
-number of students in future summers.
+GSoC is by far the largest of our internship programs (we had 14 GSoC
+students in summer 2017).  While we don't control how many slots
+Google allocates to Zulip, we hope to mentor a similar number of
+students in 2018.

 If you're reading this well before the application deadline and want
 to make your application strong, we recommend getting involved in the
 community and fixing issues in Zulip now. Having good contributions
-and building a reputation for doing good work is the best way to have
-a strong application.  About half of Zulip's GSoC students for Summer
+and building a reputation for doing good work is best way to have a
+strong application.  About half of Zulip's GSoC students for Summer
 2017 had made significant contributions to the project by February
 2017, and about half had not.  Our
 [GSoC project ideas page][gsoc-guide] has lots more details on how
@@ -298,10 +285,14 @@ same as with GSoC, and it has no separate application process; your
 GSoC application is your ZSoC application.  If we'd like to select you
 for ZSoC, we'll contact you when the GSoC results are announced.

-[gsoc-guide]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/gsoc-ideas.html
+[gsoc-guide]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/gsoc-ideas.html
 [gsoc-faq]: https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/faq

-## Zulip outreach
+[1] Formally, [GSoC isn't an internship][gsoc-faq], but it is similar
+enough that we're treating it as such for the purposes of this
+documentation.
+
+## Zulip Outreach

 **Upvoting Zulip**. Upvotes and reviews make a big difference in the public
 perception of projects like Zulip. We've collected a few sites below
@@ -310,7 +301,7 @@ list typically takes about 15 minutes.
 * Star us on GitHub. There are four main repositories:
  [server/web](https://github.com/zulip/zulip),
  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile),
-  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop), and
+  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-electron), and
  [Python API](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api).
 * [Follow us](https://twitter.com/zulip) on Twitter.

@@ -335,7 +326,7 @@ have been using Zulip for a while and want to contribute more.
 about a technical aspect of Zulip can be a great way to spread the word
 about Zulip.

-We also occasionally [publish](https://blog.zulip.org/) long-form
+We also occasionally [publish](http://blog.zulip.org/) longer form
 articles related to Zulip. Our posts typically get tens of thousands
 of views, and we always have good ideas for blog posts that we can
 outline but don't have time to write. If you are an experienced writer
--- a/17
+++ b/17
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+FROM ubuntu:trusty
+
+EXPOSE 9991
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget
+
+RUN locale-gen en_US.UTF-8
+
+RUN useradd -d /home/zulip -m zulip && echo 'zulip ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' >> /etc/sudoers
+
+USER zulip
+
+RUN ln -nsf /srv/zulip ~/zulip
+
+RUN echo 'export LC_ALL="en_US.UTF-8" LANG="en_US.UTF-8" LANGUAGE="en_US.UTF-8"' >> ~zulip/.bashrc
+
+WORKDIR /srv/zulip
--- a/15
+++ b/15
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-# To build run `docker build -f Dockerfile-postgresql .` from the root of the
-# zulip repo.
-
-# Currently the PostgreSQL images do not support automatic upgrading of
-# the on-disk data in volumes. So the base image can not currently be upgraded
-# without users needing a manual pgdump and restore.
-
-# Install hunspell, Zulip stop words, and run Zulip database
-# init.
-FROM groonga/pgroonga:latest-alpine-10-slim
-RUN apk add -U --no-cache hunspell-en
-RUN ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.dic /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.dict && ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.aff /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.affix 
-COPY puppet/zulip/files/postgresql/zulip_english.stop /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/zulip_english.stop
-COPY scripts/setup/create-db.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-db.sql
-COPY scripts/setup/create-pgroonga.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-pgroonga.sql
--- a/46
+++ b/46
@@ -1,3 +1,24 @@
+Copyright 2011-2017 Dropbox, Inc., Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+
+The software includes some works released by third parties under other
+free and open source licenses. Those works are redistributed under the
+license terms under which the works were received. For more details,
+see the ``docs/THIRDPARTY`` file included with this distribution.
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
@@ -175,28 +196,3 @@
      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.

   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-
-   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
-
-      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
-      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
-      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
-      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
-      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
-      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
-      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
-      identification within third-party archives.
-
-   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
-
-   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-   You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-   limitations under the License.
--- a/18
+++ b/18
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-Copyright 2012–2015 Dropbox, Inc., 2015–2021 Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors
-
-Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-you may not use this project except in compliance with the License.
-You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-limitations under the License.
-
-The software includes some works released by third parties under other
-free and open source licenses. Those works are redistributed under the
-license terms under which the works were received. For more details,
-see the ``docs/THIRDPARTY`` file included with this distribution.
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,19 +5,16 @@ immediacy of real-time chat with the productivity benefits of threaded
 conversations. Zulip is used by open source projects, Fortune 500 companies,
 large standards bodies, and others who need a real-time chat system that
 allows users to easily process hundreds or thousands of messages a day. With
-over 700 contributors merging over 500 commits a month, Zulip is also the
+over 300 contributors merging over 500 commits a month, Zulip is also the
 largest and fastest growing open source group chat project.

-[![GitHub Actions build status](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/actions/workflows/zulip-ci.yml/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/actions/workflows/zulip-ci.yml?query=branch%3Amaster)
-[![coverage status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip/master.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip/branch/master)
+[![CircleCI Build Status](https://circleci.com/gh/zulip/zulip.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/zulip/zulip)
+[![Travis Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip)
+[![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip)
 [![Mypy coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/mypy-100%25-green.svg)][mypy-coverage]
-[![code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)
-[![code style: prettier](https://img.shields.io/badge/code_style-prettier-ff69b4.svg)](https://github.com/prettier/prettier)
-[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/zulip/zulip.svg)](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/releases/latest)
 [![docs](https://readthedocs.org/projects/zulip/badge/?version=latest)](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
 [![Zulip chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-brightgreen.svg)](https://chat.zulip.org)
 [![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/twitter-@zulip-blue.svg?style=flat)](https://twitter.com/zulip)
-[![GitHub Sponsors](https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/zulip)](https://github.com/sponsors/zulip)

 [mypy-coverage]: https://blog.zulip.org/2016/10/13/static-types-in-python-oh-mypy/

@@ -32,12 +29,12 @@ You might be interested in:

 * **Contributing code**. Check out our
  [guide for new contributors](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html)
-  to get started.  Zulip prides itself on maintaining a clean and
+  to get started. Zulip prides itself on maintaining a clean and
  well-tested codebase, and a stock of hundreds of
  [beginner-friendly issues][beginner-friendly].

 * **Contributing non-code**.
-  [Report an issue](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#reporting-issues),
+  [Report an issue](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#reporting-issue),
  [translate](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html) Zulip
  into your language,
  [write](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#zulip-outreach)
@@ -45,7 +42,7 @@ You might be interested in:
  [give us feedback](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#user-feedback). We
  would love to hear from you, even if you're just trying the product out.

-* **Supporting Zulip**. Advocate for your organization to use Zulip, become a [sponsor](https://github.com/sponsors/zulip), write a
+* **Supporting Zulip**. Advocate for your organization to use Zulip, write a
  review in the mobile app stores, or
  [upvote Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#zulip-outreach) on
  product comparison sites.
@@ -54,26 +51,32 @@ You might be interested in:
  the
  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html). We
  also recommend reading Zulip for
-  [open source](https://zulip.com/for/open-source/), Zulip for
-  [companies](https://zulip.com/for/companies/), or Zulip for
-  [working groups and part time communities](https://zulip.com/for/working-groups-and-communities/).
+  [open source](https://zulipchat.com/for/open-source/), Zulip for
+  [companies](https://zulipchat.com/for/companies/), or Zulip for
+  [working groups and part time communities](https://zulipchat.com/for/working-groups-and-communities/).

-* **Running a Zulip server**. Use a preconfigured [DigitalOcean droplet](https://marketplace.digitalocean.com/apps/zulip),
-  [install Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/production/install.html)
-  directly, or use Zulip's
-  experimental [Docker image](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/deployment.html#zulip-in-docker).
-  Commercial support is available; see <https://zulip.com/plans> for details.
+* **Running a Zulip server**. Setting up a server takes just a couple of
+  minutes. Zulip runs on Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial and Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty. The
+  installation process is
+  [documented here](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/prod.html).
+  Commercial support is available; see <https://zulipchat.com/plans> for
+  details.

-* **Using Zulip without setting up a server**. <https://zulip.com>
-  offers free and commercial hosting, including providing our paid
-  plan for free to fellow open source projects.
+* **Using Zulip without setting up a server**. <https://zulipchat.com> offers
+  free and commercial hosting.

-* **Participating in [outreach
-  programs](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#outreach-programs)**
-  like Google Summer of Code.
+* **Applying for a Zulip internship**. Zulip runs internship programs with
+  [Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/),
+  [Google Summer of Code](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/),
+  and the
+  [MIT Externship program](https://alum.mit.edu/students/NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram). Zulip
+  also participates in
+  [Google Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/). More
+  information is available
+  [here](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#internship-programs).

-You may also be interested in reading our [blog](https://blog.zulip.org/) or
-following us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip).
+You may also be interested in reading our [blog](http://blog.zulip.org/) or
+following us on [twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip).
 Zulip is distributed under the
 [Apache 2.0](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/blob/master/LICENSE) license.

--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Security policy
-
-Security announcements are sent to zulip-announce@googlegroups.com,
-so you should subscribe if you are running Zulip in production.
-
-## Reporting a vulnerability
-
-We love responsible reports of (potential) security issues in Zulip,
-whether in the latest release or our development branch.
-
-Our security contact is security@zulip.com.  Reporters should expect a
-response within 24 hours.
-
-Please include details on the issue and how you'd like to be credited
-in our release notes when we publish the fix.
-
-Our [security
-model](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/security-model.html)
-document may be a helpful resource.
-
-## Supported versions
-
-Zulip provides security support for the latest major release, in the
-form of minor security/maintenance releases.
-
-We work hard to make
-[upgrades](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/upgrade-or-modify.html#upgrading-to-a-release)
-reliable, so that there's no reason to run older major releases.
--- a/191
+++ b/191
@@ -7,15 +7,52 @@ def command?(name)
  $?.success?
 end

-if Vagrant::VERSION == "1.8.7"
-  path = `which curl`
-  if path.include?("/opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl")
-    puts "In Vagrant 1.8.7, curl is broken. Please use Vagrant 2.0.2 " \
-         "or run 'sudo rm -f /opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl' to fix the " \
-         "issue before provisioning. See " \
-         "https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/issues/7997 " \
-         "for reference."
-    exit
+if Vagrant::VERSION == "1.8.7" then
+    path = `which curl`
+    if path.include?('/opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl') then
+        puts "In Vagrant 1.8.7, curl is broken. Please use Vagrant 2.0.2 "\
+             "or run 'sudo rm -f /opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl' to fix the "\
+             "issue before provisioning. See "\
+             "https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/issues/7997 "\
+             "for reference."
+        exit
+    end
+end
+
+# Workaround: the lxc-config in vagrant-lxc is incompatible with changes in
+# LXC 2.1.0, found in Ubuntu 17.10 artful.  LXC 2.1.1 (in 18.04 LTS bionic)
+# ignores the old config key, so this will only be needed for artful.
+#
+# vagrant-lxc upstream has an attempted fix:
+#   https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/445
+# but it didn't work in our testing.  This is a temporary issue, so we just
+# hack in a fix: we patch the skeleton `lxc-config` file right in the
+# distribution of the vagrant-lxc "box" we use.  If the user doesn't yet
+# have the box (e.g. on first setup), Vagrant would download it but too
+# late for us to patch it like this; so we prompt them to explicitly add it
+# first and then rerun.
+if ['up', 'provision'].include? ARGV[0]
+  if command? "lxc-ls"
+    LXC_VERSION = `lxc-ls --version`.strip unless defined? LXC_VERSION
+    if LXC_VERSION == "2.1.0"
+      lxc_config_file = ENV['HOME'] + "/.vagrant.d/boxes/fgrehm-VAGRANTSLASH-trusty64-lxc/1.2.0/lxc/lxc-config"
+      if File.file?(lxc_config_file)
+        lines = File.readlines(lxc_config_file)
+        deprecated_line = "lxc.pivotdir = lxc_putold\n"
+        if lines[1] == deprecated_line
+          lines[1] = "# #{deprecated_line}"
+          File.open(lxc_config_file, 'w') do |f|
+            f.puts(lines)
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        puts 'You are running LXC 2.1.0, and fgrehm/trusty64-lxc box is incompatible '\
+            "with it by default. First add the box by doing:\n"\
+            "  vagrant box add  https://vagrantcloud.com/fgrehm/trusty64-lxc\n"\
+            'Once this command succeeds, do "vagrant up" again.'
+        exit
+      end
+    end
  end
 end

@@ -26,59 +63,40 @@ end
 # updating of boxes (since the old URL doesn't work).  See
 # https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues/9442
 if Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL == "atlas.hashicorp.com"
-  Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL.replace("https://vagrantcloud.com")
-end
-
-# Monkey patch https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/pull/10879 so we
-# can fall back to another provider if docker is not installed.
-begin
-  require Vagrant.source_root.join("plugins", "providers", "docker", "provider")
-rescue LoadError
-else
-  VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Provider.class_eval do
-    method(:usable?).owner == singleton_class or def self.usable?(raise_error = false)
-      VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Driver.new.execute("docker", "version")
-      true
-    rescue Vagrant::Errors::CommandUnavailable, VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Errors::ExecuteError
-      raise if raise_error
-      return false
-    end
-  end
+  Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL.replace('https://vagrantcloud.com')
 end

 Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|

+  # For LXC. VirtualBox hosts use a different box, described below.
+  config.vm.box = "fgrehm/trusty64-lxc"
+
  # The Zulip development environment runs on 9991 on the guest.
  host_port = 9991
  http_proxy = https_proxy = no_proxy = nil
  host_ip_addr = "127.0.0.1"

-  # System settings for the virtual machine.
-  vm_num_cpus = "2"
-  vm_memory = "2048"
-
-  ubuntu_mirror = ""
-  vboxadd_version = nil
-
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", disabled: true
-  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip"
+  if (/darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM) != nil
+    config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip", type: "nfs",
+        linux__nfs_options: ['rw']
+    config.vm.network "private_network", type: "dhcp"
+  else
+    config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip"
+  end

-  vagrant_config_file = ENV["HOME"] + "/.zulip-vagrant-config"
+  vagrant_config_file = ENV['HOME'] + "/.zulip-vagrant-config"
  if File.file?(vagrant_config_file)
    IO.foreach(vagrant_config_file) do |line|
      line.chomp!
      key, value = line.split(nil, 2)
      case key
-      when /^([#;]|$)/ # ignore comments
+      when /^([#;]|$)/; # ignore comments
      when "HTTP_PROXY"; http_proxy = value
      when "HTTPS_PROXY"; https_proxy = value
      when "NO_PROXY"; no_proxy = value
      when "HOST_PORT"; host_port = value.to_i
      when "HOST_IP_ADDR"; host_ip_addr = value
-      when "GUEST_CPUS"; vm_num_cpus = value
-      when "GUEST_MEMORY_MB"; vm_memory = value
-      when "UBUNTU_MIRROR"; ubuntu_mirror = value
-      when "VBOXADD_VERSION"; vboxadd_version = value
      end
    end
  end
@@ -96,57 +114,46 @@ Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|
  elsif !http_proxy.nil? or !https_proxy.nil?
    # This prints twice due to https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues/7504
    # We haven't figured out a workaround.
-    puts "You have specified value for proxy in ~/.zulip-vagrant-config file but did not " \
-         "install the vagrant-proxyconf plugin. To install it, run `vagrant plugin install " \
-         "vagrant-proxyconf` in a terminal.  This error will appear twice."
+    puts 'You have specified value for proxy in ~/.zulip-vagrant-config file but did not ' \
+         'install the vagrant-proxyconf plugin. To install it, run `vagrant plugin install ' \
+         'vagrant-proxyconf` in a terminal.  This error will appear twice.'
    exit
  end

  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 9991, host: host_port, host_ip: host_ip_addr
  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 9994, host: host_port + 3, host_ip: host_ip_addr
-  # Specify Docker provider before VirtualBox provider so it's preferred.
-  config.vm.provider "docker" do |d, override|
-    d.build_dir = File.join(__dir__, "tools", "setup", "dev-vagrant-docker")
-    d.build_args = ["--build-arg", "VAGRANT_UID=#{Process.uid}"]
-    if !ubuntu_mirror.empty?
-      d.build_args += ["--build-arg", "UBUNTU_MIRROR=#{ubuntu_mirror}"]
+  # Specify LXC provider before VirtualBox provider so it's preferred.
+  config.vm.provider "lxc" do |lxc|
+    if command? "lxc-ls"
+      LXC_VERSION = `lxc-ls --version`.strip unless defined? LXC_VERSION
+      if LXC_VERSION >= "1.1.0" and LXC_VERSION < "3.0.0"
+        # Allow start without AppArmor, otherwise Box will not Start on Ubuntu 14.10
+        # see https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/333
+        lxc.customize 'aa_allow_incomplete', 1
+      end
+      if LXC_VERSION >= "3.0.0"
+        lxc.customize 'apparmor.allow_incomplete', 1
+      end
+      if LXC_VERSION >= "2.0.0"
+        lxc.backingstore = 'dir'
+      end
    end
-    d.has_ssh = true
-    d.create_args = ["--ulimit", "nofile=1024:65536"]
  end

  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb, override|
-    override.vm.box = "hashicorp/bionic64"
+    override.vm.box = "ubuntu/trusty64"
    # It's possible we can get away with just 1.5GB; more testing needed
-    vb.memory = vm_memory
-    vb.cpus = vm_num_cpus
-
-    if !vboxadd_version.nil?
-      override.vbguest.installer = Class.new(VagrantVbguest::Installers::Ubuntu) do
-        define_method(:host_version) do |reload = false|
-          VagrantVbguest::Version(vboxadd_version)
-        end
-      end
-      override.vbguest.allow_downgrade = true
-      override.vbguest.iso_path = "https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/#{vboxadd_version}/VBoxGuestAdditions_#{vboxadd_version}.iso"
-    end
+    vb.memory = 2048
+    vb.cpus = 2
  end

-  config.vm.provider "hyperv" do |h, override|
-    override.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-18.04"
-    h.memory = vm_memory
-    h.maxmemory = vm_memory
-    h.cpus = vm_num_cpus
+  config.vm.provider "vmware_fusion" do |vb, override|
+    override.vm.box = "puphpet/ubuntu1404-x64"
+    vb.vmx["memsize"] = "2048"
+    vb.vmx["numvcpus"] = "2"
  end

-  config.vm.provider "parallels" do |prl, override|
-    override.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-18.04"
-    override.vm.box_version = "202005.21.0"
-    prl.memory = vm_memory
-    prl.cpus = vm_num_cpus
-  end
-
-  $provision_script = <<SCRIPT
+$provision_script = <<SCRIPT
 set -x
 set -e
 set -o pipefail
@@ -155,15 +162,25 @@ set -o pipefail
 # something that we don't want to happen when running provision in a
 # development environment not using Vagrant.

-# Set the Ubuntu mirror
-[ ! '#{ubuntu_mirror}' ] || sudo sed -i 's|http://\\(\\w*\\.\\)*archive\\.ubuntu\\.com/ubuntu/\\? |#{ubuntu_mirror} |' /etc/apt/sources.list
-
 # Set the MOTD on the system to have Zulip instructions
-sudo ln -nsf /srv/zulip/tools/setup/dev-motd /etc/update-motd.d/99-zulip-dev
-sudo rm -f /etc/update-motd.d/10-help-text
-sudo dpkg --purge landscape-client landscape-common ubuntu-release-upgrader-core update-manager-core update-notifier-common ubuntu-server
-sudo dpkg-divert --add --rename /etc/default/motd-news
-sudo sh -c 'echo ENABLED=0 > /etc/default/motd-news'
+sudo rm -f /etc/update-motd.d/*
+sudo bash -c 'cat << EndOfMessage > /etc/motd
+Welcome to the Zulip development environment!  Popular commands:
+* tools/provision - Update the development environment
+* tools/run-dev.py - Run the development server
+* tools/lint - Run the linter (quick and catches many problmes)
+* tools/test-* - Run tests (use --help to learn about options)
+
+Read https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/testing.html to learn
+how to run individual test suites so that you can get a fast debug cycle.
+
+EndOfMessage'
+
+# If the host is running SELinux remount the /sys/fs/selinux directory as read only,
+# needed for apt-get to work.
+if [ -d "/sys/fs/selinux" ]; then
+    sudo mount -o remount,ro /sys/fs/selinux
+fi

 # Set default locale, this prevents errors if the user has another locale set.
 if ! grep -q 'LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8' /etc/default/locale; then
@@ -185,7 +202,7 @@ if [ ! -w /srv/zulip ]; then
    # sudo is required since our uid is not 1000
    echo '    vagrant halt -f'
    echo '    rm -rf /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE/.vagrant'
-    echo '    sudo chown -R 1000:$(id -g) /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE'
+    echo '    sudo chown -R 1000:$(whoami) /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE'
    echo "Replace /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE with the path to where zulip code is cloned."
    echo "You can resume setting up your vagrant environment by running:"
    echo "    vagrant up"
--- a/analytics/lib/counts.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/counts.py
--- a/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
@@ -4,19 +4,11 @@ from typing import List

 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat

-
-def generate_time_series_data(
-    days: int = 100,
-    business_hours_base: float = 10,
-    non_business_hours_base: float = 10,
-    growth: float = 1,
-    autocorrelation: float = 0,
-    spikiness: float = 1,
-    holiday_rate: float = 0,
-    frequency: str = CountStat.DAY,
-    partial_sum: bool = False,
-    random_seed: int = 26,
-) -> List[int]:
+def generate_time_series_data(days: int=100, business_hours_base: float=10,
+                              non_business_hours_base: float=10, growth: float=1,
+                              autocorrelation: float=0, spikiness: float=1,
+                              holiday_rate: float=0, frequency: str=CountStat.DAY,
+                              partial_sum: bool=False, random_seed: int=26) -> List[int]:
    """
    Generate semi-realistic looking time series data for testing analytics graphs.

@@ -37,43 +29,35 @@ def generate_time_series_data(
    random_seed -- Seed for random number generator.
    """
    if frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
-        length = days * 24
+        length = days*24
        seasonality = [non_business_hours_base] * 24 * 7
        for day in range(5):
            for hour in range(8):
-                seasonality[24 * day + hour] = business_hours_base
-        holidays = []
+                seasonality[24*day + hour] = business_hours_base
+        holidays  = []
        for i in range(days):
            holidays.extend([random() < holiday_rate] * 24)
    elif frequency == CountStat.DAY:
        length = days
-        seasonality = [8 * business_hours_base + 16 * non_business_hours_base] * 5 + [
-            24 * non_business_hours_base
-        ] * 2
+        seasonality = [8*business_hours_base + 16*non_business_hours_base] * 5 + \
+                      [24*non_business_hours_base] * 2
        holidays = [random() < holiday_rate for i in range(days)]
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))
    if length < 2:
-        raise AssertionError(
-            f"Must be generating at least 2 data points. Currently generating {length}"
-        )
-    growth_base = growth ** (1.0 / (length - 1))
-    values_no_noise = [
-        seasonality[i % len(seasonality)] * (growth_base ** i) for i in range(length)
-    ]
+        raise AssertionError("Must be generating at least 2 data points. "
+                             "Currently generating %s" % (length,))
+    growth_base = growth ** (1. / (length-1))
+    values_no_noise = [seasonality[i % len(seasonality)] * (growth_base**i) for i in range(length)]

    seed(random_seed)
    noise_scalars = [gauss(0, 1)]
    for i in range(1, length):
-        noise_scalars.append(
-            noise_scalars[-1] * autocorrelation + gauss(0, 1) * (1 - autocorrelation)
-        )
+        noise_scalars.append(noise_scalars[-1]*autocorrelation + gauss(0, 1)*(1-autocorrelation))

-    values = [
-        0 if holiday else int(v + sqrt(v) * noise_scalar * spikiness)
-        for v, noise_scalar, holiday in zip(values_no_noise, noise_scalars, holidays)
-    ]
+    values = [0 if holiday else int(v + sqrt(v)*noise_scalar*spikiness)
+              for v, noise_scalar, holiday in zip(values_no_noise, noise_scalars, holidays)]
    if partial_sum:
        for i in range(1, length):
-            values[i] = values[i - 1] + values[i]
+            values[i] = values[i-1] + values[i]
    return [max(v, 0) for v in values]
--- a/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@ from typing import List, Optional
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC

-
 # If min_length is None, returns end_times from ceiling(start) to floor(end), inclusive.
 # If min_length is greater than 0, pads the list to the left.
 # So informally, time_range(Sep 20, Sep 22, day, None) returns [Sep 20, Sep 21, Sep 22],
 # and time_range(Sep 20, Sep 22, day, 5) returns [Sep 18, Sep 19, Sep 20, Sep 21, Sep 22]
-def time_range(
-    start: datetime, end: datetime, frequency: str, min_length: Optional[int]
-) -> List[datetime]:
+def time_range(start: datetime, end: datetime, frequency: str,
+               min_length: Optional[int]) -> List[datetime]:
    verify_UTC(start)
    verify_UTC(end)
    if frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
@@ -21,11 +19,11 @@ def time_range(
        end = floor_to_day(end)
        step = timedelta(days=1)
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))

    times = []
    if min_length is not None:
-        start = min(start, end - (min_length - 1) * step)
+        start = min(start, end - (min_length-1)*step)
    current = end
    while current >= start:
        times.append(current)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import datetime
+import logging
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
+
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import timestamp_to_datetime
+from zerver.models import Message, Recipient
+
+def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
+    logger = logging.getLogger()
+    logger.setLevel(log_level)
+
+    one_week_ago = timestamp_to_datetime(time.time()) - datetime.timedelta(weeks=1)
+    mit_query = Message.objects.filter(sender__realm__string_id="zephyr",
+                                       recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM,
+                                       pub_date__gt=one_week_ago)
+    for bot_sender_start in ["imap.", "rcmd.", "sys."]:
+        mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__startswith=(bot_sender_start))
+    # Filtering for "/" covers tabbott/extra@ and all the daemon/foo bots.
+    mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__contains=("/"))
+    mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__contains=("aim.com"))
+    mit_query = mit_query.exclude(
+        sender__email__in=["rss@mit.edu", "bash@mit.edu", "apache@mit.edu",
+                           "bitcoin@mit.edu", "lp@mit.edu", "clocks@mit.edu",
+                           "root@mit.edu", "nagios@mit.edu",
+                           "www-data|local-realm@mit.edu"])
+    user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]]
+    for m in mit_query.select_related("sending_client", "sender"):
+        email = m.sender.email
+        user_counts.setdefault(email, {})
+        user_counts[email].setdefault(m.sending_client.name, 0)
+        user_counts[email][m.sending_client.name] += 1
+
+    total_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
+    total_user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
+    for email, counts in user_counts.items():
+        total_user_counts.setdefault(email, 0)
+        for client_name, count in counts.items():
+            total_counts.setdefault(client_name, 0)
+            total_counts[client_name] += count
+            total_user_counts[email] += count
+
+    logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s" % ("User", "Messages", "Percentage Zulip"))
+    top_percents = {}  # type: Dict[int, float]
+    for size in [10, 25, 50, 100, 200, len(total_user_counts.keys())]:
+        top_percents[size] = 0.0
+    for i, email in enumerate(sorted(total_user_counts.keys(),
+                                     key=lambda x: -total_user_counts[x])):
+        percent_zulip = round(100 - (user_counts[email].get("zephyr_mirror", 0)) * 100. /
+                              total_user_counts[email], 1)
+        for size in top_percents.keys():
+            top_percents.setdefault(size, 0)
+            if i < size:
+                top_percents[size] += (percent_zulip * 1.0 / size)
+
+        logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s%%" % (email, total_user_counts[email],
+                                              percent_zulip))
+
+    logging.info("")
+    for size in sorted(top_percents.keys()):
+        logging.info("Top %6s | %s%%" % (size, round(top_percents[size], 1)))
+
+    grand_total = sum(total_counts.values())
+    print(grand_total)
+    logging.info("%15s | %s" % ("Client", "Percentage"))
+    for client in total_counts.keys():
+        logging.info("%15s | %s%%" % (client, round(100. * total_counts[client] / grand_total, 1)))
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = "Compute statistics on MIT Zephyr usage."
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: CommandParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=False, action='store_true')
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        level = logging.INFO
+        if options["verbose"]:
+            level = logging.DEBUG
+        compute_stats(level)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import datetime
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
+from django.utils.timezone import utc
+
+from zerver.lib.statistics import seconds_usage_between
+from zerver.models import UserProfile
+
+def analyze_activity(options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    day_start = datetime.datetime.strptime(options["date"], "%Y-%m-%d").replace(tzinfo=utc)
+    day_end = day_start + datetime.timedelta(days=options["duration"])
+
+    user_profile_query = UserProfile.objects.all()
+    if options["realm"]:
+        user_profile_query = user_profile_query.filter(realm__string_id=options["realm"])
+
+    print("Per-user online duration:\n")
+    total_duration = datetime.timedelta(0)
+    for user_profile in user_profile_query:
+        duration = seconds_usage_between(user_profile, day_start, day_end)
+
+        if duration == datetime.timedelta(0):
+            continue
+
+        total_duration += duration
+        print("%-*s%s" % (37, user_profile.email, duration,))
+
+    print("\nTotal Duration:                      %s" % (total_duration,))
+    print("\nTotal Duration in minutes:           %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() / 60.,))
+    print("Total Duration amortized to a month: %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() * 30. / 60.,))
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = """Report analytics of user activity on a per-user and realm basis.
+
+This command aggregates user activity data that is collected by each user using Zulip. It attempts
+to approximate how much each user has been using Zulip per day, measured by recording each 15 minute
+period where some activity has occurred (mouse move or keyboard activity).
+
+It will correctly not count server-initiated reloads in the activity statistics.
+
+The duration flag can be used to control how many days to show usage duration for
+
+Usage: ./manage.py analyze_user_activity [--realm=zulip] [--date=2013-09-10] [--duration=1]
+
+By default, if no date is selected 2013-09-10 is used. If no realm is provided, information
+is shown for all realms"""
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: CommandParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('--realm', action='store')
+        parser.add_argument('--date', action='store', default="2013-09-06")
+        parser.add_argument('--duration', action='store', default=1, type=int,
+                            help="How many days to show usage information for")
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        analyze_activity(options)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
-import os
-import time
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from datetime import timedelta
-from typing import Any, Dict

 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

+from analytics.models import InstallationCount, installation_epoch, \
+    last_successful_fill
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
-from analytics.models import installation_epoch
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import TimezoneNotUTCException, floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour, floor_to_day, verify_UTC, \
+    TimezoneNotUTCException
 from zerver.models import Realm

+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 states = {
    0: "OK",
    1: "WARNING",
    2: "CRITICAL",
-    3: "UNKNOWN",
+    3: "UNKNOWN"
 }

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Checks FillState table.

@@ -26,30 +31,31 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        fill_state = self.get_fill_state()
-        status = fill_state["status"]
-        message = fill_state["message"]
+        status = fill_state['status']
+        message = fill_state['message']

        state_file_path = "/var/lib/nagios_state/check-analytics-state"
        state_file_tmp = state_file_path + "-tmp"

        with open(state_file_tmp, "w") as f:
-            f.write(f"{int(time.time())}|{status}|{states[status]}|{message}\n")
-        os.rename(state_file_tmp, state_file_path)
+            f.write("%s|%s|%s|%s\n" % (
+                int(time.time()), status, states[status], message))
+        subprocess.check_call(["mv", state_file_tmp, state_file_path])

    def get_fill_state(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        if not Realm.objects.exists():
-            return {"status": 0, "message": "No realms exist, so not checking FillState."}
+            return {'status': 0, 'message': 'No realms exist, so not checking FillState.'}

        warning_unfilled_properties = []
        critical_unfilled_properties = []
        for property, stat in COUNT_STATS.items():
-            last_fill = stat.last_successful_fill()
+            last_fill = last_successful_fill(property)
            if last_fill is None:
                last_fill = installation_epoch()
            try:
                verify_UTC(last_fill)
            except TimezoneNotUTCException:
-                return {"status": 2, "message": f"FillState not in UTC for {property}"}
+                return {'status': 2, 'message': 'FillState not in UTC for %s' % (property,)}

            if stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
                floor_function = floor_to_day
@@ -61,10 +67,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                critical_threshold = timedelta(minutes=150)

            if floor_function(last_fill) != last_fill:
-                return {
-                    "status": 2,
-                    "message": f"FillState not on {stat.frequency} boundary for {property}",
-                }
+                return {'status': 2, 'message': 'FillState not on %s boundary for %s' %
+                        (stat.frequency, property)}

            time_to_last_fill = timezone_now() - last_fill
            if time_to_last_fill > critical_threshold:
@@ -73,18 +77,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                warning_unfilled_properties.append(property)

        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0 and len(warning_unfilled_properties) == 0:
-            return {"status": 0, "message": "FillState looks fine."}
+            return {'status': 0, 'message': 'FillState looks fine.'}
        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0:
-            return {
-                "status": 1,
-                "message": "Missed filling {} once.".format(
-                    ", ".join(warning_unfilled_properties),
-                ),
-            }
-        return {
-            "status": 2,
-            "message": "Missed filling {} once. Missed filling {} at least twice.".format(
-                ", ".join(warning_unfilled_properties),
-                ", ".join(critical_unfilled_properties),
-            ),
-        }
+            return {'status': 1, 'message': 'Missed filling %s once.' %
+                    (', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties),)}
+        return {'status': 2, 'message': 'Missed filling %s once. Missed filling %s at least twice.' %
+                (', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties), ', '.join(critical_unfilled_properties))}
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
+import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand

 from analytics.lib.counts import do_drop_all_analytics_tables

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""

    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
-        parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true", help="Clear analytics tables.")
+        parser.add_argument('--force',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Clear analytics tables.")

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
-        if options["force"]:
+        if options['force']:
            do_drop_all_analytics_tables()
        else:
-            raise CommandError(
-                "Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so."
-            )
+            print("Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so.")
+            sys.exit(1)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
@@ -1,23 +1,29 @@
+import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand

 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, do_drop_single_stat

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""

    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
-        parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true", help="Actually do it.")
-        parser.add_argument("--property", help="The property of the stat to be cleared.")
+        parser.add_argument('--force',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Actually do it.")
+        parser.add_argument('--property',
+                            type=str,
+                            help="The property of the stat to be cleared.")

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
-        property = options["property"]
+        property = options['property']
        if property not in COUNT_STATS:
-            raise CommandError(f"Invalid property: {property}")
-        if not options["force"]:
-            raise CommandError("No action taken. Use --force.")
+            print("Invalid property: %s" % (property,))
+            sys.exit(1)
+        if not options['force']:
+            print("No action taken. Use --force.")
+            sys.exit(1)

        do_drop_single_stat(property)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import datetime
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import Any
+
+from django.db.models import Count, QuerySet
+from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+
+from zerver.lib.management import ZulipBaseCommand
+from zerver.models import UserActivity
+
+class Command(ZulipBaseCommand):
+    help = """Report rough client activity globally, for a realm, or for a user
+
+Usage examples:
+
+./manage.py client_activity --target server
+./manage.py client_activity --target realm --realm zulip
+./manage.py client_activity --target user --user hamlet@zulip.com --realm zulip"""
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('--target', dest='target', required=True, type=str,
+                            help="'server' will calculate client activity of the entire server. "
+                                 "'realm' will calculate client activity of realm. "
+                                 "'user' will calculate client activity of the user.")
+        parser.add_argument('--user', dest='user', type=str,
+                            help="The email address of the user you want to calculate activity.")
+        self.add_realm_args(parser)
+
+    def compute_activity(self, user_activity_objects: QuerySet) -> None:
+        # Report data from the past week.
+        #
+        # This is a rough report of client activity because we inconsistently
+        # register activity from various clients; think of it as telling you
+        # approximately how many people from a group have used a particular
+        # client recently. For example, this might be useful to get a sense of
+        # how popular different versions of a desktop client are.
+        #
+        # Importantly, this does NOT tell you anything about the relative
+        # volumes of requests from clients.
+        threshold = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)
+        client_counts = user_activity_objects.filter(
+            last_visit__gt=threshold).values("client__name").annotate(
+            count=Count('client__name'))
+
+        total = 0
+        counts = []
+        for client_type in client_counts:
+            count = client_type["count"]
+            client = client_type["client__name"]
+            total += count
+            counts.append((count, client))
+
+        counts.sort()
+
+        for count in counts:
+            print("%25s %15d" % (count[1], count[0]))
+        print("Total:", total)
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: str) -> None:
+        realm = self.get_realm(options)
+        if options["user"] is None:
+            if options["target"] == "server" and realm is None:
+                # Report global activity.
+                self.compute_activity(UserActivity.objects.all())
+            elif options["target"] == "realm" and realm is not None:
+                self.compute_activity(UserActivity.objects.filter(user_profile__realm=realm))
+            else:
+                self.print_help("./manage.py", "client_activity")
+        elif options["target"] == "user":
+            user_profile = self.get_user(options["user"], realm)
+            self.compute_activity(UserActivity.objects.filter(user_profile=user_profile))
+        else:
+            self.print_help("./manage.py", "client_activity")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
@@ -1,26 +1,18 @@
-from datetime import timedelta
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Type
-from unittest import mock
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Type, Union

 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

-from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat, do_drop_all_analytics_tables
+from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, \
+    CountStat, do_drop_all_analytics_tables
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
-from analytics.models import (
-    BaseCount,
-    FillState,
-    InstallationCount,
-    RealmCount,
-    StreamCount,
-    UserCount,
-)
-from zerver.lib.actions import STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS, do_change_user_role, do_create_realm
-from zerver.lib.create_user import create_user
+from analytics.models import BaseCount, FillState, RealmCount, UserCount, StreamCount
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
-from zerver.models import Client, Realm, Recipient, Stream, Subscription, UserProfile
-
+from zerver.models import Realm, UserProfile, Stream, Message, Client, \
+    RealmAuditLog, Recipient

 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Populates analytics tables with randomly generated data."""
@@ -28,273 +20,131 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
    DAYS_OF_DATA = 100
    random_seed = 26

-    def generate_fixture_data(
-        self,
-        stat: CountStat,
-        business_hours_base: float,
-        non_business_hours_base: float,
-        growth: float,
-        autocorrelation: float,
-        spikiness: float,
-        holiday_rate: float = 0,
-        partial_sum: bool = False,
-    ) -> List[int]:
+    def create_user(self, email: str,
+                    full_name: str,
+                    is_staff: bool,
+                    date_joined: datetime,
+                    realm: Realm) -> UserProfile:
+        user = UserProfile.objects.create(
+            email=email, full_name=full_name, is_staff=is_staff,
+            realm=realm, short_name=full_name, pointer=-1, last_pointer_updater='none',
+            api_key='42', date_joined=date_joined)
+        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
+            realm=realm, modified_user=user, event_type='user_created',
+            event_time=user.date_joined)
+        return user
+
+    def generate_fixture_data(self, stat: CountStat, business_hours_base: float,
+                              non_business_hours_base: float, growth: float,
+                              autocorrelation: float, spikiness: float,
+                              holiday_rate: float=0, partial_sum: bool=False) -> List[int]:
        self.random_seed += 1
        return generate_time_series_data(
-            days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA,
-            business_hours_base=business_hours_base,
-            non_business_hours_base=non_business_hours_base,
-            growth=growth,
-            autocorrelation=autocorrelation,
-            spikiness=spikiness,
-            holiday_rate=holiday_rate,
-            frequency=stat.frequency,
-            partial_sum=partial_sum,
-            random_seed=self.random_seed,
-        )
+            days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA, business_hours_base=business_hours_base,
+            non_business_hours_base=non_business_hours_base, growth=growth,
+            autocorrelation=autocorrelation, spikiness=spikiness, holiday_rate=holiday_rate,
+            frequency=stat.frequency, partial_sum=partial_sum, random_seed=self.random_seed)

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
-        # TODO: This should arguably only delete the objects
-        # associated with the "analytics" realm.
        do_drop_all_analytics_tables()
-
-        # This also deletes any objects with this realm as a foreign key
-        Realm.objects.filter(string_id="analytics").delete()
-
-        # Because we just deleted a bunch of objects in the database
-        # directly (rather than deleting individual objects in Django,
-        # in which case our post_save hooks would have flushed the
-        # individual objects from memcached for us), we need to flush
-        # memcached in order to ensure deleted objects aren't still
-        # present in the memcached cache.
-        from zerver.apps import flush_cache
-
-        flush_cache(None)
+        # I believe this also deletes any objects with this realm as a foreign key
+        Realm.objects.filter(string_id='analytics').delete()

        installation_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA)
        last_end_time = floor_to_day(timezone_now())
-        realm = do_create_realm(
-            string_id="analytics", name="Analytics", date_created=installation_time
-        )
+        realm = Realm.objects.create(
+            string_id='analytics', name='Analytics', date_created=installation_time)
+        shylock = self.create_user('shylock@analytics.ds', 'Shylock', True, installation_time, realm)
+        stream = Stream.objects.create(
+            name='all', realm=realm, date_created=installation_time)
+        Recipient.objects.create(type_id=stream.id, type=Recipient.STREAM)

-        with mock.patch("zerver.lib.create_user.timezone_now", return_value=installation_time):
-            shylock = create_user(
-                "shylock@analytics.ds",
-                "Shylock",
-                realm,
-                full_name="Shylock",
-                role=UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_OWNER,
-            )
-        do_change_user_role(shylock, UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_OWNER, acting_user=None)
-        stream = Stream.objects.create(name="all", realm=realm, date_created=installation_time)
-        recipient = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=stream.id, type=Recipient.STREAM)
-        stream.recipient = recipient
-        stream.save(update_fields=["recipient"])
-
-        # Subscribe shylock to the stream to avoid invariant failures.
-        # TODO: This should use subscribe_users_to_streams from populate_db.
-        subs = [
-            Subscription(
-                recipient=recipient,
-                user_profile=shylock,
-                is_user_active=shylock.is_active,
-                color=STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS[0],
-            ),
-        ]
-        Subscription.objects.bulk_create(subs)
-
-        def insert_fixture_data(
-            stat: CountStat, fixture_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]], table: Type[BaseCount]
-        ) -> None:
-            end_times = time_range(
-                last_end_time, last_end_time, stat.frequency, len(list(fixture_data.values())[0])
-            )
-            if table == InstallationCount:
-                id_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        def insert_fixture_data(stat: CountStat,
+                                fixture_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]],
+                                table: Type[BaseCount]) -> None:
+            end_times = time_range(last_end_time, last_end_time, stat.frequency,
+                                   len(list(fixture_data.values())[0]))
            if table == RealmCount:
-                id_args = {"realm": realm}
+                id_args = {'realm': realm}
            if table == UserCount:
-                id_args = {"realm": realm, "user": shylock}
+                id_args = {'realm': realm, 'user': shylock}
            if table == StreamCount:
-                id_args = {"stream": stream, "realm": realm}
+                id_args = {'stream': stream, 'realm': realm}

            for subgroup, values in fixture_data.items():
-                table.objects.bulk_create(
-                    table(
-                        property=stat.property,
-                        subgroup=subgroup,
-                        end_time=end_time,
-                        value=value,
-                        **id_args,
-                    )
-                    for end_time, value in zip(end_times, values)
-                    if value != 0
-                )
+                table.objects.bulk_create([
+                    table(property=stat.property, subgroup=subgroup, end_time=end_time,
+                          value=value, **id_args)
+                    for end_time, value in zip(end_times, values) if value != 0])

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["1day_actives::day"]
-        realm_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.08, 0.02, 3, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.8, 0.2, 4, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["7day_actives::day"]
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
        realm_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.2, 0.07, 3, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
+            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .1, .03, 3, .5, 3, partial_sum=True),
+        }  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 0.7, 4, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"]
-        realm_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.8, 0.08, 3, 0.5, 3, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 0.3, 4, 0.5, 3, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["active_users_audit:is_bot:day"]
-        realm_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 0.2, 3.5, 0.8, 2, partial_sum=True),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.3, 0.05, 3, 0.3, 2, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 3, 1, 4, 0.8, 2, partial_sum=True),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 0.4, 4, 0.8, 2, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:is_bot:hour"]
-        user_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, 0.6, 8, holiday_rate=0.1),
-        }
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
+        user_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(
+            stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1)}  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
-        realm_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 35, 15, 6, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 15, 15, 3, 0.4, 2),
-        }
+        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 35, 15, 6, .6, 4),
+                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 15, 15, 3, .4, 2)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 350, 150, 6, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 150, 150, 3, 0.4, 2),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:message_type:day"]
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:message_type:day']
        user_data = {
-            "public_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1.5, 1, 3, 0.6, 8),
-            "private_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.5, 0.3, 1, 0.6, 8),
-            "huddle_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.2, 0.2, 2, 0.6, 8),
-        }
+            'public_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1.5, 1, 3, .6, 8),
+            'private_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .5, .3, 1, .6, 8),
+            'huddle_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .2, .2, 2, .6, 8)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
        realm_data = {
-            "public_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 8, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 7, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 13, 5, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "huddle_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 6, 3, 3, 0.6, 4),
-        }
+            'public_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 8, 5, .6, 4),
+            'private_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 7, 5, .6, 4),
+            'private_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 13, 5, 5, .6, 4),
+            'huddle_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 6, 3, 3, .6, 4)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            "public_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 80, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 70, 70, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 130, 50, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "huddle_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 60, 30, 3, 0.6, 4),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        website, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="website")
-        old_desktop, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="desktop app Linux 0.3.7")
-        android, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipAndroid")
-        iOS, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipiOS")
-        react_native, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipMobile")
-        API, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="API: Python")
-        zephyr_mirror, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="zephyr_mirror")
-        unused, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="unused")
-        long_webhook, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipLooooooooooongNameWebhook")
+        website, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='website')
+        old_desktop, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='desktop app Linux 0.3.7')
+        android, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipAndroid')
+        iOS, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipiOS')
+        react_native, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipMobile')
+        API, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='API: Python')
+        zephyr_mirror, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='zephyr_mirror')
+        unused, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='unused')
+        long_webhook, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipLooooooooooongNameWebhook')

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:client:day"]
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:client:day']
        user_data = {
-            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, 0.6, 8),
-            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0.3, 1.5, 0.6, 8),
-        }
+            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8),
+            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, .3, 1.5, .6, 8)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
        realm_data = {
-            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 20, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 8, 0.6, 3),
-            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, 0.6, 3),
-            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 1, 3, 0.6, 3),
+            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 20, 5, .6, 3),
+            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 8, .6, 3),
+            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, .6, 3),
+            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, .6, 3),
+            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, .6, 3),
+            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 5, .6, 3),
+            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 1, 3, .6, 3),
            unused.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, 0.6, 3),
-        }
+            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, .6, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 200, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 30, 8, 0.6, 3),
-            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, 0.6, 3),
-            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 10, 3, 0.6, 3),
-            unused.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, 0.6, 3),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_in_stream:is_bot:day"]
-        realm_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 5, 6, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 20, 2, 3, 0.2, 3),
-        }
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_in_stream:is_bot:day']
+        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 5, 6, .6, 4),
+                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 20, 2, 3, .2, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        stream_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]] = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 7, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 2, 0.4, 2),
-        }
+        stream_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 7, 5, .6, 4),
+                       'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 2, .4, 2)}  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, stream_data, StreamCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_read::hour"]
-        user_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 3, 2, 0.6, 8, holiday_rate=0.1),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
-        realm_data = {None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 35, 6, 0.6, 4)}
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import datetime
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import Any, List
+
+import pytz
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
+from django.db.models import Count
+from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Recipient, Stream, \
+    Subscription, UserActivity, UserMessage, UserProfile, get_realm
+
+MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST = ["Android", "ios"]
+HUMAN_CLIENT_LIST = MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST + ["website"]
+
+human_messages = Message.objects.filter(sending_client__name__in=HUMAN_CLIENT_LIST)
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = "Generate statistics on realm activity."
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
+                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
+
+    def active_users(self, realm: Realm) -> List[UserProfile]:
+        # Has been active (on the website, for now) in the last 7 days.
+        activity_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)
+        return [activity.user_profile for activity in (
+            UserActivity.objects.filter(user_profile__realm=realm,
+                                        user_profile__is_active=True,
+                                        last_visit__gt=activity_cutoff,
+                                        query="/json/users/me/pointer",
+                                        client__name="website"))]
+
+    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender=user, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+
+    def total_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+
+    def human_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+
+    def api_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        return (self.total_messages(realm, days_ago) - self.human_messages(realm, days_ago))
+
+    def stream_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff,
+                                     recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).count()
+
+    def private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.HUDDLE).count()
+
+    def group_private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, pub_date__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.PERSONAL).count()
+
+    def report_percentage(self, numerator: float, denominator: float, text: str) -> None:
+        if not denominator:
+            fraction = 0.0
+        else:
+            fraction = numerator / float(denominator)
+        print("%.2f%% of" % (fraction * 100,), text)
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        if options['realms']:
+            try:
+                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
+            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
+                print(e)
+                exit(1)
+        else:
+            realms = Realm.objects.all()
+
+        for realm in realms:
+            print(realm.string_id)
+
+            user_profiles = UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True)
+            active_users = self.active_users(realm)
+            num_active = len(active_users)
+
+            print("%d active users (%d total)" % (num_active, len(user_profiles)))
+            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).extra(
+                tables=['zerver_subscription', 'zerver_recipient'],
+                where=['zerver_subscription.recipient_id = zerver_recipient.id',
+                       'zerver_recipient.type = 2',
+                       'zerver_recipient.type_id = zerver_stream.id',
+                       'zerver_subscription.active = true']).annotate(count=Count("name"))
+            print("%d streams" % (streams.count(),))
+
+            for days_ago in (1, 7, 30):
+                print("In last %d days, users sent:" % (days_ago,))
+                sender_quantities = [self.messages_sent_by(user, days_ago) for user in user_profiles]
+                for quantity in sorted(sender_quantities, reverse=True):
+                    print(quantity, end=' ')
+                print("")
+
+                print("%d stream messages" % (self.stream_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d one-on-one private messages" % (self.private_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d messages sent via the API" % (self.api_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d group private messages" % (self.group_private_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+
+            num_notifications_enabled = len([x for x in active_users if x.enable_desktop_notifications])
+            self.report_percentage(num_notifications_enabled, num_active,
+                                   "active users have desktop notifications enabled")
+
+            num_enter_sends = len([x for x in active_users if x.enter_sends])
+            self.report_percentage(num_enter_sends, num_active,
+                                   "active users have enter-sends")
+
+            all_message_count = human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm).count()
+            multi_paragraph_message_count = human_messages.filter(
+                sender__realm=realm, content__contains="\n\n").count()
+            self.report_percentage(multi_paragraph_message_count, all_message_count,
+                                   "all messages are multi-paragraph")
+
+            # Starred messages
+            starrers = UserMessage.objects.filter(user_profile__in=user_profiles,
+                                                  flags=UserMessage.flags.starred).values(
+                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
+            print("%d users have starred %d messages" % (
+                len(starrers), sum([elt["count"] for elt in starrers])))
+
+            active_user_subs = Subscription.objects.filter(
+                user_profile__in=user_profiles, active=True)
+
+            # Streams not in home view
+            non_home_view = active_user_subs.filter(in_home_view=False).values(
+                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
+            print("%d users have %d streams not in home view" % (
+                len(non_home_view), sum([elt["count"] for elt in non_home_view])))
+
+            # Code block markup
+            markup_messages = human_messages.filter(
+                sender__realm=realm, content__contains="~~~").values(
+                "sender").annotate(count=Count("sender"))
+            print("%d users have used code block markup on %s messages" % (
+                len(markup_messages), sum([elt["count"] for elt in markup_messages])))
+
+            # Notifications for stream messages
+            notifications = active_user_subs.filter(notifications=True).values(
+                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
+            print("%d users receive desktop notifications for %d streams" % (
+                len(notifications), sum([elt["count"] for elt in notifications])))
+
+            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
@@ -1,61 +1,44 @@
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from typing import Any

-from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.db.models import Q

-from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Recipient, Stream, Subscription, get_realm
-
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, \
+    Recipient, Stream, Subscription, get_realm

 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = "Generate statistics on the streams for a realm."

    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "realms", metavar="<realm>", nargs="*", help="realm to generate statistics for"
-        )
+        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
+                            help="realm to generate statistics for")

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: str) -> None:
-        if options["realms"]:
+        if options['realms']:
            try:
-                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options["realms"]]
+                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
-                raise CommandError(e)
+                print(e)
+                exit(1)
        else:
            realms = Realm.objects.all()

        for realm in realms:
+            print(realm.string_id)
+            print("------------")
+            print("%25s %15s %10s" % ("stream", "subscribers", "messages"))
            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).exclude(Q(name__istartswith="tutorial-"))
-            # private stream count
-            private_count = 0
-            # public stream count
-            public_count = 0
+            invite_only_count = 0
            for stream in streams:
                if stream.invite_only:
-                    private_count += 1
-                else:
-                    public_count += 1
-            print("------------")
-            print(realm.string_id, end=" ")
-            print("{:>10} {} public streams and".format("(", public_count), end=" ")
-            print(f"{private_count} private streams )")
-            print("------------")
-            print("{:>25} {:>15} {:>10} {:>12}".format("stream", "subscribers", "messages", "type"))
-
-            for stream in streams:
-                if stream.invite_only:
-                    stream_type = "private"
-                else:
-                    stream_type = "public"
-                print(f"{stream.name:>25}", end=" ")
+                    invite_only_count += 1
+                    continue
+                print("%25s" % (stream.name,), end=' ')
                recipient = Recipient.objects.filter(type=Recipient.STREAM, type_id=stream.id)
-                print(
-                    "{:10}".format(
-                        len(Subscription.objects.filter(recipient=recipient, active=True))
-                    ),
-                    end=" ",
-                )
+                print("%10d" % (len(Subscription.objects.filter(recipient=recipient,
+                                                                active=True)),), end=' ')
                num_messages = len(Message.objects.filter(recipient=recipient))
-                print(f"{num_messages:12}", end=" ")
-                print(f"{stream_type:>15}")
+                print("%12d" % (num_messages,))
+            print("%d invite-only streams" % (invite_only_count,))
            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
@@ -1,50 +1,47 @@
 import os
 import time
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
-from datetime import timezone
 from typing import Any, Dict

 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_datetime
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+from django.utils.timezone import utc as timezone_utc

 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, logger, process_count_stat
 from scripts.lib.zulip_tools import ENDC, WARNING
-from zerver.lib.remote_server import send_analytics_to_remote_server
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour
 from zerver.models import Realm

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Fills Analytics tables.

    Run as a cron job that runs every hour."""

    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "--time",
-            "-t",
-            help="Update stat tables from current state to "
-            "--time. Defaults to the current time.",
-            default=timezone_now().isoformat(),
-        )
-        parser.add_argument("--utc", action="store_true", help="Interpret --time in UTC.")
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "--stat", "-s", help="CountStat to process. If omitted, all stats are processed."
-        )
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Print timing information to stdout."
-        )
+        parser.add_argument('--time', '-t',
+                            type=str,
+                            help='Update stat tables from current state to'
+                                 '--time. Defaults to the current time.',
+                            default=timezone_now().isoformat())
+        parser.add_argument('--utc',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Interpret --time in UTC.",
+                            default=False)
+        parser.add_argument('--stat', '-s',
+                            type=str,
+                            help="CountStat to process. If omitted, all stats are processed.")
+        parser.add_argument('--verbose',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Print timing information to stdout.",
+                            default=False)

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        try:
            os.mkdir(settings.ANALYTICS_LOCK_DIR)
        except OSError:
-            print(
-                f"{WARNING}Analytics lock {settings.ANALYTICS_LOCK_DIR} is unavailable;"
-                f" exiting.{ENDC}"
-            )
+            print(WARNING + "Analytics lock %s is unavailable; exiting... " + ENDC)
            return

        try:
@@ -59,37 +56,31 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            logger.info("No realms, stopping update_analytics_counts")
            return

-        fill_to_time = parse_datetime(options["time"])
-        if options["utc"]:
-            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        fill_to_time = parse_datetime(options['time'])
+        if options['utc']:
+            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone_utc)
        if fill_to_time.tzinfo is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "--time must be timezone aware. Maybe you meant to use the --utc option?"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("--time must be timezone aware. Maybe you meant to use the --utc option?")

-        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone.utc))
+        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone_utc))

-        if options["stat"] is not None:
-            stats = [COUNT_STATS[options["stat"]]]
+        if options['stat'] is not None:
+            stats = [COUNT_STATS[options['stat']]]
        else:
            stats = list(COUNT_STATS.values())

-        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
-        if options["verbose"]:
+        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))
+        if options['verbose']:
            start = time.time()
            last = start

        for stat in stats:
            process_count_stat(stat, fill_to_time)
-            if options["verbose"]:
-                print(f"Updated {stat.property} in {time.time() - last:.3f}s")
+            if options['verbose']:
+                print("Updated %s in %.3fs" % (stat.property, time.time() - last))
                last = time.time()

-        if options["verbose"]:
-            print(
-                f"Finished updating analytics counts through {fill_to_time} in {time.time() - start:.3f}s"
-            )
-        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
-
-        if settings.PUSH_NOTIFICATION_BOUNCER_URL and settings.SUBMIT_USAGE_STATISTICS:
-            send_analytics_to_remote_server()
+        if options['verbose']:
+            print("Finished updating analytics counts through %s in %.3fs" %
+                  (fill_to_time, time.time() - start))
+        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))
--- a/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import datetime
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import Any
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
+from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Stream, UserProfile, get_realm
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = "Generate statistics on user activity."
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
+                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
+
+    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, week: int) -> int:
+        start = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=(week + 1)*7)
+        end = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=week*7)
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender=user, pub_date__gt=start, pub_date__lte=end).count()
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        if options['realms']:
+            try:
+                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
+            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
+                print(e)
+                exit(1)
+        else:
+            realms = Realm.objects.all()
+
+        for realm in realms:
+            print(realm.string_id)
+            user_profiles = UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True)
+            print("%d users" % (len(user_profiles),))
+            print("%d streams" % (len(Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm)),))
+
+            for user_profile in user_profiles:
+                print("%35s" % (user_profile.email,), end=' ')
+                for week in range(10):
+                    print("%5d" % (self.messages_sent_by(user_profile, week)), end=' ')
+                print("")
--- a/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,209 +1,112 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import migrations, models

+import zerver.lib.str_utils

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0030_realm_org_type"),
+        ('zerver', '0030_realm_org_type'),
        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Anomaly",
+            name='Anomaly',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("info", models.CharField(max_length=1000)),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('info', models.CharField(max_length=1000)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="HuddleCount",
+            name='HuddleCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "huddle",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Recipient"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "user",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('huddle', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Recipient')),
+                ('user', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="InstallationCount",
+            name='InstallationCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="RealmCount",
+            name='RealmCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('realm', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
+
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="StreamCount",
+            name='StreamCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "stream",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Stream"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('realm', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
+                ('stream', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Stream')),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="UserCount",
+            name='UserCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "user",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('realm', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
+                ('user', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together={("user", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='usercount',
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together={("stream", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together={("realm", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together={("property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='installationcount',
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="huddlecount",
-            unique_together={("huddle", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='huddlecount',
+            unique_together=set([('huddle', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-from django.db import migrations
-
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import migrations, models

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0001_initial"),
+        ('analytics', '0001_initial'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="huddlecount",
-            unique_together=set(),
+            name='huddlecount',
+            unique_together=set([]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="huddlecount",
-            name="anomaly",
+            model_name='huddlecount',
+            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="huddlecount",
-            name="huddle",
+            model_name='huddlecount',
+            name='huddle',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="huddlecount",
-            name="user",
+            model_name='huddlecount',
+            name='user',
        ),
        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="HuddleCount",
+            name='HuddleCount',
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
@@ -1,27 +1,24 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

+import zerver.lib.str_utils

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0002_remove_huddlecount"),
+        ('analytics', '0002_remove_huddlecount'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="FillState",
+            name='FillState',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("state", models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()),
-                ("last_modified", models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('state', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()),
+                ('last_modified', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
            ],
-            bases=(models.Model,),
+            bases=(zerver.lib.str_utils.ModelReprMixin, models.Model),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0003_fillstate"),
+        ('analytics', '0003_fillstate'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
@@ -1,51 +1,51 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0004_add_subgroup"),
+        ('analytics', '0004_add_subgroup'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-from django.db import migrations
-
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import migrations, models

 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0005_alter_field_size"),
+        ('analytics', '0005_alter_field_size'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together={("property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='installationcount',
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together={("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together={("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together={("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='usercount',
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
@@ -1,44 +1,45 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-16 20:50
+from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints"),
+        ('analytics', '0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together={("property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='installationcount',
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together={("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together={("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together={("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='usercount',
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.5 on 2017-02-01 22:28
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0050_userprofile_avatar_version"),
-        ("analytics", "0007_remove_interval"),
+        ('zerver', '0050_userprofile_avatar_version'),
+        ('analytics', '0007_remove_interval'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            index_together={("property", "end_time")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            index_together=set([('property', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            index_together={("property", "realm", "end_time")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            index_together={("property", "realm", "end_time")},
+            name='usercount',
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
@@ -1,29 +1,26 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

+def delete_messages_sent_to_stream_stat(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
+    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
+    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
+    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
+    InstallationCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'InstallationCount')
+    FillState = apps.get_model('analytics', 'FillState')

-def delete_messages_sent_to_stream_stat(
-    apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor
-) -> None:
-    UserCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount")
-    StreamCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount")
-    RealmCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount")
-    InstallationCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount")
-    FillState = apps.get_model("analytics", "FillState")
-
-    property = "messages_sent_to_stream:is_bot"
+    property = 'messages_sent_to_stream:is_bot'
    UserCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    StreamCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    RealmCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    InstallationCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    FillState.objects.filter(property=property).delete()

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0008_add_count_indexes"),
+        ('analytics', '0008_add_count_indexes'),
    ]

    operations = [
--- a/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
@@ -1,28 +1,25 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

+def clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
+    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
+    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
+    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
+    InstallationCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'InstallationCount')
+    FillState = apps.get_model('analytics', 'FillState')

-def clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values(
-    apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor
-) -> None:
-    UserCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount")
-    StreamCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount")
-    RealmCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount")
-    InstallationCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount")
-    FillState = apps.get_model("analytics", "FillState")
-
-    property = "messages_sent:message_type:day"
+    property = 'messages_sent:message_type:day'
    UserCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    StreamCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    RealmCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    InstallationCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    FillState.objects.filter(property=property).delete()

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

-    dependencies = [("analytics", "0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat")]
+    dependencies = [('analytics', '0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat')]

    operations = [
        migrations.RunPython(clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values),
--- a/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

-
 def clear_analytics_tables(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
-    UserCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount")
-    StreamCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount")
-    RealmCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount")
-    InstallationCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount")
-    FillState = apps.get_model("analytics", "FillState")
+    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
+    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
+    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
+    InstallationCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'InstallationCount')
+    FillState = apps.get_model('analytics', 'FillState')

    UserCount.objects.all().delete()
    StreamCount.objects.all().delete()
@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@ def clear_analytics_tables(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor)
    InstallationCount.objects.all().delete()
    FillState.objects.all().delete()

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0010_clear_messages_sent_values"),
+        ('analytics', '0010_clear_messages_sent_values'),
    ]

    operations = [
--- a/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
@@ -1,42 +1,36 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 08:14
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0011_clear_analytics_tables"),
+        ('analytics', '0011_clear_analytics_tables'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-02-02 02:47
-
-from django.db import migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0012_add_on_delete"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="anomaly",
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="Anomaly",
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.26 on 2020-01-27 04:32
-
-from django.db import migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0013_remove_anomaly"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="fillstate",
-            name="last_modified",
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
-from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
-from django.db.models import Count, Sum
-
-
-def clear_duplicate_counts(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
-    """This is a preparatory migration for our Analytics tables.
-
-    The backstory is that Django's unique_together indexes do not properly
-    handle the subgroup=None corner case (allowing duplicate rows that have a
-    subgroup of None), which meant that in race conditions, rather than updating
-    an existing row for the property/(realm, stream, user)/time with subgroup=None, Django would
-    create a duplicate row.
-
-    In the next migration, we'll add a proper constraint to fix this bug, but
-    we need to fix any existing problematic rows before we can add that constraint.
-
-    We fix this in an appropriate fashion for each type of CountStat object; mainly
-    this means deleting the extra rows, but for LoggingCountStat objects, we need to
-    additionally combine the sums.
-    """
-    count_tables = dict(
-        realm=apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount"),
-        user=apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount"),
-        stream=apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount"),
-        installation=apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount"),
-    )
-
-    for name, count_table in count_tables.items():
-        value = [name, "property", "end_time"]
-        if name == "installation":
-            value = ["property", "end_time"]
-        counts = (
-            count_table.objects.filter(subgroup=None)
-            .values(*value)
-            .annotate(Count("id"), Sum("value"))
-            .filter(id__count__gt=1)
-        )
-
-        for count in counts:
-            count.pop("id__count")
-            total_value = count.pop("value__sum")
-            duplicate_counts = list(count_table.objects.filter(**count))
-            first_count = duplicate_counts[0]
-            if count["property"] in ["invites_sent::day", "active_users_log:is_bot:day"]:
-                # For LoggingCountStat objects, the right fix is to combine the totals;
-                # for other CountStat objects, we expect the duplicates to have the same value.
-                # And so all we need to do is delete them.
-                first_count.value = total_value
-                first_count.save()
-            to_cleanup = duplicate_counts[1:]
-            for duplicate_count in to_cleanup:
-                duplicate_count.delete()
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(clear_duplicate_counts, reverse_code=migrations.RunPython.noop),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-02-29 19:40
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0015_clear_duplicate_counts"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_installation_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_installation_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_realm_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("realm", "property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_realm_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_stream_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("stream", "property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_stream_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_user_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("user", "property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_user_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/models.py
+++ b/analytics/models.py
@@ -1,140 +1,100 @@
 import datetime
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union

 from django.db import models
-from django.db.models import Q, UniqueConstraint

 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
-from zerver.models import Realm, Stream, UserProfile
-
+from zerver.models import Realm, Recipient, Stream, UserProfile

 class FillState(models.Model):
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
+    property = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)  # type: str
+    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime

    # Valid states are {DONE, STARTED}
    DONE = 1
    STARTED = 2
-    state: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
+    state = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int
+
+    last_modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)  # type: datetime.datetime

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<FillState: {self.property} {self.end_time} {self.state}>"
-
+        return "<FillState: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.end_time, self.state)

 # The earliest/starting end_time in FillState
 # We assume there is at least one realm
 def installation_epoch() -> datetime.datetime:
-    earliest_realm_creation = Realm.objects.aggregate(models.Min("date_created"))[
-        "date_created__min"
-    ]
+    earliest_realm_creation = Realm.objects.aggregate(models.Min('date_created'))['date_created__min']
    return floor_to_day(earliest_realm_creation)

+def last_successful_fill(property: str) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
+    fillstate = FillState.objects.filter(property=property).first()
+    if fillstate is None:
+        return None
+    if fillstate.state == FillState.DONE:
+        return fillstate.end_time
+    return fillstate.end_time - datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
+
+# would only ever make entries here by hand
+class Anomaly(models.Model):
+    info = models.CharField(max_length=1000)  # type: str
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "<Anomaly: %s... %s>" % (self.info, self.id)

 class BaseCount(models.Model):
    # Note: When inheriting from BaseCount, you may want to rearrange
    # the order of the columns in the migration to make sure they
    # match how you'd like the table to be arranged.
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=32)
-    subgroup: Optional[str] = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
-    value: int = models.BigIntegerField()
+    property = models.CharField(max_length=32)  # type: str
+    subgroup = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)  # type: Optional[str]
+    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
+    value = models.BigIntegerField()  # type: int
+    anomaly = models.ForeignKey(Anomaly, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True)  # type: Optional[Anomaly]

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

-
 class InstallationCount(BaseCount):
+
    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate InstallationCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_installation_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_installation_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("property", "subgroup", "end_time")

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<InstallationCount: {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
-
+        return "<InstallationCount: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class RealmCount(BaseCount):
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate RealmCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_realm_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["realm", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_realm_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        index_together = ["property", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<RealmCount: {self.realm} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
-
+        return "<RealmCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.realm, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class UserCount(BaseCount):
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate UserCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_user_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["user", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_user_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from users to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<UserCount: {self.user} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
-
+        return "<UserCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.user, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class StreamCount(BaseCount):
    stream = models.ForeignKey(Stream, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate StreamCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_stream_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["stream", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_stream_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from streams to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return (
-            f"<StreamCount: {self.stream} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value} {self.id}>"
-        )
+        return "<StreamCount: %s %s %s %s %s>" % (
+            self.stream, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value, self.id)
--- a/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
--- a/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
@@ -2,39 +2,28 @@ from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase

-
 # A very light test suite; the code being tested is not run in production.
 class TestFixtures(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_deterministic_settings(self) -> None:
        # test basic business_hour / non_business_hour calculation
        # test we get an array of the right length with frequency=CountStat.DAY
        data = generate_time_series_data(
-            days=7, business_hours_base=20, non_business_hours_base=15, spikiness=0
-        )
+            days=7, business_hours_base=20, non_business_hours_base=15, spikiness=0)
        self.assertEqual(data, [400, 400, 400, 400, 400, 360, 360])

        data = generate_time_series_data(
-            days=1,
-            business_hours_base=2000,
-            non_business_hours_base=1500,
-            growth=2,
-            spikiness=0,
-            frequency=CountStat.HOUR,
-        )
+            days=1, business_hours_base=2000, non_business_hours_base=1500,
+            growth=2, spikiness=0, frequency=CountStat.HOUR)
        # test we get an array of the right length with frequency=CountStat.HOUR
        self.assertEqual(len(data), 24)
        # test that growth doesn't affect the first data point
        self.assertEqual(data[0], 2000)
        # test that the last data point is growth times what it otherwise would be
-        self.assertEqual(data[-1], 1500 * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(data[-1], 1500*2)

        # test autocorrelation == 1, since that's the easiest value to test
        data = generate_time_series_data(
-            days=1,
-            business_hours_base=2000,
-            non_business_hours_base=2000,
-            autocorrelation=1,
-            frequency=CountStat.HOUR,
-        )
+            days=1, business_hours_base=2000, non_business_hours_base=2000,
+            autocorrelation=1, frequency=CountStat.HOUR)
        self.assertEqual(data[0], data[1])
        self.assertEqual(data[0], data[-1])
--- a/analytics/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_views.py
--- a/analytics/urls.py
+++ b/analytics/urls.py
@@ -1,38 +1,22 @@
-from django.conf.urls import include
-from django.urls import path
+from django.conf.urls import include, url

-from analytics.views import (
-    get_activity,
-    get_chart_data,
-    get_chart_data_for_installation,
-    get_chart_data_for_realm,
-    get_chart_data_for_remote_installation,
-    get_chart_data_for_remote_realm,
-    get_realm_activity,
-    get_user_activity,
-    stats,
-    stats_for_installation,
-    stats_for_realm,
-    stats_for_remote_installation,
-    stats_for_remote_realm,
-    support,
-)
-from zerver.lib.rest import rest_path
+import analytics.views
+from zerver.lib.rest import rest_dispatch

 i18n_urlpatterns = [
    # Server admin (user_profile.is_staff) visible stats pages
-    path("activity", get_activity),
-    path("activity/support", support, name="support"),
-    path("realm_activity/<realm_str>/", get_realm_activity),
-    path("user_activity/<email>/", get_user_activity),
-    path("stats/realm/<realm_str>/", stats_for_realm),
-    path("stats/installation", stats_for_installation),
-    path("stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation", stats_for_remote_installation),
-    path(
-        "stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>/", stats_for_remote_realm
-    ),
+    url(r'^activity$', analytics.views.get_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_activity'),
+    url(r'^realm_activity/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_realm_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_realm_activity'),
+    url(r'^user_activity/(?P<email>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_user_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_user_activity'),
+    url(r'^stats/realm/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.stats_for_realm,
+        name='analytics.views.stats_for_realm'),
+
    # User-visible stats page
-    path("stats", stats, name="stats"),
+    url(r'^stats$', analytics.views.stats,
+        name='analytics.views.stats'),
 ]

 # These endpoints are a part of the API (V1), which uses:
@@ -45,22 +29,15 @@ i18n_urlpatterns = [
 # All of these paths are accessed by either a /json or /api prefix
 v1_api_and_json_patterns = [
    # get data for the graphs at /stats
-    rest_path("analytics/chart_data", GET=get_chart_data),
-    rest_path("analytics/chart_data/realm/<realm_str>", GET=get_chart_data_for_realm),
-    rest_path("analytics/chart_data/installation", GET=get_chart_data_for_installation),
-    rest_path(
-        "analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation",
-        GET=get_chart_data_for_remote_installation,
-    ),
-    rest_path(
-        "analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>",
-        GET=get_chart_data_for_remote_realm,
-    ),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data/realm/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_realm'}),
 ]

 i18n_urlpatterns += [
-    path("api/v1/", include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
-    path("json/", include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^api/v1/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^json/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
 ]

 urlpatterns = i18n_urlpatterns
--- a/analytics/views.py
+++ b/analytics/views.py
--- a/babel.config.js
+++ b/babel.config.js
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-"use strict";
-
-module.exports = {
-    plugins: [
-        [
-            "formatjs",
-            {
-                additionalFunctionNames: ["$t", "$t_html"],
-                overrideIdFn: (id, defaultMessage) => defaultMessage,
-            },
-        ],
-    ],
-    presets: [
-        [
-            "@babel/preset-env",
-            {
-                corejs: "3.6",
-                loose: true, // Loose mode for…of loops are 5× faster in Firefox
-                shippedProposals: true,
-                useBuiltIns: "usage",
-            },
-        ],
-        "@babel/typescript",
-    ],
-    sourceType: "unambiguous",
-};
--- a/confirmation/init.py
+++ b/confirmation/init.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@@ -19,4 +21,4 @@
 # OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
 # IN THE SOFTWARE.

-VERSION = (0, 9, "pre")
+VERSION = (0, 9, 'pre')
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,39 +1,27 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("contenttypes", "0001_initial"),
+        ('contenttypes', '0001_initial'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Confirmation",
+            name='Confirmation',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("object_id", models.PositiveIntegerField()),
-                ("date_sent", models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="sent")),
-                (
-                    "confirmation_key",
-                    models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name="activation key"),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "content_type",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="contenttypes.ContentType"
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('object_id', models.PositiveIntegerField()),
+                ('date_sent', models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='sent')),
+                ('confirmation_key', models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name='activation key')),
+                ('content_type', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='contenttypes.ContentType')),
            ],
            options={
-                "verbose_name": "confirmation email",
-                "verbose_name_plural": "confirmation emails",
+                'verbose_name': 'confirmation email',
+                'verbose_name_plural': 'confirmation emails',
            },
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
@@ -1,28 +1,21 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.utils.timezone
-from django.db import migrations, models


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0001_initial"),
+        ('confirmation', '0001_initial'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="RealmCreationKey",
+            name='RealmCreationKey',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("creation_key", models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name="activation key")),
-                (
-                    "date_created",
-                    models.DateTimeField(default=django.utils.timezone.now, verbose_name="created"),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('creation_key', models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name='activation key')),
+                ('date_created', models.DateTimeField(default=django.utils.timezone.now, verbose_name='created')),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-17 09:16
 from django.db import migrations

@@ -5,16 +6,17 @@ from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0002_realmcreationkey"),
+        ('confirmation', '0002_realmcreationkey'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="EmailChangeConfirmation",
-            fields=[],
+            name='EmailChangeConfirmation',
+            fields=[
+            ],
            options={
-                "proxy": True,
+                'proxy': True,
            },
-            bases=("confirmation.confirmation",),
+            bases=('confirmation.confirmation',),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.2 on 2017-07-08 04:23
 from django.db import migrations, models

@@ -5,31 +6,31 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0003_emailchangeconfirmation"),
+        ('confirmation', '0003_emailchangeconfirmation'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="EmailChangeConfirmation",
+            name='EmailChangeConfirmation',
        ),
        migrations.AlterModelOptions(
-            name="confirmation",
+            name='confirmation',
            options={},
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="type",
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='type',
            field=models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=1),
            preserve_default=False,
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="confirmation_key",
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='confirmation_key',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=40),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="date_sent",
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='date_sent',
            field=models.DateTimeField(),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2017-11-30 00:13
-import django.db.models.deletion
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0124_stream_enable_notifications"),
-        ("confirmation", "0004_remove_confirmationmanager"),
+        ('zerver', '0124_stream_enable_notifications'),
+        ('confirmation', '0004_remove_confirmationmanager'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="realm",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-            ),
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='realm',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm'),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 18:39
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

 from django.db import migrations, models

@@ -6,13 +8,13 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0005_confirmation_realm"),
+        ('confirmation', '0005_confirmation_realm'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="realmcreationkey",
-            name="presume_email_valid",
+            model_name='realmcreationkey',
+            name='presume_email_valid',
            field=models.BooleanField(default=False),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-03-27 09:02
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="confirmation_key",
-            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="date_sent",
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="object_id",
-            field=models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcreationkey",
-            name="creation_key",
-            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40, verbose_name="activation key"),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="confirmation",
-            unique_together={("type", "confirmation_key")},
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/confirmation/models.py
+++ b/confirmation/models.py
@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

-__revision__ = "$Id: models.py 28 2009-10-22 15:03:02Z jarek.zgoda $"
-import datetime
-import secrets
-from base64 import b32encode
-from typing import Mapping, Optional, Union
-from urllib.parse import urljoin
+__revision__ = '$Id: models.py 28 2009-10-22 15:03:02Z jarek.zgoda $'
+
+import datetime

-from django.conf import settings
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models import CASCADE
+from django.urls import reverse
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
 from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

-from zerver.models import EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, Realm, UserProfile
-
+from zerver.lib.send_email import send_email
+from zerver.lib.utils import generate_random_token
+from zerver.models import PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite, \
+    UserProfile, Realm
+from random import SystemRandom
+import string
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union

 class ConfirmationKeyException(Exception):
    WRONG_LENGTH = 1
@@ -29,35 +33,27 @@ class ConfirmationKeyException(Exception):
        super().__init__()
        self.error_type = error_type

-
-def render_confirmation_key_error(
-    request: HttpRequest, exception: ConfirmationKeyException
-) -> HttpResponse:
+def render_confirmation_key_error(request: HttpRequest, exception: ConfirmationKeyException) -> HttpResponse:
    if exception.error_type == ConfirmationKeyException.WRONG_LENGTH:
-        return render(request, "confirmation/link_malformed.html")
+        return render(request, 'confirmation/link_malformed.html')
    if exception.error_type == ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED:
-        return render(request, "confirmation/link_expired.html")
-    return render(request, "confirmation/link_does_not_exist.html")
-
+        return render(request, 'confirmation/link_expired.html')
+    return render(request, 'confirmation/link_does_not_exist.html')

 def generate_key() -> str:
+    generator = SystemRandom()
    # 24 characters * 5 bits of entropy/character = 120 bits of entropy
-    return b32encode(secrets.token_bytes(15)).decode().lower()
-
+    return ''.join(generator.choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for _ in range(24))

 ConfirmationObjT = Union[MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus]
-
-
-def get_object_from_key(
-    confirmation_key: str, confirmation_type: int, activate_object: bool = True
-) -> ConfirmationObjT:
+def get_object_from_key(confirmation_key: str,
+                        confirmation_type: int) -> ConfirmationObjT:
    # Confirmation keys used to be 40 characters
    if len(confirmation_key) not in (24, 40):
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.WRONG_LENGTH)
    try:
-        confirmation = Confirmation.objects.get(
-            confirmation_key=confirmation_key, type=confirmation_type
-        )
+        confirmation = Confirmation.objects.get(confirmation_key=confirmation_key,
+                                                type=confirmation_type)
    except Confirmation.DoesNotExist:
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.DOES_NOT_EXIST)

@@ -66,53 +62,35 @@ def get_object_from_key(
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED)

    obj = confirmation.content_object
-    if activate_object and hasattr(obj, "status"):
-        obj.status = getattr(settings, "STATUS_ACTIVE", 1)
-        obj.save(update_fields=["status"])
+    if hasattr(obj, "status"):
+        obj.status = getattr(settings, 'STATUS_ACTIVE', 1)
+        obj.save(update_fields=['status'])
    return obj

-
-def create_confirmation_link(
-    obj: ContentType, confirmation_type: int, url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {}
-) -> str:
+def create_confirmation_link(obj: ContentType, host: str,
+                             confirmation_type: int,
+                             url_args: Optional[Dict[str, str]]=None) -> str:
    key = generate_key()
-    realm = None
-    if hasattr(obj, "realm"):
-        realm = obj.realm
-    elif isinstance(obj, Realm):
-        realm = obj
-
-    Confirmation.objects.create(
-        content_object=obj,
-        date_sent=timezone_now(),
-        confirmation_key=key,
-        realm=realm,
-        type=confirmation_type,
-    )
-    return confirmation_url(key, realm, confirmation_type, url_args)
-
-
-def confirmation_url(
-    confirmation_key: str,
-    realm: Optional[Realm],
-    confirmation_type: int,
-    url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {},
-) -> str:
-    url_args = dict(url_args)
-    url_args["confirmation_key"] = confirmation_key
-    return urljoin(
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI if realm is None else realm.uri,
-        reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args),
-    )
+    Confirmation.objects.create(content_object=obj, date_sent=timezone_now(), confirmation_key=key,
+                                realm=obj.realm, type=confirmation_type)
+    return confirmation_url(key, host, confirmation_type, url_args)

+def confirmation_url(confirmation_key: str, host: str,
+                     confirmation_type: int,
+                     url_args: Optional[Dict[str, str]]=None) -> str:
+    if url_args is None:
+        url_args = {}
+    url_args['confirmation_key'] = confirmation_key
+    return '%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME, host,
+                       reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args))

 class Confirmation(models.Model):
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    object_id: int = models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True)
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
-    date_sent: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)
-    confirmation_key: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, db_index=True)
-    realm: Optional[Realm] = models.ForeignKey(Realm, null=True, on_delete=CASCADE)
+    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()  # type: int
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    date_sent = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
+    confirmation_key = models.CharField(max_length=40)  # type: str
+    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, null=True, on_delete=CASCADE)  # type: Optional[Realm]

    # The following list is the set of valid types
    USER_REGISTRATION = 1
@@ -122,54 +100,30 @@ class Confirmation(models.Model):
    SERVER_REGISTRATION = 5
    MULTIUSE_INVITE = 6
    REALM_CREATION = 7
-    REALM_REACTIVATION = 8
-    type: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
+    type = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<Confirmation: {self.content_object}>"
-
-    class Meta:
-        unique_together = ("type", "confirmation_key")
-
+        return '<Confirmation: %s>' % (self.content_object,)

 class ConfirmationType:
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        url_name: str,
-        validity_in_days: int = settings.CONFIRMATION_LINK_DEFAULT_VALIDITY_DAYS,
-    ) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, url_name: str,
+                 validity_in_days: int=settings.CONFIRMATION_LINK_DEFAULT_VALIDITY_DAYS) -> None:
        self.url_name = url_name
        self.validity_in_days = validity_in_days

-
 _properties = {
-    Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION: ConfirmationType("check_prereg_key_and_redirect"),
-    Confirmation.INVITATION: ConfirmationType(
-        "check_prereg_key_and_redirect", validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS
-    ),
-    Confirmation.EMAIL_CHANGE: ConfirmationType("confirm_email_change"),
-    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE: ConfirmationType(
-        "unsubscribe",
-        validity_in_days=1000000,  # should never expire
-    ),
+    Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect'),
+    Confirmation.INVITATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect',
+                                              validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS),
+    Confirmation.EMAIL_CHANGE: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.user_settings.confirm_email_change'),
+    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.unsubscribe.email_unsubscribe',
+                                               validity_in_days=1000000),  # should never expire
    Confirmation.MULTIUSE_INVITE: ConfirmationType(
-        "join", validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS
-    ),
-    Confirmation.REALM_CREATION: ConfirmationType("check_prereg_key_and_redirect"),
-    Confirmation.REALM_REACTIVATION: ConfirmationType("realm_reactivation"),
+        'zerver.views.registration.accounts_home_from_multiuse_invite',
+        validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS),
+    Confirmation.REALM_CREATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect'),
 }

-
-def one_click_unsubscribe_link(user_profile: UserProfile, email_type: str) -> str:
-    """
-    Generate a unique link that a logged-out user can visit to unsubscribe from
-    Zulip e-mails without having to first log in.
-    """
-    return create_confirmation_link(
-        user_profile, Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE, url_args={"email_type": email_type}
-    )
-
-
 # Functions related to links generated by the generate_realm_creation_link.py
 # management command.
 # Note that being validated here will just allow the user to access the create_realm
@@ -178,8 +132,7 @@ def one_click_unsubscribe_link(user_profile: UserProfile, email_type: str) -> st
 # Arguably RealmCreationKey should just be another ConfirmationObjT and we should
 # add another Confirmation.type for this; it's this way for historical reasons.

-
-def validate_key(creation_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional["RealmCreationKey"]:
+def validate_key(creation_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional['RealmCreationKey']:
    """Get the record for this key, raising InvalidCreationKey if non-None but invalid."""
    if creation_key is None:
        return None
@@ -192,25 +145,23 @@ def validate_key(creation_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional["RealmCreationKey"]:
        raise RealmCreationKey.Invalid()
    return key_record

-
-def generate_realm_creation_url(by_admin: bool = False) -> str:
+def generate_realm_creation_url(by_admin: bool=False) -> str:
    key = generate_key()
-    RealmCreationKey.objects.create(
-        creation_key=key, date_created=timezone_now(), presume_email_valid=by_admin
-    )
-    return urljoin(
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI,
-        reverse("create_realm", kwargs={"creation_key": key}),
-    )
-
+    RealmCreationKey.objects.create(creation_key=key,
+                                    date_created=timezone_now(),
+                                    presume_email_valid=by_admin)
+    return '%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME,
+                       settings.EXTERNAL_HOST,
+                       reverse('zerver.views.create_realm',
+                               kwargs={'creation_key': key}))

 class RealmCreationKey(models.Model):
-    creation_key = models.CharField("activation key", db_index=True, max_length=40)
-    date_created = models.DateTimeField("created", default=timezone_now)
+    creation_key = models.CharField('activation key', max_length=40)
+    date_created = models.DateTimeField('created', default=timezone_now)

    # True just if we should presume the email address the user enters
    # is theirs, and skip sending mail to it to confirm that.
-    presume_email_valid: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
+    presume_email_valid = models.BooleanField(default=False)  # type: bool

    class Invalid(Exception):
        pass
--- a/confirmation/settings.py
+++ b/confirmation/settings.py
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

-__revision__ = "$Id: settings.py 12 2008-11-23 19:38:52Z jarek.zgoda $"
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+__revision__ = '$Id: settings.py 12 2008-11-23 19:38:52Z jarek.zgoda $'

 STATUS_ACTIVE = 1
-STATUS_REVOKED = 2
--- a/corporate/lib/stripe.py
+++ b/corporate/lib/stripe.py
@@ -1,897 +0,0 @@
-import logging
-import math
-import os
-import secrets
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from decimal import Decimal
-from functools import wraps
-from typing import Callable, Dict, Optional, Tuple, TypeVar, cast
-
-import orjson
-import stripe
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.core.signing import Signer
-from django.db import transaction
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
-from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy
-from django.utils.translation import override as override_language
-
-from corporate.models import (
-    Customer,
-    CustomerPlan,
-    LicenseLedger,
-    get_current_plan_by_customer,
-    get_current_plan_by_realm,
-    get_customer_by_realm,
-)
-from zerver.lib.logging_util import log_to_file
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import datetime_to_timestamp, timestamp_to_datetime
-from zerver.models import Realm, RealmAuditLog, UserProfile, get_system_bot
-from zproject.config import get_secret
-
-STRIPE_PUBLISHABLE_KEY = get_secret("stripe_publishable_key")
-stripe.api_key = get_secret("stripe_secret_key")
-
-BILLING_LOG_PATH = os.path.join(
-    "/var/log/zulip" if not settings.DEVELOPMENT else settings.DEVELOPMENT_LOG_DIRECTORY,
-    "billing.log",
-)
-billing_logger = logging.getLogger("corporate.stripe")
-log_to_file(billing_logger, BILLING_LOG_PATH)
-log_to_file(logging.getLogger("stripe"), BILLING_LOG_PATH)
-
-CallableT = TypeVar("CallableT", bound=Callable[..., object])
-
-MIN_INVOICED_LICENSES = 30
-MAX_INVOICED_LICENSES = 1000
-DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE = 30
-
-
-def get_latest_seat_count(realm: Realm) -> int:
-    non_guests = (
-        UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True, is_bot=False)
-        .exclude(role=UserProfile.ROLE_GUEST)
-        .count()
-    )
-    guests = UserProfile.objects.filter(
-        realm=realm, is_active=True, is_bot=False, role=UserProfile.ROLE_GUEST
-    ).count()
-    return max(non_guests, math.ceil(guests / 5))
-
-
-def sign_string(string: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
-    salt = secrets.token_hex(32)
-    signer = Signer(salt=salt)
-    return signer.sign(string), salt
-
-
-def unsign_string(signed_string: str, salt: str) -> str:
-    signer = Signer(salt=salt)
-    return signer.unsign(signed_string)
-
-
-# Be extremely careful changing this function. Historical billing periods
-# are not stored anywhere, and are just computed on the fly using this
-# function. Any change you make here should return the same value (or be
-# within a few seconds) for basically any value from when the billing system
-# went online to within a year from now.
-def add_months(dt: datetime, months: int) -> datetime:
-    assert months >= 0
-    # It's fine that the max day in Feb is 28 for leap years.
-    MAX_DAY_FOR_MONTH = {
-        1: 31,
-        2: 28,
-        3: 31,
-        4: 30,
-        5: 31,
-        6: 30,
-        7: 31,
-        8: 31,
-        9: 30,
-        10: 31,
-        11: 30,
-        12: 31,
-    }
-    year = dt.year
-    month = dt.month + months
-    while month > 12:
-        year += 1
-        month -= 12
-    day = min(dt.day, MAX_DAY_FOR_MONTH[month])
-    # datetimes don't support leap seconds, so don't need to worry about those
-    return dt.replace(year=year, month=month, day=day)
-
-
-def next_month(billing_cycle_anchor: datetime, dt: datetime) -> datetime:
-    estimated_months = round((dt - billing_cycle_anchor).days * 12.0 / 365)
-    for months in range(max(estimated_months - 1, 0), estimated_months + 2):
-        proposed_next_month = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, months)
-        if 20 < (proposed_next_month - dt).days < 40:
-            return proposed_next_month
-    raise AssertionError(
-        "Something wrong in next_month calculation with "
-        f"billing_cycle_anchor: {billing_cycle_anchor}, dt: {dt}"
-    )
-
-
-def start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> datetime:
-    if plan.status == CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL:
-        assert plan.next_invoice_date is not None  # for mypy
-        return plan.next_invoice_date
-
-    months_per_period = {
-        CustomerPlan.ANNUAL: 12,
-        CustomerPlan.MONTHLY: 1,
-    }[plan.billing_schedule]
-    periods = 1
-    dt = plan.billing_cycle_anchor
-    while dt <= event_time:
-        dt = add_months(plan.billing_cycle_anchor, months_per_period * periods)
-        periods += 1
-    return dt
-
-
-def next_invoice_date(plan: CustomerPlan) -> Optional[datetime]:
-    if plan.status == CustomerPlan.ENDED:
-        return None
-    assert plan.next_invoice_date is not None  # for mypy
-    months_per_period = {
-        CustomerPlan.ANNUAL: 12,
-        CustomerPlan.MONTHLY: 1,
-    }[plan.billing_schedule]
-    if plan.automanage_licenses:
-        months_per_period = 1
-    periods = 1
-    dt = plan.billing_cycle_anchor
-    while dt <= plan.next_invoice_date:
-        dt = add_months(plan.billing_cycle_anchor, months_per_period * periods)
-        periods += 1
-    return dt
-
-
-def renewal_amount(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> int:  # nocoverage: TODO
-    if plan.fixed_price is not None:
-        return plan.fixed_price
-    new_plan, last_ledger_entry = make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
-    if last_ledger_entry is None:
-        return 0
-    if last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal is None:
-        return 0
-    if new_plan is not None:
-        plan = new_plan
-    assert plan.price_per_license is not None  # for mypy
-    return plan.price_per_license * last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal
-
-
-def get_idempotency_key(ledger_entry: LicenseLedger) -> Optional[str]:
-    if settings.TEST_SUITE:
-        return None
-    return f"ledger_entry:{ledger_entry.id}"  # nocoverage
-
-
-class BillingError(Exception):
-    # error messages
-    CONTACT_SUPPORT = gettext_lazy("Something went wrong. Please contact {email}.")
-    TRY_RELOADING = gettext_lazy("Something went wrong. Please reload the page.")
-
-    # description is used only for tests
-    def __init__(self, description: str, message: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
-        self.description = description
-        if message is None:
-            message = BillingError.CONTACT_SUPPORT.format(email=settings.ZULIP_ADMINISTRATOR)
-        self.message = message
-
-
-class StripeCardError(BillingError):
-    pass
-
-
-class StripeConnectionError(BillingError):
-    pass
-
-
-class InvalidBillingSchedule(Exception):
-    def __init__(self, billing_schedule: int) -> None:
-        self.message = f"Unknown billing_schedule: {billing_schedule}"
-        super().__init__(self.message)
-
-
-def catch_stripe_errors(func: CallableT) -> CallableT:
-    @wraps(func)
-    def wrapped(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
-        if settings.DEVELOPMENT and not settings.TEST_SUITE:  # nocoverage
-            if STRIPE_PUBLISHABLE_KEY is None:
-                raise BillingError(
-                    "missing stripe config",
-                    "Missing Stripe config. "
-                    "See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/subsystems/billing.html.",
-                )
-        try:
-            return func(*args, **kwargs)
-        # See https://stripe.com/docs/api/python#error_handling, though
-        # https://stripe.com/docs/api/ruby#error_handling suggests there are additional fields, and
-        # https://stripe.com/docs/error-codes gives a more detailed set of error codes
-        except stripe.error.StripeError as e:
-            err = e.json_body.get("error", {})
-            if isinstance(e, stripe.error.CardError):
-                billing_logger.info(
-                    "Stripe card error: %s %s %s %s",
-                    e.http_status,
-                    err.get("type"),
-                    err.get("code"),
-                    err.get("param"),
-                )
-                # TODO: Look into i18n for this
-                raise StripeCardError("card error", err.get("message"))
-            billing_logger.error(
-                "Stripe error: %s %s %s %s",
-                e.http_status,
-                err.get("type"),
-                err.get("code"),
-                err.get("param"),
-            )
-            if isinstance(
-                e, (stripe.error.RateLimitError, stripe.error.APIConnectionError)
-            ):  # nocoverage TODO
-                raise StripeConnectionError(
-                    "stripe connection error",
-                    _("Something went wrong. Please wait a few seconds and try again."),
-                )
-            raise BillingError("other stripe error")
-
-    return cast(CallableT, wrapped)
-
-
-@catch_stripe_errors
-def stripe_get_customer(stripe_customer_id: str) -> stripe.Customer:
-    return stripe.Customer.retrieve(stripe_customer_id, expand=["default_source"])
-
-
-@catch_stripe_errors
-def do_create_stripe_customer(user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str] = None) -> Customer:
-    realm = user.realm
-    # We could do a better job of handling race conditions here, but if two
-    # people from a realm try to upgrade at exactly the same time, the main
-    # bad thing that will happen is that we will create an extra stripe
-    # customer that we can delete or ignore.
-    stripe_customer = stripe.Customer.create(
-        description=f"{realm.string_id} ({realm.name})",
-        email=user.delivery_email,
-        metadata={"realm_id": realm.id, "realm_str": realm.string_id},
-        source=stripe_token,
-    )
-    event_time = timestamp_to_datetime(stripe_customer.created)
-    with transaction.atomic():
-        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-            realm=user.realm,
-            acting_user=user,
-            event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CUSTOMER_CREATED,
-            event_time=event_time,
-        )
-        if stripe_token is not None:
-            RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-                realm=user.realm,
-                acting_user=user,
-                event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CARD_CHANGED,
-                event_time=event_time,
-            )
-        customer, created = Customer.objects.update_or_create(
-            realm=realm, defaults={"stripe_customer_id": stripe_customer.id}
-        )
-        user.is_billing_admin = True
-        user.save(update_fields=["is_billing_admin"])
-    return customer
-
-
-@catch_stripe_errors
-def do_replace_payment_source(
-    user: UserProfile, stripe_token: str, pay_invoices: bool = False
-) -> stripe.Customer:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(user.realm)
-    assert customer is not None  # for mypy
-
-    stripe_customer = stripe_get_customer(customer.stripe_customer_id)
-    stripe_customer.source = stripe_token
-    # Deletes existing card: https://stripe.com/docs/api#update_customer-source
-    updated_stripe_customer = stripe.Customer.save(stripe_customer)
-    RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-        realm=user.realm,
-        acting_user=user,
-        event_type=RealmAuditLog.STRIPE_CARD_CHANGED,
-        event_time=timezone_now(),
-    )
-    if pay_invoices:
-        for stripe_invoice in stripe.Invoice.list(
-            billing="charge_automatically", customer=stripe_customer.id, status="open"
-        ):
-            # The user will get either a receipt or a "failed payment" email, but the in-app
-            # messaging could be clearer here (e.g. it could explicitly tell the user that there
-            # were payment(s) and that they succeeded or failed).
-            # Worth fixing if we notice that a lot of cards end up failing at this step.
-            stripe.Invoice.pay(stripe_invoice)
-    return updated_stripe_customer
-
-
-# event_time should roughly be timezone_now(). Not designed to handle
-# event_times in the past or future
-@transaction.atomic
-def make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(
-    plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime
-) -> Tuple[Optional[CustomerPlan], Optional[LicenseLedger]]:
-    last_ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan).order_by("-id").first()
-    last_renewal = (
-        LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan, is_renewal=True).order_by("-id").first().event_time
-    )
-    next_billing_cycle = start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, last_renewal)
-    if next_billing_cycle <= event_time:
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.ACTIVE:
-            return None, LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-                plan=plan,
-                is_renewal=True,
-                event_time=next_billing_cycle,
-                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-            )
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL:
-            plan.invoiced_through = last_ledger_entry
-            assert plan.next_invoice_date is not None
-            plan.billing_cycle_anchor = plan.next_invoice_date.replace(microsecond=0)
-            plan.status = CustomerPlan.ACTIVE
-            plan.save(update_fields=["invoiced_through", "billing_cycle_anchor", "status"])
-            return None, LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-                plan=plan,
-                is_renewal=True,
-                event_time=next_billing_cycle,
-                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-            )
-
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.SWITCH_TO_ANNUAL_AT_END_OF_CYCLE:
-            if plan.fixed_price is not None:  # nocoverage
-                raise NotImplementedError("Can't switch fixed priced monthly plan to annual.")
-
-            plan.status = CustomerPlan.ENDED
-            plan.save(update_fields=["status"])
-
-            discount = plan.customer.default_discount or plan.discount
-            _, _, _, price_per_license = compute_plan_parameters(
-                automanage_licenses=plan.automanage_licenses,
-                billing_schedule=CustomerPlan.ANNUAL,
-                discount=plan.discount,
-            )
-
-            new_plan = CustomerPlan.objects.create(
-                customer=plan.customer,
-                billing_schedule=CustomerPlan.ANNUAL,
-                automanage_licenses=plan.automanage_licenses,
-                charge_automatically=plan.charge_automatically,
-                price_per_license=price_per_license,
-                discount=discount,
-                billing_cycle_anchor=next_billing_cycle,
-                tier=plan.tier,
-                status=CustomerPlan.ACTIVE,
-                next_invoice_date=next_billing_cycle,
-                invoiced_through=None,
-                invoicing_status=CustomerPlan.INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT,
-            )
-
-            new_plan_ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-                plan=new_plan,
-                is_renewal=True,
-                event_time=next_billing_cycle,
-                licenses=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-                licenses_at_next_renewal=last_ledger_entry.licenses_at_next_renewal,
-            )
-
-            RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-                realm=new_plan.customer.realm,
-                event_time=event_time,
-                event_type=RealmAuditLog.CUSTOMER_SWITCHED_FROM_MONTHLY_TO_ANNUAL_PLAN,
-                extra_data=orjson.dumps(
-                    {
-                        "monthly_plan_id": plan.id,
-                        "annual_plan_id": new_plan.id,
-                    }
-                ).decode(),
-            )
-            return new_plan, new_plan_ledger_entry
-
-        if plan.status == CustomerPlan.DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE:
-            process_downgrade(plan)
-        return None, None
-    return None, last_ledger_entry
-
-
-# Returns Customer instead of stripe_customer so that we don't make a Stripe
-# API call if there's nothing to update
-def update_or_create_stripe_customer(
-    user: UserProfile, stripe_token: Optional[str] = None
-) -> Customer:
-    realm = user.realm
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is None or customer.stripe_customer_id is None:
-        return do_create_stripe_customer(user, stripe_token=stripe_token)
-    if stripe_token is not None:
-        do_replace_payment_source(user, stripe_token)
-    return customer
-
-
-def calculate_discounted_price_per_license(
-    original_price_per_license: int, discount: Decimal
-) -> int:
-    # There are no fractional cents in Stripe, so round down to nearest integer.
-    return int(float(original_price_per_license * (1 - discount / 100)) + 0.00001)
-
-
-def get_price_per_license(
-    tier: int, billing_schedule: int, discount: Optional[Decimal] = None
-) -> int:
-    # TODO use variables to account for Zulip Plus
-    assert tier == CustomerPlan.STANDARD
-
-    price_per_license: Optional[int] = None
-    if billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.ANNUAL:
-        price_per_license = 8000
-    elif billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.MONTHLY:
-        price_per_license = 800
-    else:  # nocoverage
-        raise InvalidBillingSchedule(billing_schedule)
-    if discount is not None:
-        price_per_license = calculate_discounted_price_per_license(price_per_license, discount)
-    return price_per_license
-
-
-def compute_plan_parameters(
-    automanage_licenses: bool,
-    billing_schedule: int,
-    discount: Optional[Decimal],
-    free_trial: bool = False,
-) -> Tuple[datetime, datetime, datetime, int]:
-    # Everything in Stripe is stored as timestamps with 1 second resolution,
-    # so standardize on 1 second resolution.
-    # TODO talk about leapseconds?
-    billing_cycle_anchor = timezone_now().replace(microsecond=0)
-    if billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.ANNUAL:
-        period_end = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 12)
-    elif billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.MONTHLY:
-        period_end = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 1)
-    else:  # nocoverage
-        raise InvalidBillingSchedule(billing_schedule)
-
-    price_per_license = get_price_per_license(CustomerPlan.STANDARD, billing_schedule, discount)
-
-    next_invoice_date = period_end
-    if automanage_licenses:
-        next_invoice_date = add_months(billing_cycle_anchor, 1)
-    if free_trial:
-        period_end = billing_cycle_anchor + timedelta(days=settings.FREE_TRIAL_DAYS)
-        next_invoice_date = period_end
-    return billing_cycle_anchor, next_invoice_date, period_end, price_per_license
-
-
-def decimal_to_float(obj: object) -> object:
-    if isinstance(obj, Decimal):
-        return float(obj)
-    raise TypeError  # nocoverage
-
-
-# Only used for cloud signups
-@catch_stripe_errors
-def process_initial_upgrade(
-    user: UserProfile,
-    licenses: int,
-    automanage_licenses: bool,
-    billing_schedule: int,
-    stripe_token: Optional[str],
-) -> None:
-    realm = user.realm
-    customer = update_or_create_stripe_customer(user, stripe_token=stripe_token)
-    charge_automatically = stripe_token is not None
-    free_trial = settings.FREE_TRIAL_DAYS not in (None, 0)
-
-    if get_current_plan_by_customer(customer) is not None:
-        # Unlikely race condition from two people upgrading (clicking "Make payment")
-        # at exactly the same time. Doesn't fully resolve the race condition, but having
-        # a check here reduces the likelihood.
-        billing_logger.warning(
-            "Customer %s trying to upgrade, but has an active subscription",
-            customer,
-        )
-        raise BillingError(
-            "subscribing with existing subscription", str(BillingError.TRY_RELOADING)
-        )
-
-    (
-        billing_cycle_anchor,
-        next_invoice_date,
-        period_end,
-        price_per_license,
-    ) = compute_plan_parameters(
-        automanage_licenses, billing_schedule, customer.default_discount, free_trial
-    )
-    # The main design constraint in this function is that if you upgrade with a credit card, and the
-    # charge fails, everything should be rolled back as if nothing had happened. This is because we
-    # expect frequent card failures on initial signup.
-    # Hence, if we're going to charge a card, do it at the beginning, even if we later may have to
-    # adjust the number of licenses.
-    if charge_automatically:
-        if not free_trial:
-            stripe_charge = stripe.Charge.create(
-                amount=price_per_license * licenses,
-                currency="usd",
-                customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-                description=f"Upgrade to Zulip Standard, ${price_per_license/100} x {licenses}",
-                receipt_email=user.delivery_email,
-                statement_descriptor="Zulip Standard",
-            )
-            # Not setting a period start and end, but maybe we should? Unclear what will make things
-            # most similar to the renewal case from an accounting perspective.
-            assert isinstance(stripe_charge.source, stripe.Card)
-            description = f"Payment (Card ending in {stripe_charge.source.last4})"
-            stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
-                amount=price_per_license * licenses * -1,
-                currency="usd",
-                customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-                description=description,
-                discountable=False,
-            )
-
-    # TODO: The correctness of this relies on user creation, deactivation, etc being
-    # in a transaction.atomic() with the relevant RealmAuditLog entries
-    with transaction.atomic():
-        # billed_licenses can greater than licenses if users are added between the start of
-        # this function (process_initial_upgrade) and now
-        billed_licenses = max(get_latest_seat_count(realm), licenses)
-        plan_params = {
-            "automanage_licenses": automanage_licenses,
-            "charge_automatically": charge_automatically,
-            "price_per_license": price_per_license,
-            "discount": customer.default_discount,
-            "billing_cycle_anchor": billing_cycle_anchor,
-            "billing_schedule": billing_schedule,
-            "tier": CustomerPlan.STANDARD,
-        }
-        if free_trial:
-            plan_params["status"] = CustomerPlan.FREE_TRIAL
-        plan = CustomerPlan.objects.create(
-            customer=customer, next_invoice_date=next_invoice_date, **plan_params
-        )
-        ledger_entry = LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-            plan=plan,
-            is_renewal=True,
-            event_time=billing_cycle_anchor,
-            licenses=billed_licenses,
-            licenses_at_next_renewal=billed_licenses,
-        )
-        plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
-        plan.save(update_fields=["invoiced_through"])
-        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-            realm=realm,
-            acting_user=user,
-            event_time=billing_cycle_anchor,
-            event_type=RealmAuditLog.CUSTOMER_PLAN_CREATED,
-            extra_data=orjson.dumps(plan_params, default=decimal_to_float).decode(),
-        )
-
-    if not free_trial:
-        stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
-            currency="usd",
-            customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-            description="Zulip Standard",
-            discountable=False,
-            period={
-                "start": datetime_to_timestamp(billing_cycle_anchor),
-                "end": datetime_to_timestamp(period_end),
-            },
-            quantity=billed_licenses,
-            unit_amount=price_per_license,
-        )
-
-        if charge_automatically:
-            billing_method = "charge_automatically"
-            days_until_due = None
-        else:
-            billing_method = "send_invoice"
-            days_until_due = DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE
-
-        stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.create(
-            auto_advance=True,
-            billing=billing_method,
-            customer=customer.stripe_customer_id,
-            days_until_due=days_until_due,
-            statement_descriptor="Zulip Standard",
-        )
-        stripe.Invoice.finalize_invoice(stripe_invoice)
-
-    from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type
-
-    do_change_plan_type(realm, Realm.STANDARD, acting_user=user)
-
-
-def update_license_ledger_for_automanaged_plan(
-    realm: Realm, plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime
-) -> None:
-    new_plan, last_ledger_entry = make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
-    if last_ledger_entry is None:
-        return
-    if new_plan is not None:
-        plan = new_plan
-    licenses_at_next_renewal = get_latest_seat_count(realm)
-    licenses = max(licenses_at_next_renewal, last_ledger_entry.licenses)
-
-    LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-        plan=plan,
-        event_time=event_time,
-        licenses=licenses,
-        licenses_at_next_renewal=licenses_at_next_renewal,
-    )
-
-
-def update_license_ledger_if_needed(realm: Realm, event_time: datetime) -> None:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if plan is None:
-        return
-    if not plan.automanage_licenses:
-        return
-    update_license_ledger_for_automanaged_plan(realm, plan, event_time)
-
-
-def invoice_plan(plan: CustomerPlan, event_time: datetime) -> None:
-    if plan.invoicing_status == CustomerPlan.STARTED:
-        raise NotImplementedError("Plan with invoicing_status==STARTED needs manual resolution.")
-    make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(plan, event_time)
-
-    if plan.invoicing_status == CustomerPlan.INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT:
-        invoiced_through_id = -1
-        licenses_base = None
-    else:
-        assert plan.invoiced_through is not None
-        licenses_base = plan.invoiced_through.licenses
-        invoiced_through_id = plan.invoiced_through.id
-
-    invoice_item_created = False
-    for ledger_entry in LicenseLedger.objects.filter(
-        plan=plan, id__gt=invoiced_through_id, event_time__lte=event_time
-    ).order_by("id"):
-        price_args: Dict[str, int] = {}
-        if ledger_entry.is_renewal:
-            if plan.fixed_price is not None:
-                price_args = {"amount": plan.fixed_price}
-            else:
-                assert plan.price_per_license is not None  # needed for mypy
-                price_args = {
-                    "unit_amount": plan.price_per_license,
-                    "quantity": ledger_entry.licenses,
-                }
-            description = "Zulip Standard - renewal"
-        elif licenses_base is not None and ledger_entry.licenses != licenses_base:
-            assert plan.price_per_license
-            last_renewal = (
-                LicenseLedger.objects.filter(
-                    plan=plan, is_renewal=True, event_time__lte=ledger_entry.event_time
-                )
-                .order_by("-id")
-                .first()
-                .event_time
-            )
-            period_end = start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, ledger_entry.event_time)
-            proration_fraction = (period_end - ledger_entry.event_time) / (
-                period_end - last_renewal
-            )
-            price_args = {
-                "unit_amount": int(plan.price_per_license * proration_fraction + 0.5),
-                "quantity": ledger_entry.licenses - licenses_base,
-            }
-            description = "Additional license ({} - {})".format(
-                ledger_entry.event_time.strftime("%b %-d, %Y"), period_end.strftime("%b %-d, %Y")
-            )
-
-        if price_args:
-            plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
-            plan.invoicing_status = CustomerPlan.STARTED
-            plan.save(update_fields=["invoicing_status", "invoiced_through"])
-            stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
-                currency="usd",
-                customer=plan.customer.stripe_customer_id,
-                description=description,
-                discountable=False,
-                period={
-                    "start": datetime_to_timestamp(ledger_entry.event_time),
-                    "end": datetime_to_timestamp(
-                        start_of_next_billing_cycle(plan, ledger_entry.event_time)
-                    ),
-                },
-                idempotency_key=get_idempotency_key(ledger_entry),
-                **price_args,
-            )
-            invoice_item_created = True
-        plan.invoiced_through = ledger_entry
-        plan.invoicing_status = CustomerPlan.DONE
-        plan.save(update_fields=["invoicing_status", "invoiced_through"])
-        licenses_base = ledger_entry.licenses
-
-    if invoice_item_created:
-        if plan.charge_automatically:
-            billing_method = "charge_automatically"
-            days_until_due = None
-        else:
-            billing_method = "send_invoice"
-            days_until_due = DEFAULT_INVOICE_DAYS_UNTIL_DUE
-        stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.create(
-            auto_advance=True,
-            billing=billing_method,
-            customer=plan.customer.stripe_customer_id,
-            days_until_due=days_until_due,
-            statement_descriptor="Zulip Standard",
-        )
-        stripe.Invoice.finalize_invoice(stripe_invoice)
-
-    plan.next_invoice_date = next_invoice_date(plan)
-    plan.save(update_fields=["next_invoice_date"])
-
-
-def invoice_plans_as_needed(event_time: datetime = timezone_now()) -> None:
-    for plan in CustomerPlan.objects.filter(next_invoice_date__lte=event_time):
-        invoice_plan(plan, event_time)
-
-
-def attach_discount_to_realm(
-    realm: Realm, discount: Decimal, *, acting_user: Optional[UserProfile]
-) -> None:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    old_discount: Optional[Decimal] = None
-    if customer is not None:
-        old_discount = customer.default_discount
-        customer.default_discount = discount
-        customer.save(update_fields=["default_discount"])
-    else:
-        Customer.objects.create(realm=realm, default_discount=discount)
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if plan is not None:
-        plan.price_per_license = get_price_per_license(plan.tier, plan.billing_schedule, discount)
-        plan.discount = discount
-        plan.save(update_fields=["price_per_license", "discount"])
-    RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-        realm=realm,
-        acting_user=acting_user,
-        event_type=RealmAuditLog.REALM_DISCOUNT_CHANGED,
-        event_time=timezone_now(),
-        extra_data={"old_discount": old_discount, "new_discount": discount},
-    )
-
-
-def update_sponsorship_status(
-    realm: Realm, sponsorship_pending: bool, *, acting_user: Optional[UserProfile]
-) -> None:
-    customer, _ = Customer.objects.get_or_create(realm=realm)
-    customer.sponsorship_pending = sponsorship_pending
-    customer.save(update_fields=["sponsorship_pending"])
-    RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-        realm=realm,
-        acting_user=acting_user,
-        event_type=RealmAuditLog.REALM_SPONSORSHIP_PENDING_STATUS_CHANGED,
-        event_time=timezone_now(),
-        extra_data={
-            "sponsorship_pending": sponsorship_pending,
-        },
-    )
-
-
-def approve_sponsorship(realm: Realm, *, acting_user: Optional[UserProfile]) -> None:
-    from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type, internal_send_private_message
-
-    do_change_plan_type(realm, Realm.STANDARD_FREE, acting_user=acting_user)
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is not None and customer.sponsorship_pending:
-        customer.sponsorship_pending = False
-        customer.save(update_fields=["sponsorship_pending"])
-        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-            realm=realm,
-            acting_user=acting_user,
-            event_type=RealmAuditLog.REALM_SPONSORSHIP_APPROVED,
-            event_time=timezone_now(),
-        )
-    notification_bot = get_system_bot(settings.NOTIFICATION_BOT)
-    for billing_admin in realm.get_human_billing_admin_users():
-        with override_language(billing_admin.default_language):
-            # Using variable to make life easier for translators if these details change.
-            plan_name = "Zulip Cloud Standard"
-            emoji = ":tada:"
-            message = _(
-                f"Your organization's request for sponsored hosting has been approved! {emoji}.\n"
-                f"You have been upgraded to {plan_name}, free of charge."
-            )
-            internal_send_private_message(notification_bot, billing_admin, message)
-
-
-def get_discount_for_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[Decimal]:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is not None:
-        return customer.default_discount
-    return None
-
-
-def do_change_plan_status(plan: CustomerPlan, status: int) -> None:
-    plan.status = status
-    plan.save(update_fields=["status"])
-    billing_logger.info(
-        "Change plan status: Customer.id: %s, CustomerPlan.id: %s, status: %s",
-        plan.customer.id,
-        plan.id,
-        status,
-    )
-
-
-def process_downgrade(plan: CustomerPlan) -> None:
-    from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_plan_type
-
-    do_change_plan_type(plan.customer.realm, Realm.LIMITED, acting_user=None)
-    plan.status = CustomerPlan.ENDED
-    plan.save(update_fields=["status"])
-
-
-def estimate_annual_recurring_revenue_by_realm() -> Dict[str, int]:  # nocoverage
-    annual_revenue = {}
-    for plan in CustomerPlan.objects.filter(status=CustomerPlan.ACTIVE).select_related(
-        "customer__realm"
-    ):
-        # TODO: figure out what to do for plans that don't automatically
-        # renew, but which probably will renew
-        renewal_cents = renewal_amount(plan, timezone_now())
-        if plan.billing_schedule == CustomerPlan.MONTHLY:
-            renewal_cents *= 12
-        # TODO: Decimal stuff
-        annual_revenue[plan.customer.realm.string_id] = int(renewal_cents / 100)
-    return annual_revenue
-
-
-# During realm deactivation we instantly downgrade the plan to Limited.
-# Extra users added in the final month are not charged. Also used
-# for the cancellation of Free Trial.
-def downgrade_now_without_creating_additional_invoices(realm: Realm) -> None:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if plan is None:
-        return
-
-    process_downgrade(plan)
-    plan.invoiced_through = LicenseLedger.objects.filter(plan=plan).order_by("id").last()
-    plan.next_invoice_date = next_invoice_date(plan)
-    plan.save(update_fields=["invoiced_through", "next_invoice_date"])
-
-
-def downgrade_at_the_end_of_billing_cycle(realm: Realm) -> None:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    assert plan is not None
-    do_change_plan_status(plan, CustomerPlan.DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE)
-
-
-def void_all_open_invoices(realm: Realm) -> int:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is None:
-        return 0
-    invoices = stripe.Invoice.list(customer=customer.stripe_customer_id)
-    voided_invoices_count = 0
-    for invoice in invoices:
-        if invoice.status == "open":
-            stripe.Invoice.void_invoice(invoice.id)
-            voided_invoices_count += 1
-    return voided_invoices_count
-
-
-def update_billing_method_of_current_plan(
-    realm: Realm, charge_automatically: bool, *, acting_user: Optional[UserProfile]
-) -> None:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if plan is not None:
-        plan.charge_automatically = charge_automatically
-        plan.save(update_fields=["charge_automatically"])
-        RealmAuditLog.objects.create(
-            realm=realm,
-            acting_user=acting_user,
-            event_type=RealmAuditLog.REALM_BILLING_METHOD_CHANGED,
-            event_time=timezone_now(),
-            extra_data={
-                "charge_automatically": charge_automatically,
-            },
-        )
--- a/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.14 on 2018-09-25 12:02
-
-import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    initial = True
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0189_userprofile_add_some_emojisets"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="BillingProcessor",
-            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("state", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("last_modified", models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
-                (
-                    "log_row",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.RealmAuditLog"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.OneToOneField(
-                        null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ],
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Coupon",
-            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("percent_off", models.SmallIntegerField(unique=True)),
-                ("stripe_coupon_id", models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
-            ],
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Customer",
-            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("stripe_customer_id", models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
-                ("has_billing_relationship", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.OneToOneField(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ],
-        ),
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Plan",
-            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("nickname", models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)),
-                ("stripe_plan_id", models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-12 20:19
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0001_initial"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="customer",
-            name="default_discount",
-            field=models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=7, null=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-22 21:05
-
-import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0002_customer_default_discount"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="CustomerPlan",
-            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("licenses", models.IntegerField()),
-                ("automanage_licenses", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ("charge_automatically", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ("price_per_license", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ("fixed_price", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ("discount", models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)),
-                ("billing_cycle_anchor", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("billing_schedule", models.SmallIntegerField()),
-                ("billed_through", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("next_billing_date", models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)),
-                ("tier", models.SmallIntegerField()),
-                ("status", models.SmallIntegerField(default=1)),
-                (
-                    "customer",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="corporate.Customer"
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-19 05:01
-
-import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0003_customerplan"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="LicenseLedger",
-            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("is_renewal", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ("event_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("licenses", models.IntegerField()),
-                ("licenses_at_next_renewal", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                (
-                    "plan",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="corporate.CustomerPlan"
-                    ),
-                ),
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0005_customerplan_invoicing.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0005_customerplan_invoicing.py
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-28 13:04
-
-import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0004_licenseledger"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RenameField(
-            model_name="customerplan",
-            old_name="next_billing_date",
-            new_name="next_invoice_date",
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="customerplan",
-            name="billed_through",
-        ),
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="customerplan",
-            name="invoiced_through",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True,
-                on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                related_name="+",
-                to="corporate.LicenseLedger",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="customerplan",
-            name="invoicing_status",
-            field=models.SmallIntegerField(default=1),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-29 01:46
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0005_customerplan_invoicing"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="customer",
-            name="stripe_customer_id",
-            field=models.CharField(max_length=255, null=True, unique=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0007_remove_deprecated_fields.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0007_remove_deprecated_fields.py
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-31 22:16
-
-from django.db import migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0006_nullable_stripe_customer_id"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="billingprocessor",
-            name="log_row",
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="billingprocessor",
-            name="realm",
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="Coupon",
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="Plan",
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="customer",
-            name="has_billing_relationship",
-        ),
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="customerplan",
-            name="licenses",
-        ),
-        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="BillingProcessor",
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0008_nullable_next_invoice_date.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0008_nullable_next_invoice_date.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.20 on 2019-04-11 00:45
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0007_remove_deprecated_fields"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="customerplan",
-            name="next_invoice_date",
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0009_customer_sponsorship_pending.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0009_customer_sponsorship_pending.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.13 on 2020-06-09 12:09
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0008_nullable_next_invoice_date"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="customer",
-            name="sponsorship_pending",
-            field=models.BooleanField(default=False),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/init.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/init.py
--- a/corporate/models.py
+++ b/corporate/models.py
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-import datetime
-from decimal import Decimal
-from typing import Optional
-
-from django.db import models
-from django.db.models import CASCADE
-
-from zerver.models import Realm
-
-
-class Customer(models.Model):
-    realm: Realm = models.OneToOneField(Realm, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    stripe_customer_id: str = models.CharField(max_length=255, null=True, unique=True)
-    sponsorship_pending: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    # A percentage, like 85.
-    default_discount: Optional[Decimal] = models.DecimalField(
-        decimal_places=4, max_digits=7, null=True
-    )
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<Customer {self.realm} {self.stripe_customer_id}>"
-
-
-def get_customer_by_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[Customer]:
-    return Customer.objects.filter(realm=realm).first()
-
-
-class CustomerPlan(models.Model):
-    customer: Customer = models.ForeignKey(Customer, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    automanage_licenses: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    charge_automatically: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-
-    # Both of these are in cents. Exactly one of price_per_license or
-    # fixed_price should be set. fixed_price is only for manual deals, and
-    # can't be set via the self-serve billing system.
-    price_per_license: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
-    fixed_price: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
-
-    # Discount that was applied. For display purposes only.
-    discount: Optional[Decimal] = models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)
-
-    billing_cycle_anchor: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
-    ANNUAL = 1
-    MONTHLY = 2
-    billing_schedule: int = models.SmallIntegerField()
-
-    next_invoice_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True)
-    invoiced_through: Optional["LicenseLedger"] = models.ForeignKey(
-        "LicenseLedger", null=True, on_delete=CASCADE, related_name="+"
-    )
-    DONE = 1
-    STARTED = 2
-    INITIAL_INVOICE_TO_BE_SENT = 3
-    invoicing_status: int = models.SmallIntegerField(default=DONE)
-
-    STANDARD = 1
-    PLUS = 2  # not available through self-serve signup
-    ENTERPRISE = 10
-    tier: int = models.SmallIntegerField()
-
-    ACTIVE = 1
-    DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE = 2
-    FREE_TRIAL = 3
-    SWITCH_TO_ANNUAL_AT_END_OF_CYCLE = 4
-    # "Live" plans should have a value < LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD.
-    # There should be at most one live plan per customer.
-    LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD = 10
-    ENDED = 11
-    NEVER_STARTED = 12
-    status: int = models.SmallIntegerField(default=ACTIVE)
-
-    # TODO maybe override setattr to ensure billing_cycle_anchor, etc are immutable
-
-    @property
-    def name(self) -> str:
-        return {
-            CustomerPlan.STANDARD: "Zulip Standard",
-            CustomerPlan.PLUS: "Zulip Plus",
-            CustomerPlan.ENTERPRISE: "Zulip Enterprise",
-        }[self.tier]
-
-    def get_plan_status_as_text(self) -> str:
-        return {
-            self.ACTIVE: "Active",
-            self.DOWNGRADE_AT_END_OF_CYCLE: "Scheduled for downgrade at end of cycle",
-            self.FREE_TRIAL: "Free trial",
-            self.ENDED: "Ended",
-            self.NEVER_STARTED: "Never started",
-        }[self.status]
-
-
-def get_current_plan_by_customer(customer: Customer) -> Optional[CustomerPlan]:
-    return CustomerPlan.objects.filter(
-        customer=customer, status__lt=CustomerPlan.LIVE_STATUS_THRESHOLD
-    ).first()
-
-
-def get_current_plan_by_realm(realm: Realm) -> Optional[CustomerPlan]:
-    customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-    if customer is None:
-        return None
-    return get_current_plan_by_customer(customer)
-
-
-class LicenseLedger(models.Model):
-    plan: CustomerPlan = models.ForeignKey(CustomerPlan, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    # Also True for the initial upgrade.
-    is_renewal: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
-    event_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
-    licenses: int = models.IntegerField()
-    # None means the plan does not automatically renew.
-    # This cannot be None if plan.automanage_licenses.
-    licenses_at_next_renewal: Optional[int] = models.IntegerField(null=True)
--- a/corporate/tests/init.py
+++ b/corporate/tests/init.py
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.1.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "amount": 7200,
-  "amount_captured": 7200,
-  "amount_refunded": 0,
-  "application": null,
-  "application_fee": null,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "billing_details": {
-    "address": {
-      "city": "Pacific",
-      "country": "United States",
-      "line1": "Under the sea,",
-      "line2": null,
-      "postal_code": "33333",
-      "state": null
-    },
-    "email": null,
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "phone": null
-  },
-  "calculated_statement_descriptor": "ZULIP STANDARD",
-  "captured": true,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
-  "destination": null,
-  "dispute": null,
-  "disputed": false,
-  "failure_code": null,
-  "failure_message": null,
-  "fraud_details": {},
-  "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "invoice": null,
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "object": "charge",
-  "on_behalf_of": null,
-  "order": null,
-  "outcome": {
-    "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-    "reason": null,
-    "risk_level": "normal",
-    "risk_score": 0,
-    "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-    "type": "authorized"
-  },
-  "paid": true,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "payment_method_details": {
-    "card": {
-      "brand": "visa",
-      "checks": {
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-        "cvc_check": "pass"
-      },
-      "country": "US",
-      "exp_month": 3,
-      "exp_year": 2033,
-      "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-      "funding": "credit",
-      "installments": null,
-      "last4": "4242",
-      "network": "visa",
-      "three_d_secure": null,
-      "wallet": null
-    },
-    "type": "card"
-  },
-  "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
-  "refunded": false,
-  "refunds": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/charges/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/refunds"
-  },
-  "review": null,
-  "shipping": null,
-  "source": {
-    "address_city": "Pacific",
-    "address_country": "United States",
-    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-    "address_line1_check": "pass",
-    "address_line2": null,
-    "address_state": null,
-    "address_zip": "33333",
-    "address_zip_check": "pass",
-    "brand": "Visa",
-    "country": "US",
-    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-    "cvc_check": "pass",
-    "dynamic_last4": null,
-    "exp_month": 3,
-    "exp_year": 2033,
-    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-    "funding": "credit",
-    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-    "last4": "4242",
-    "metadata": {},
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "object": "card",
-    "tokenization_method": null
-  },
-  "source_transfer": null,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "statement_descriptor_suffix": null,
-  "status": "succeeded",
-  "transfer_data": null,
-  "transfer_group": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.create.2.json
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "amount": 36000,
-  "amount_captured": 36000,
-  "amount_refunded": 0,
-  "application": null,
-  "application_fee": null,
-  "application_fee_amount": null,
-  "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "billing_details": {
-    "address": {
-      "city": "Pacific",
-      "country": "United States",
-      "line1": "Under the sea,",
-      "line2": null,
-      "postal_code": "33333",
-      "state": null
-    },
-    "email": null,
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "phone": null
-  },
-  "calculated_statement_descriptor": "ZULIP STANDARD",
-  "captured": true,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
-  "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $60.0 x 6",
-  "destination": null,
-  "dispute": null,
-  "disputed": false,
-  "failure_code": null,
-  "failure_message": null,
-  "fraud_details": {},
-  "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "invoice": null,
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {},
-  "object": "charge",
-  "on_behalf_of": null,
-  "order": null,
-  "outcome": {
-    "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-    "reason": null,
-    "risk_level": "normal",
-    "risk_score": 0,
-    "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-    "type": "authorized"
-  },
-  "paid": true,
-  "payment_intent": null,
-  "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-  "payment_method_details": {
-    "card": {
-      "brand": "visa",
-      "checks": {
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-        "cvc_check": "pass"
-      },
-      "country": "US",
-      "exp_month": 3,
-      "exp_year": 2033,
-      "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-      "funding": "credit",
-      "installments": null,
-      "last4": "4242",
-      "network": "visa",
-      "three_d_secure": null,
-      "wallet": null
-    },
-    "type": "card"
-  },
-  "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "receipt_number": null,
-  "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000002",
-  "refunded": false,
-  "refunds": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/charges/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/refunds"
-  },
-  "review": null,
-  "shipping": null,
-  "source": {
-    "address_city": "Pacific",
-    "address_country": "United States",
-    "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-    "address_line1_check": "pass",
-    "address_line2": null,
-    "address_state": null,
-    "address_zip": "33333",
-    "address_zip_check": "pass",
-    "brand": "Visa",
-    "country": "US",
-    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-    "cvc_check": "pass",
-    "dynamic_last4": null,
-    "exp_month": 3,
-    "exp_year": 2033,
-    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-    "funding": "credit",
-    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-    "last4": "4242",
-    "metadata": {},
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "object": "card",
-    "tokenization_method": null
-  },
-  "source_transfer": null,
-  "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-  "statement_descriptor_suffix": null,
-  "status": "succeeded",
-  "transfer_data": null,
-  "transfer_group": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.1.json
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "data": [
-    {
-      "amount": 7200,
-      "amount_captured": 7200,
-      "amount_refunded": 0,
-      "application": null,
-      "application_fee": null,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "billing_details": {
-        "address": {
-          "city": "Pacific",
-          "country": "United States",
-          "line1": "Under the sea,",
-          "line2": null,
-          "postal_code": "33333",
-          "state": null
-        },
-        "email": null,
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "phone": null
-      },
-      "calculated_statement_descriptor": "ZULIP STANDARD",
-      "captured": true,
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
-      "destination": null,
-      "dispute": null,
-      "disputed": false,
-      "failure_code": null,
-      "failure_message": null,
-      "fraud_details": {},
-      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "invoice": null,
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "object": "charge",
-      "on_behalf_of": null,
-      "order": null,
-      "outcome": {
-        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-        "reason": null,
-        "risk_level": "normal",
-        "risk_score": 0,
-        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-        "type": "authorized"
-      },
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "payment_method_details": {
-        "card": {
-          "brand": "visa",
-          "checks": {
-            "address_line1_check": "pass",
-            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-            "cvc_check": "pass"
-          },
-          "country": "US",
-          "exp_month": 3,
-          "exp_year": 2033,
-          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-          "funding": "credit",
-          "installments": null,
-          "last4": "4242",
-          "network": "visa",
-          "three_d_secure": null,
-          "wallet": null
-        },
-        "type": "card"
-      },
-      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
-      "refunded": false,
-      "refunds": {},
-      "review": null,
-      "shipping": null,
-      "source": {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      },
-      "source_transfer": null,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "statement_descriptor_suffix": null,
-      "status": "succeeded",
-      "transfer_data": null,
-      "transfer_group": null
-    }
-  ],
-  "has_more": false,
-  "object": "list",
-  "url": "/v1/charges"
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.2.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Charge.list.2.json
@@ -1,229 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "data": [
-    {
-      "amount": 36000,
-      "amount_captured": 36000,
-      "amount_refunded": 0,
-      "application": null,
-      "application_fee": null,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-      "billing_details": {
-        "address": {
-          "city": "Pacific",
-          "country": "United States",
-          "line1": "Under the sea,",
-          "line2": null,
-          "postal_code": "33333",
-          "state": null
-        },
-        "email": null,
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "phone": null
-      },
-      "calculated_statement_descriptor": "ZULIP STANDARD",
-      "captured": true,
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $60.0 x 6",
-      "destination": null,
-      "dispute": null,
-      "disputed": false,
-      "failure_code": null,
-      "failure_message": null,
-      "fraud_details": {},
-      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-      "invoice": null,
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "object": "charge",
-      "on_behalf_of": null,
-      "order": null,
-      "outcome": {
-        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-        "reason": null,
-        "risk_level": "normal",
-        "risk_score": 0,
-        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-        "type": "authorized"
-      },
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-      "payment_method_details": {
-        "card": {
-          "brand": "visa",
-          "checks": {
-            "address_line1_check": "pass",
-            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-            "cvc_check": "pass"
-          },
-          "country": "US",
-          "exp_month": 3,
-          "exp_year": 2033,
-          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-          "funding": "credit",
-          "installments": null,
-          "last4": "4242",
-          "network": "visa",
-          "three_d_secure": null,
-          "wallet": null
-        },
-        "type": "card"
-      },
-      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000002/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000002",
-      "refunded": false,
-      "refunds": {},
-      "review": null,
-      "shipping": null,
-      "source": {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000002",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      },
-      "source_transfer": null,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "statement_descriptor_suffix": null,
-      "status": "succeeded",
-      "transfer_data": null,
-      "transfer_group": null
-    },
-    {
-      "amount": 7200,
-      "amount_captured": 7200,
-      "amount_refunded": 0,
-      "application": null,
-      "application_fee": null,
-      "application_fee_amount": null,
-      "balance_transaction": "txn_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "billing_details": {
-        "address": {
-          "city": "Pacific",
-          "country": "United States",
-          "line1": "Under the sea,",
-          "line2": null,
-          "postal_code": "33333",
-          "state": null
-        },
-        "email": null,
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "phone": null
-      },
-      "calculated_statement_descriptor": "ZULIP STANDARD",
-      "captured": true,
-      "created": 1000000000,
-      "currency": "usd",
-      "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-      "description": "Upgrade to Zulip Standard, $12.0 x 6",
-      "destination": null,
-      "dispute": null,
-      "disputed": false,
-      "failure_code": null,
-      "failure_message": null,
-      "fraud_details": {},
-      "id": "ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "invoice": null,
-      "livemode": false,
-      "metadata": {},
-      "object": "charge",
-      "on_behalf_of": null,
-      "order": null,
-      "outcome": {
-        "network_status": "approved_by_network",
-        "reason": null,
-        "risk_level": "normal",
-        "risk_score": 0,
-        "seller_message": "Payment complete.",
-        "type": "authorized"
-      },
-      "paid": true,
-      "payment_intent": null,
-      "payment_method": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-      "payment_method_details": {
-        "card": {
-          "brand": "visa",
-          "checks": {
-            "address_line1_check": "pass",
-            "address_postal_code_check": "pass",
-            "cvc_check": "pass"
-          },
-          "country": "US",
-          "exp_month": 3,
-          "exp_year": 2033,
-          "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-          "funding": "credit",
-          "installments": null,
-          "last4": "4242",
-          "network": "visa",
-          "three_d_secure": null,
-          "wallet": null
-        },
-        "type": "card"
-      },
-      "receipt_email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-      "receipt_number": null,
-      "receipt_url": "https://pay.stripe.com/receipts/acct_NORMALIZED000001/ch_NORMALIZED00000000000001/rcpt_NORMALIZED000000000000000000001",
-      "refunded": false,
-      "refunds": {},
-      "review": null,
-      "shipping": null,
-      "source": {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      },
-      "source_transfer": null,
-      "statement_descriptor": "Zulip Standard",
-      "statement_descriptor_suffix": null,
-      "status": "succeeded",
-      "transfer_data": null,
-      "transfer_group": null
-    }
-  ],
-  "has_more": false,
-  "object": "list",
-  "url": "/v1/charges"
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.create.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.create.1.json
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_balance": 0,
-  "address": null,
-  "balance": 0,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": null,
-  "default_source": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-  "delinquent": false,
-  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
-  "discount": null,
-  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
-  "invoice_settings": {
-    "custom_fields": null,
-    "default_payment_method": null,
-    "footer": null
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {
-    "realm_id": "1",
-    "realm_str": "zulip"
-  },
-  "name": null,
-  "next_invoice_sequence": 1,
-  "object": "customer",
-  "phone": null,
-  "preferred_locales": [],
-  "shipping": null,
-  "sources": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 1,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
-  },
-  "subscriptions": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
-  },
-  "tax_exempt": "none",
-  "tax_ids": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
-  },
-  "tax_info": null,
-  "tax_info_verification": null
-}
--- a/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.retrieve.1.json
+++ b/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/attach_discount_to_realm--Customer.retrieve.1.json
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "account_balance": 0,
-  "address": null,
-  "balance": 0,
-  "created": 1000000000,
-  "currency": "usd",
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-    "address_country": "United States",
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-    "address_zip": "33333",
-    "address_zip_check": "pass",
-    "brand": "Visa",
-    "country": "US",
-    "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-    "cvc_check": "pass",
-    "dynamic_last4": null,
-    "exp_month": 3,
-    "exp_year": 2033,
-    "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-    "funding": "credit",
-    "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-    "last4": "4242",
-    "metadata": {},
-    "name": "Ada Starr",
-    "object": "card",
-    "tokenization_method": null
-  },
-  "delinquent": false,
-  "description": "zulip (Zulip Dev)",
-  "discount": null,
-  "email": "hamlet@zulip.com",
-  "id": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-  "invoice_prefix": "NORMA01",
-  "invoice_settings": {
-    "custom_fields": null,
-    "default_payment_method": null,
-    "footer": null
-  },
-  "livemode": false,
-  "metadata": {
-    "realm_id": "1",
-    "realm_str": "zulip"
-  },
-  "name": null,
-  "next_invoice_sequence": 2,
-  "object": "customer",
-  "phone": null,
-  "preferred_locales": [],
-  "shipping": null,
-  "sources": {
-    "data": [
-      {
-        "address_city": "Pacific",
-        "address_country": "United States",
-        "address_line1": "Under the sea,",
-        "address_line1_check": "pass",
-        "address_line2": null,
-        "address_state": null,
-        "address_zip": "33333",
-        "address_zip_check": "pass",
-        "brand": "Visa",
-        "country": "US",
-        "customer": "cus_NORMALIZED0001",
-        "cvc_check": "pass",
-        "dynamic_last4": null,
-        "exp_month": 3,
-        "exp_year": 2033,
-        "fingerprint": "NORMALIZED000001",
-        "funding": "credit",
-        "id": "card_NORMALIZED00000000000001",
-        "last4": "4242",
-        "metadata": {},
-        "name": "Ada Starr",
-        "object": "card",
-        "tokenization_method": null
-      }
-    ],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 1,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/sources"
-  },
-  "subscriptions": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/subscriptions"
-  },
-  "tax_exempt": "none",
-  "tax_ids": {
-    "data": [],
-    "has_more": false,
-    "object": "list",
-    "total_count": 0,
-    "url": "/v1/customers/cus_NORMALIZED0001/tax_ids"
-  },
-  "tax_info": null,
-  "tax_info_verification": null
-}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More