Release Zulip Server 2.1.7.

CVE-2020-15070: Replace eval with ast.literal_eval.
This eval function performs the inverse of the implicit stringification that’s implied by this type-incorrect assignment in do_update_user_custom_profile_data_if_changed: field_value.value = field['value'] We believe there’s sufficient validation for the data being passed to this eval that it could only have been exploited by a PostgreSQL administrator editing the database manually. Signed-off-by: Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com>
2025-10-23 04:52:12 +00:00 · 2020-06-25 17:11:53 -07:00 · 2020-06-25 17:02:32 -07:00 · 2020-06-19 20:21:54 -07:00 · 2020-06-17 00:27:37 -07:00 · 2020-06-17 00:24:42 -07:00
5020 changed files with 347422 additions and 641041 deletions
--- a/.browserslistrc
+++ b/.browserslistrc
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-> 0.15%
-> 0.15% in US
+> 0.2%
+> 0.2% in US
 last 2 versions
 Firefox ESR
-not dead and supports async-functions
+not dead
+Chrome 26  # similar to PhantomJS
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/continuous-integration.html for
+#   high-level documentation on our CircleCI setup.
+# See CircleCI upstream's docs on this config format:
+#   https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/language-python/
+#
+version: 2.0
+aliases:
+  - &create_cache_directories
+    run:
+      name: create cache directories
+      command: |
+          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv}-cache)
+          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
+          sudo chown -R circleci "${dirs[@]}"
+
+  - &restore_cache_package_json
+    restore_cache:
+      keys:
+      - v1-npm-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+
+  - &restore_cache_requirements
+    restore_cache:
+      keys:
+      - v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+
+  - &install_dependencies
+    run:
+      name: install dependencies
+      command: |
+        sudo apt-get update
+        # Install moreutils so we can use `ts` and `mispipe` in the following.
+        sudo apt-get install -y moreutils
+
+        # CircleCI sets the following in Git config at clone time:
+        #   url.ssh://git@github.com.insteadOf https://github.com
+        # This breaks the Git clones in the NVM `install.sh` we run
+        # in `install-node`.
+        # TODO: figure out why that breaks, and whether we want it.
+        #   (Is it an optimization?)
+        rm -f /home/circleci/.gitconfig
+
+        # This is the main setup job for the test suite
+        mispipe "tools/ci/setup-backend" ts
+
+        # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in Circle, because
+        # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
+        # mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0" ts
+
+  - &save_cache_package_json
+    save_cache:
+      paths:
+        - /srv/zulip-npm-cache
+      key: v1-npm-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "package.json" }}-{{ checksum "yarn.lock" }}
+
+  - &save_cache_requirements
+    save_cache:
+      paths:
+        - /srv/zulip-venv-cache
+      key: v1-venv-base.{{ .Environment.CIRCLE_JOB }}-{{ checksum "requirements/thumbor.txt" }}-{{ checksum "requirements/dev.txt" }}
+    # TODO: in Travis we also cache ~/zulip-emoji-cache, ~/node, ~/misc
+
+  - &run_backend_tests
+    run:
+      name: run backend tests
+      command: |
+        . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+        mispipe ./tools/ci/backend ts
+
+  - &run_frontend_tests
+    run:
+      name: run frontend tests
+      command: |
+        . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+        mispipe ./tools/ci/frontend ts
+
+  - &upload_coverage_report
+    run:
+     name: upload coverage report
+     command: |
+       . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate
+       pip install codecov && codecov \
+         || echo "Error in uploading coverage reports to codecov.io."
+
+jobs:
+  "xenial-backend-frontend-python3.5":
+    docker:
+      # This is built from tools/circleci/images/xenial/Dockerfile .
+      # Xenial ships with Python 3.5.
+      - image: gregprice/circleci:xenial-python-4.test
+
+    working_directory: ~/zulip
+
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - *create_cache_directories
+      - *restore_cache_package_json
+      - *restore_cache_requirements
+      - *install_dependencies
+      - *save_cache_package_json
+      - *save_cache_requirements
+      - *run_backend_tests
+      - *run_frontend_tests
+      # We only need to upload coverage reports on whichever platform
+      # runs the frontend tests.
+      - *upload_coverage_report
+
+      - store_artifacts:
+          path: ./var/casper/
+          destination: casper
+
+      - store_artifacts:    
+          path: ../../../tmp/zulip-test-event-log/
+          destination: test-reports
+
+      - store_test_results:
+            path: ./var/xunit-test-results/casper/
+
+  "bionic-backend-python3.6":
+    docker:
+      # This is built from tools/circleci/images/bionic/Dockerfile .
+      # Bionic ships with Python 3.6.
+      - image: gregprice/circleci:bionic-python-1.test
+
+    working_directory: ~/zulip
+
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+
+      - *create_cache_directories
+
+      - run:
+          name: do Bionic hack
+          command: |
+              # Temporary hack till `sudo service redis-server start` gets fixes in Bionic. See
+              # https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/3-backend/topic/Ubuntu.20bionic.20CircleCI
+              sudo sed -i '/^bind/s/bind.*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/redis/redis.conf
+
+      - *restore_cache_package_json
+      - *restore_cache_requirements
+      - *install_dependencies
+      - *save_cache_package_json
+      - *save_cache_requirements
+      - *run_backend_tests
+
+workflows:
+  version: 2
+  build:
+    jobs:
+      - "xenial-backend-frontend-python3.5"
+      - "bionic-backend-python3.6"
--- a/.codespellignore
+++ b/.codespellignore
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-te
-ans
-pullrequest
-ist
-cros
-wit
-nwe
-circularly
-ned
-ba
-ressemble
-ser
-sur
-hel
-fpr
-alls
-nd
-ot
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -3,22 +3,23 @@ root = true
 [*]
 end_of_line = lf
 charset = utf-8
-indent_size = 4
-indent_style = space
-insert_final_newline = true
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+insert_final_newline = true

-binary_next_line = true  # for shfmt
-switch_case_indent = true  # for shfmt
+[*.{sh,py,pyi,js,ts,json,yml,xml,css,md,markdown,handlebars,html}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4

-[{*.{js,json,ts},check-openapi}]
-max_line_length = 100
-
-[*.{py,pyi}]
+[*.py]
 max_line_length = 110

-[*.{md,svg,rb,pp,yaml,yml}]
+[*.{js,ts}]
+max_line_length = 100
+
+[*.{svg,rb,pp,pl}]
+indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2

-[package.json]
-indent_size = 2
+[*.cfg]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 8
--- a/.eslintignore
+++ b/.eslintignore
@@ -6,9 +6,5 @@
 /static/generated
 /static/third
 /static/webpack-bundles
-/var/*
-!/var/puppeteer
-/var/puppeteer/*
-!/var/puppeteer/test_credentials.d.ts
-/zulip-current-venv
+/var
 /zulip-py3-venv
--- a/.eslintrc.json
+++ b/.eslintrc.json
@@ -1,275 +1,495 @@
 {
    "env": {
-        "es2020": true,
-        "node": true
+        "node": true,
+        "es6": true
    },
-    "extends": [
-        "eslint:recommended",
-        "plugin:import/errors",
-        "plugin:import/warnings",
-        "plugin:no-jquery/recommended",
-        "plugin:no-jquery/deprecated",
-        "plugin:unicorn/recommended",
-        "prettier"
-    ],
-    "parser": "@babel/eslint-parser",
    "parserOptions": {
+        "ecmaVersion": 2019,
        "warnOnUnsupportedTypeScriptVersion": false,
-        "sourceType": "unambiguous"
+        "sourceType": "module"
    },
-    "plugins": ["formatjs", "no-jquery"],
-    "settings": {
-        "additionalFunctionNames": ["$t", "$t_html"],
-        "no-jquery": {
-            "collectionReturningPlugins": {
-                "expectOne": "always"
-            },
-            "variablePattern": "^\\$(?!t$|t_html$)."
-        }
+    "globals": {
+        "$": false,
+        "ClipboardJS": false,
+        "Dict": false,
+        "FetchStatus": false,
+        "Filter": false,
+        "Handlebars": false,
+        "LightboxCanvas": false,
+        "MessageListData": false,
+        "MessageListView": false,
+        "Plotly": false,
+        "SockJS": false,
+        "Socket": false,
+        "Sortable": false,
+        "WinChan": false,
+        "XDate": false,
+        "_": false,
+        "activity": false,
+        "admin": false,
+        "alert_words": false,
+        "alert_words_ui": false,
+        "attachments_ui": false,
+        "avatar": false,
+        "billing": false,
+        "blueslip": false,
+        "bot_data": false,
+        "bridge": false,
+        "buddy_data": false,
+        "buddy_list": false,
+        "channel": false,
+        "click_handlers": false,
+        "color_data": false,
+        "colorspace": false,
+        "common": false,
+        "components": false,
+        "compose": false,
+        "compose_actions": false,
+        "compose_fade": false,
+        "compose_pm_pill": false,
+        "compose_state": false,
+        "compose_ui": false,
+        "composebox_typeahead": false,
+        "condense": false,
+        "confirm_dialog": false,
+        "copy_and_paste": false,
+        "csrf_token": false,
+        "current_msg_list": true,
+        "drafts": false,
+        "echo": false,
+        "emoji": false,
+        "emoji_codes": false,
+        "emoji_picker": false,
+        "favicon": false,
+        "feature_flags": false,
+        "feedback_widget": false,
+        "fenced_code": false,
+        "flatpickr": false,
+        "floating_recipient_bar": false,
+        "gear_menu": false,
+        "hash_util": false,
+        "hashchange": false,
+        "helpers": false,
+        "history": false,
+        "home_msg_list": false,
+        "hotspots": false,
+        "i18n": false,
+        "info_overlay": false,
+        "input_pill": false,
+        "invite": false,
+        "jQuery": false,
+        "katex": false,
+        "keydown_util": false,
+        "lightbox": false,
+        "list_cursor": false,
+        "list_render": false,
+        "list_util": false,
+        "loading": false,
+        "localStorage": false,
+        "local_message": false,
+        "localstorage": false,
+        "location": false,
+        "markdown": false,
+        "marked": false,
+        "md5": false,
+        "message_edit": false,
+        "message_events": false,
+        "message_fetch": false,
+        "message_flags": false,
+        "message_list": false,
+        "message_live_update": false,
+        "message_scroll": false,
+        "message_store": false,
+        "message_util": false,
+        "message_viewport": false,
+        "moment": false,
+        "muting": false,
+        "muting_ui": false,
+        "narrow": false,
+        "narrow_state": false,
+        "navigate": false,
+        "night_mode": false,
+        "notifications": false,
+        "overlays": false,
+        "padded_widget": false,
+        "page_params": false,
+        "panels": false,
+        "people": false,
+        "pm_conversations": false,
+        "pm_list": false,
+        "pointer": false,
+        "popovers": false,
+        "presence": false,
+        "pygments_data": false,
+        "reactions": false,
+        "realm_icon": false,
+        "realm_logo": false,
+        "realm_night_logo": false,
+        "recent_senders": false,
+        "reload": false,
+        "reload_state": false,
+        "reminder": false,
+        "resize": false,
+        "rows": false,
+        "rtl": false,
+        "run_test": false,
+        "schema": false,
+        "scroll_bar": false,
+        "scroll_util": false,
+        "search": false,
+        "search_pill": false,
+        "search_pill_widget": false,
+        "search_suggestion": false,
+        "search_util": false,
+        "sent_messages": false,
+        "server_events": false,
+        "server_events_dispatch": false,
+        "settings": false,
+        "settings_account": false,
+        "settings_bots": false,
+        "settings_display": false,
+        "settings_emoji": false,
+        "settings_exports": false,
+        "settings_linkifiers": false,
+        "settings_invites": false,
+        "settings_muting": false,
+        "settings_notifications": false,
+        "settings_org": false,
+        "settings_panel_menu": false,
+        "settings_profile_fields": false,
+        "settings_sections": false,
+        "settings_streams": false,
+        "settings_toggle": false,
+        "settings_ui": false,
+        "settings_user_groups": false,
+        "settings_users": false,
+        "starred_messages": false,
+        "stream_color": false,
+        "stream_create": false,
+        "stream_data": false,
+        "stream_edit": false,
+        "stream_events": false,
+        "stream_list": false,
+        "stream_muting": false,
+        "stream_popover": false,
+        "stream_sort": false,
+        "stream_ui_updates": false,
+        "StripeCheckout": false,
+        "submessage": false,
+        "subs": false,
+        "tab_bar": false,
+        "templates": false,
+        "tictactoe_widget": false,
+        "timerender": false,
+        "todo_widget": false,
+        "top_left_corner": false,
+        "topic_data": false,
+        "topic_generator": false,
+        "topic_list": false,
+        "topic_zoom": false,
+        "transmit": false,
+        "tutorial": false,
+        "typeahead_helper": false,
+        "typing": false,
+        "typing_data": false,
+        "typing_events": false,
+        "ui": false,
+        "ui_init": false,
+        "ui_report": false,
+        "ui_util": false,
+        "unread": false,
+        "unread_ops": false,
+        "unread_ui": false,
+        "upgrade": false,
+        "upload": false,
+        "upload_widget": false,
+        "user_events": false,
+        "user_groups": false,
+        "user_pill": false,
+        "user_search": false,
+        "user_status": false,
+        "user_status_ui": false,
+        "util": false,
+        "poll_widget": false,
+        "widgetize": false,
+        "zcommand": false,
+        "zform": false,
+        "zxcvbn": false
    },
-    "reportUnusedDisableDirectives": true,
+    "plugins": [
+        "eslint-plugin-empty-returns"
+    ],
    "rules": {
        "array-callback-return": "error",
-        "arrow-body-style": "error",
+        "array-bracket-spacing": "error",
+        "arrow-spacing": [ "error", { "before": true, "after": true } ],
        "block-scoped-var": "error",
-        "consistent-return": "error",
-        "curly": "error",
-        "dot-notation": "error",
-        "eqeqeq": "error",
-        "formatjs/enforce-default-message": ["error", "literal"],
-        "formatjs/enforce-placeholders": [
-            "error",
-            {"ignoreList": ["b", "code", "em", "i", "kbd", "p", "strong"]}
-        ],
-        "formatjs/no-id": "error",
-        "guard-for-in": "error",
-        "import/extensions": "error",
-        "import/first": "error",
-        "import/newline-after-import": "error",
-        "import/no-self-import": "error",
-        "import/no-useless-path-segments": "error",
-        "import/order": [
-            "error",
+        "brace-style": [ "error", "1tbs", { "allowSingleLine": true } ],
+        "camelcase": "off",
+        "comma-dangle": [ "error",
            {
-                "alphabetize": {"order": "asc"},
-                "newlines-between": "always"
+                "arrays": "always-multiline",
+                "objects": "always-multiline",
+                "imports": "always-multiline",
+                "exports": "always-multiline",
+                "functions": "never"
            }
        ],
-        "import/unambiguous": "error",
-        "lines-around-directive": "error",
-        "new-cap": "error",
+        "comma-spacing": [ "error",
+            {
+                "before": false,
+                "after": true
+            }
+        ],
+        "complexity": [ "off", 4 ],
+        "curly": "error",
+        "dot-notation": [ "error", { "allowKeywords": true } ],
+        "empty-returns/main": "error",
+        "eol-last": [ "error", "always" ],
+        "eqeqeq": "error",
+        "func-style": [ "off", "expression" ],
+        "guard-for-in": "error",
+        "indent": ["error", 4, {
+            "ArrayExpression": "first",
+            "ObjectExpression": "first",
+            "SwitchCase": 0,
+            "CallExpression": {"arguments": "first"},
+            "FunctionExpression": {"parameters": "first"},
+            "FunctionDeclaration": {"parameters": "first"}
+        }],
+        "key-spacing": [ "error",
+            {
+                "beforeColon": false,
+                "afterColon": true
+            }
+        ],
+        "keyword-spacing": [ "error",
+            {
+                "before": true,
+                "after": true,
+                "overrides": {
+                    "return": { "after": true },
+                    "throw": { "after": true },
+                    "case": { "after": true }
+                }
+            }
+        ],
+        "max-depth": [ "off", 4 ],
+        "max-len": [ "error", 100, 2,
+            {
+                "ignoreUrls": true,
+                "ignoreComments": false,
+                "ignoreRegExpLiterals": true,
+                "ignoreStrings": true,
+                "ignoreTemplateLiterals": true
+            }
+        ],
+        "max-params": [ "off", 3 ],
+        "max-statements": [ "off", 10 ],
+        "new-cap": [ "error",
+            {
+                "newIsCap": true,
+                "capIsNew": false
+            }
+        ],
+        "new-parens": "error",
+        "newline-per-chained-call": "off",
        "no-alert": "error",
        "no-array-constructor": "error",
        "no-bitwise": "error",
        "no-caller": "error",
+        "no-case-declarations": "error",
        "no-catch-shadow": "error",
-        "no-constant-condition": ["error", {"checkLoops": false}],
+        "no-console": "off",
+        "no-const-assign": "error",
+        "no-control-regex": "error",
+        "no-debugger": "error",
+        "no-delete-var": "error",
        "no-div-regex": "error",
+        "no-dupe-class-members": "error",
+        "no-dupe-keys": "error",
        "no-duplicate-imports": "error",
        "no-else-return": "error",
+        "no-empty": "error",
+        "no-empty-character-class": "error",
        "no-eq-null": "error",
        "no-eval": "error",
-        "no-implicit-coercion": "error",
+        "no-ex-assign": "error",
+        "no-extra-parens": ["error", "all"],
+        "no-extra-semi": "error",
+        "no-fallthrough": "error",
+        "no-floating-decimal": "error",
+        "no-func-assign": "error",
        "no-implied-eval": "error",
-        "no-inner-declarations": "off",
        "no-iterator": "error",
-        "no-jquery/no-parse-html-literal": "error",
        "no-label-var": "error",
        "no-labels": "error",
        "no-loop-func": "error",
+        "no-mixed-requires": [ "off", false ],
        "no-multi-str": "error",
        "no-native-reassign": "error",
+        "no-nested-ternary": "off",
        "no-new-func": "error",
        "no-new-object": "error",
        "no-new-wrappers": "error",
+        "no-obj-calls": "error",
+        "no-octal": "error",
        "no-octal-escape": "error",
+        "no-param-reassign": "off",
        "no-plusplus": "error",
        "no-proto": "error",
+        "no-redeclare": "error",
+        "no-regex-spaces": "error",
+        "no-restricted-syntax": "off",
        "no-return-assign": "error",
        "no-script-url": "error",
        "no-self-compare": "error",
+        "no-shadow": "off",
        "no-sync": "error",
-        "no-throw-literal": "error",
+        "no-ternary": "off",
+        "no-trailing-spaces": "error",
+        "no-undef": "error",
        "no-undef-init": "error",
-        "no-unneeded-ternary": ["error", {"defaultAssignment": false}],
+        "no-underscore-dangle": "off",
+        "no-unneeded-ternary": [ "error", { "defaultAssignment": false } ],
+        "no-unreachable": "error",
        "no-unused-expressions": "error",
-        "no-use-before-define": ["error", {"functions": false}],
-        "no-useless-concat": "error",
-        "no-useless-constructor": "error",
-        "no-var": "error",
-        "object-shorthand": "error",
-        "one-var": ["error", "never"],
-        "prefer-arrow-callback": "error",
-        "prefer-const": [
-            "error",
+        "no-unused-vars": [ "error",
            {
+                "vars": "local",
+                "args": "after-used",
+                "varsIgnorePattern": "print_elapsed_time|check_duplicate_ids"
+            }
+        ],
+        "no-use-before-define": "error",
+        "no-useless-constructor": "error",
+        // The Zulip codebase complies partially with the "no-useless-escape"
+        // rule; only regex expressions haven't been updated yet.
+        // Updated regex expressions are currently being tested in casper
+        // files and will decide about a potential future enforcement of this rule.
+        "no-useless-escape": "off",
+        "no-var": "error",
+        "space-unary-ops": "error",
+        "no-whitespace-before-property": "error",
+        "no-with": "error",
+        "one-var": [ "error", "never" ],
+        "padded-blocks": "off",
+        "prefer-const": [ "error",
+            {
+                "destructuring": "any",
                "ignoreReadBeforeAssign": true
            }
        ],
+        "quote-props": [ "error", "as-needed",
+            {
+                "keywords": false,
+                "unnecessary": true,
+                "numbers": false
+            }
+        ],
+        "quotes": [ "off", "single" ],
        "radix": "error",
-        "sort-imports": ["error", {"ignoreDeclarationSort": true}],
-        "spaced-comment": ["error", "always", {"markers": ["/"]}],
-        "strict": "error",
-        "unicorn/consistent-function-scoping": "off",
-        "unicorn/explicit-length-check": "off",
-        "unicorn/filename-case": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-await-expression-member": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-nested-ternary": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-null": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-process-exit": "off",
-        "unicorn/no-useless-undefined": "off",
-        "unicorn/number-literal-case": "off",
-        "unicorn/numeric-separators-style": "off",
-        "unicorn/prefer-module": "off",
-        "unicorn/prefer-node-protocol": "off",
-        "unicorn/prefer-spread": "off",
-        "unicorn/prefer-ternary": "off",
-        "unicorn/prevent-abbreviations": "off",
-        "valid-typeof": ["error", {"requireStringLiterals": true}],
+        "semi": "error",
+        "semi-spacing": ["error", {"before": false, "after": true}],
+        "sort-imports": "error",
+        "space-before-blocks": "error",
+        "space-before-function-paren": [ "error",
+            {
+                "anonymous": "always",
+                "named": "never",
+                "asyncArrow": "always"
+            }
+        ],
+        "space-in-parens": "error",
+        "space-infix-ops": "error",
+        "spaced-comment": "off",
+        "strict": "off",
+        "template-curly-spacing": "error",
+        "unnecessary-strict": "off",
+        "use-isnan": "error",
+        "valid-typeof": [ "error", { "requireStringLiterals": true } ],
+        "wrap-iife": [ "error", "outside", { "functionPrototypeMethods": false } ],
+        "wrap-regex": "off",
        "yoda": "error"
    },
    "overrides": [
        {
-            "files": ["frontend_tests/node_tests/**", "frontend_tests/zjsunit/**"],
+            "files": [
+                "frontend_tests/casper_tests/*.js",
+                "frontend_tests/casper_lib/*.js"
+            ],
            "rules": {
-                "no-jquery/no-selector-prop": "off"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["frontend_tests/puppeteer_lib/**", "frontend_tests/puppeteer_tests/**"],
-            "globals": {
-                "$": false,
-                "zulip_test": false
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["static/js/**"],
-            "globals": {
-                "StripeCheckout": false
+                "no-var": "off" // PhantomJS doesn’t support let, const
            }
        },
        {
            "files": ["**/*.ts"],
-            "extends": [
-                "plugin:@typescript-eslint/recommended-requiring-type-checking",
-                "plugin:import/typescript"
-            ],
+            "parser": "@typescript-eslint/parser",
            "parserOptions": {
                "project": "tsconfig.json"
            },
-            "settings": {
-                "import/resolver": {
-                    "node": {
-                        "extensions": [".ts", ".d.ts", ".js"] // https://github.com/import-js/eslint-plugin-import/issues/2267
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            "globals": {
-                "JQuery": false
-            },
+            "plugins": ["@typescript-eslint"],
            "rules": {
                // Disable base rule to avoid conflict
-                "no-duplicate-imports": "off",
+                "empty-returns/main": "off",
+                "indent": "off",
+                "func-call-spacing": "off",
+                "no-magic-numbers": "off",
+                "semi": "off",
                "no-unused-vars": "off",
                "no-useless-constructor": "off",
-                "no-use-before-define": "off",

+                "@typescript-eslint/adjacent-overload-signatures": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/array-type": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/await-thenable": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/ban-types": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/ban-ts-ignore": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/camelcase": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/class-name-casing": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-imports": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": [
-                    "error",
-                    {"allowExpressions": true}
-                ],
+                "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": ["error", { "allowExpressions": true }],
+                "@typescript-eslint/explicit-member-accessibility": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/func-call-spacing": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/generic-type-naming": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/indent": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/interface-name-prefix": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/member-delimiter-style": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/member-naming": ["error", { "private": "^_" } ],
                "@typescript-eslint/member-ordering": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-duplicate-imports": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-array-constructor": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-empty-interface": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any": "off",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-extraneous-class": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-for-in-array": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-inferrable-types": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-magic-numbers": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-misused-new": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-namespace": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion": "off",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-parameter-properties": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-require-imports": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-this-alias": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-type-alias": "off",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-qualifier": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": ["error", {"varsIgnorePattern": "^_"}],
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-argument": "off",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment": "off",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-call": "off",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-member-access": "off",
-                "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-type-assertion": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": ["error", { "varsIgnorePattern": "^_" } ],
                "@typescript-eslint/no-use-before-define": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/no-useless-constructor": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/no-var-requires": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-for-of": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-function-type": "off",
                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-includes": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-interface": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-namespace-keyword": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-regexp-exec": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/prefer-string-starts-ends-with": "error",
                "@typescript-eslint/promise-function-async": "error",
-                "@typescript-eslint/unified-signatures": "error",
-                "no-undef": "error"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["**/*.d.ts"],
-            "rules": {
-                "import/unambiguous": "off"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["frontend_tests/**"],
-            "globals": {
-                "CSS": false,
-                "document": false,
-                "navigator": false,
-                "window": false
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                "formatjs/no-id": "off",
-                "new-cap": "off",
-                "no-sync": "off",
-                "unicorn/prefer-prototype-methods": "off"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["tools/debug-require.js"],
-            "env": {
-                "browser": true,
-                "es2020": false
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                // Don’t require ES features that PhantomJS doesn’t support
-                // TODO: Toggle these settings now that we don't use PhantomJS
-                "no-var": "off",
-                "object-shorthand": "off",
-                "prefer-arrow-callback": "off"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["static/**"],
-            "env": {
-                "browser": true,
-                "node": false
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                "no-console": "error"
-            },
-            "settings": {
-                "import/resolver": "webpack"
-            }
-        },
-        {
-            "files": ["static/shared/**"],
-            "env": {
-                "browser": false,
-                "shared-node-browser": true
-            },
-            "rules": {
-                "import/no-restricted-paths": [
-                    "error",
-                    {
-                        "zones": [
-                            {
-                                "target": "./static/shared",
-                                "from": ".",
-                                "except": ["./node_modules", "./static/shared"]
-                            }
-                        ]
-                    }
-                ]
+                "@typescript-eslint/restrict-plus-operands": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/semi": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/triple-slash-reference": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/type-annotation-spacing": "error",
+                "@typescript-eslint/unbound-method": "off",
+                "@typescript-eslint/unified-signatures": "error"
            }
        }
    ]
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,19 +1,4 @@
-# DIFFS: Noise suppression.
-#
-# Suppress noisy generated files in diffs.
-# (When you actually want to see these diffs, use `git diff -a`.)
-
-# Large test fixtures:
-corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/*.json -diff
-
-
-# FORMATTING
-
-# Maintain LF (Unix-style) newlines in text files.
 *   text=auto eol=lf
-
-# Make sure various media files never get somehow auto-detected as text
-# and then newline-converted.
 *.gif binary
 *.jpg binary
 *.jpeg binary
@@ -26,7 +11,3 @@ corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures/*.json -diff
 *.otf binary
 *.tif binary
 *.ogg binary
-*.bson binary
-*.bmp binary
-*.mp3 binary
-*.pdf binary
--- a/.github/FUNDING.yml
+++ b/.github/FUNDING.yml
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-github: zulip
-patreon: zulip
-open_collective: zulip
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 <!-- What's this PR for?  (Just a link to an issue is fine.) -->

-**Testing plan:** <!-- How have you tested? -->

-**GIFs or screenshots:** <!-- If a UI change.  See:
+**Testing Plan:** <!-- How have you tested? -->
+
+
+**GIFs or Screenshots:** <!-- If a UI change.  See:
  https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/screenshot-and-gif-software.html
  -->

+
 <!-- Also be sure to make clear, coherent commits:
  https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/version-control.html
  -->
--- a/.github/workflows/cancel-previous-runs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cancel-previous-runs.yml
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-name: Cancel previous runs
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  cancel:
-    name: Cancel previous runs
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 3
-
-    # Don't run this job for zulip/zulip pushes since we
-    # want to run those jobs.
-    if: ${{ github.event_name != 'push' || github.event.repository.full_name != 'zulip/zulip' }}
-
-    steps:
-      # We get workflow IDs from GitHub API so we don't have to maintain
-      # a hard-coded list of IDs which need to be updated when a workflow
-      # is added or removed. And, workflow IDs are different for other forks
-      # so this is required.
-      - name: Get workflow IDs.
-        id: workflow_ids
-        continue-on-error: true # Don't fail this job on failure
-        env:
-          # This is in <owner>/<repo> format e.g. zulip/zulip
-          REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
-        run: |
-          workflow_api_url=https://api.github.com/repos/$REPOSITORY/actions/workflows
-          curl -fL $workflow_api_url -o workflows.json
-
-          script="const {workflows} = require('./workflows'); \
-                  const ids = workflows.map(workflow => workflow.id); \
-                  console.log(ids.join(','));"
-          ids=$(node -e "$script")
-          echo "::set-output name=ids::$ids"
-
-      - uses: styfle/cancel-workflow-action@0.9.0
-        continue-on-error: true # Don't fail this job on failure
-        with:
-          workflow_id: ${{ steps.workflow_ids.outputs.ids }}
-          access_token: ${{ github.token }}
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-name: "Code scanning"
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches-ignore:
-      - dependabot/** # https://github.com/github/codeql-action/pull/435
-  pull_request: {}
-
-jobs:
-  CodeQL:
-    if: ${{!github.event.repository.private}}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Check out repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
-      - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v1
-
-        # Override language selection by uncommenting this and choosing your languages
-        # with:
-        #   languages: go, javascript, csharp, python, cpp, java
-
-      - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v1
--- a/.github/workflows/production-suite.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/production-suite.yml
@@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
-name: Zulip production suite
-
-on:
-  push: {}
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - .github/workflows/production-suite.yml
-      - "**/migrations/**"
-      - babel.config.js
-      - manage.py
-      - postcss.config.js
-      - puppet/**
-      - requirements/**
-      - scripts/**
-      - static/assets/**
-      - static/third/**
-      - tools/**
-      - webpack.config.ts
-      - yarn.lock
-      - zerver/worker/queue_processors.py
-      - zerver/lib/push_notifications.py
-      - zerver/decorator.py
-      - zproject/**
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  production_build:
-    # This job builds a release tarball from the current commit, which
-    # will be used for all of the following install/upgrade tests.
-    name: Debian 10 production build
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-
-    # Docker images are built from 'tools/ci/Dockerfile'; the comments at
-    # the top explain how to build and upload these images.
-    # Debian 10 ships with Python 3.7.3.
-    container: zulip/ci:buster
-    steps:
-      - name: Add required permissions
-        run: |
-          # The checkout actions doesn't clone to ~/zulip or allow
-          # us to use the path option to clone outside the current
-          # /__w/zulip/zulip directory. Since this directory is owned
-          # by root we need to change it's ownership to allow the
-          # github user to clone the code here.
-          # Note: /__w/ is a docker volume mounted to $GITHUB_WORKSPACE
-          # which is /home/runner/work/.
-          sudo chown -R github .
-
-          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
-          # the current github user must be able to access for the
-          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
-          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
-
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Restore node_modules cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-          key: v1-yarn-deps-buster-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('yarn.lock') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-buster
-
-      - name: Restore python cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-venv-cache
-          key: v1-venv-buster-${{ hashFiles('requirements/dev.txt') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-venv-buster
-
-      - name: Restore emoji cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
-          key: v1-emoji-buster-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-emoji-buster
-
-      - name: Build production tarball
-        run: ./tools/ci/production-build
-
-      - name: Upload production build artifacts for install jobs
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: production-tarball
-          path: /tmp/production-build
-          retention-days: 14
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: tools/ci/send-failure-message
-
-  production_install:
-    # This job installs the server release tarball built above on a
-    # range of platforms, and does some basic health checks on the
-    # resulting installer Zulip server.
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Docker images are built from 'tools/ci/Dockerfile'; the comments at
-          # the top explain how to build and upload these images.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:focal
-            name: Ubuntu 20.04 production install
-            os: focal
-            extra_args: ""
-
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:buster
-            name: Debian 10 production install with custom db name and user
-            os: buster
-            extra_args: --test-custom-db
-
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:bullseye
-            name: Debian 11 production install
-            os: bullseye
-            extra_args: ""
-
-    name: ${{ matrix.name  }}
-    container:
-      image: ${{ matrix.docker_image }}
-      options: --init
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: production_build
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Download built production tarball
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: production-tarball
-          path: /tmp
-
-      - name: Add required permissions and setup
-        run: |
-          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
-          # the current github user must be able to access for the
-          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
-          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
-
-          # Since actions/download-artifact@v2 loses all the permissions
-          # of the tarball uploaded by the upload artifact fix those.
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-upgrade-pg
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-pgroonga
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-install
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-verify
-          chmod +x /tmp/send-failure-message
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Restore node_modules cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-          key: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('/tmp/package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('/tmp/yarn.lock') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Install production
-        run: |
-          sudo service rabbitmq-server restart
-          sudo /tmp/production-install ${{ matrix.extra-args }}
-
-      - name: Verify install
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-verify ${{ matrix.extra-args }}
-
-      - name: Install pgroonga
-        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'focal' }}
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-pgroonga
-
-      - name: Verify install after installing pgroonga
-        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'focal' }}
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-verify ${{ matrix.extra-args }}
-
-      - name: Upgrade postgresql
-        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'focal' }}
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-upgrade-pg
-
-      - name: Verify install after upgrading postgresql
-        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'focal' }}
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-verify ${{ matrix.extra-args }}
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: /tmp/send-failure-message
-
-  production_upgrade:
-    # The production upgrade job starts with a container with a
-    # previous Zulip release installed, and attempts to upgrade it to
-    # the release tarball built for the current commit being tested.
-    #
-    # This is intended to catch bugs that result in the upgrade
-    # process failing.
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Docker images are built from 'tools/ci/Dockerfile'; the comments at
-          # the top explain how to build and upload these images.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:buster-3.4
-            name: 3.4 Version Upgrade
-            os: buster
-
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:bullseye-4.11
-            name: 4.11 Version Upgrade
-            os: bullseye
-
-    name: ${{ matrix.name  }}
-    container:
-      image: ${{ matrix.docker_image }}
-      options: --init
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: production_build
-
-    steps:
-      - name: Download built production tarball
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: production-tarball
-          path: /tmp
-
-      - name: Add required permissions and setup
-        run: |
-          # This is the GitHub Actions specific cache directory the
-          # the current github user must be able to access for the
-          # cache action to work. It is owned by root currently.
-          sudo chmod -R 0777 /__w/_temp/
-
-          # Since actions/download-artifact@v2 loses all the permissions
-          # of the tarball uploaded by the upload artifact fix those.
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-upgrade
-          chmod +x /tmp/production-verify
-          chmod +x /tmp/send-failure-message
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Upgrade production
-        run: sudo /tmp/production-upgrade
-
-        # TODO: We should be running production-verify here, but it
-        # doesn't pass yet.
-        #
-        # - name: Verify install
-        #   run: sudo /tmp/production-verify
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: /tmp/send-failure-message
--- a/.github/workflows/update-oneclick-apps.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/update-oneclick-apps.yml
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-name: Update one click apps
-on:
-  release:
-    types: [published]
-jobs:
-  update-digitalocean-oneclick-app:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-      - name: Update DigitalOcean one click app
-        env:
-          DIGITALOCEAN_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ONE_CLICK_ACTION_DIGITALOCEAN_API_KEY }}
-          ZULIP_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.ONE_CLICK_ACTION_ZULIP_BOT_API_KEY }}
-          ZULIP_EMAIL: ${{ secrets.ONE_CLICK_ACTION_ZULIP_BOT_EMAIL }}
-          ZULIP_SITE: https://chat.zulip.org
-          ONE_CLICK_ACTION_STREAM: kandra ops
-          PYTHON_DIGITALOCEAN_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_SEC: 30
-          RELEASE_VERSION: ${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}
-        run: |
-          export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"
-          git clone https://github.com/zulip/marketplace-partners
-          pip3 install python-digitalocean zulip fab-classic
-          echo $PATH
-          python3 tools/oneclickapps/prepare_digital_ocean_one_click_app_release.py
--- a/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/zulip-ci.yml
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-# NOTE: Everything test in this file should be in `tools/test-all`.  If there's a
-# reason not to run it there, it should be there as a comment
-# explaining why.
-
-name: Zulip CI
-
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-defaults:
-  run:
-    shell: bash
-
-jobs:
-  tests:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Base images are built using `tools/ci/Dockerfile.prod.template`.
-          # The comments at the top explain how to build and upload these images.
-          # Debian 10 ships with Python 3.7.3.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:buster
-            name: Debian 10 Buster (Python 3.7, backend + frontend)
-            os: buster
-            include_frontend_tests: true
-          # Ubuntu 20.04 ships with Python 3.8.2.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:focal
-            name: Ubuntu 20.04 Focal (Python 3.8, backend)
-            os: focal
-            include_frontend_tests: false
-          # Debian 11 ships with Python 3.9.2.
-          - docker_image: zulip/ci:bullseye
-            name: Debian 11 Bullseye (Python 3.9, backend)
-            os: bullseye
-            include_frontend_tests: false
-
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    name: ${{ matrix.name }}
-    container: ${{ matrix.docker_image }}
-    env:
-      # GitHub Actions sets HOME to /github/home which causes
-      # problem later in provision and frontend test that runs
-      # tools/setup/postgresql-init-dev-db because of the .pgpass
-      # location. PostgreSQL (psql) expects .pgpass to be at
-      # /home/github/.pgpass and setting home to `/home/github/`
-      # ensures it written there because we write it to ~/.pgpass.
-      HOME: /home/github/
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - name: Create cache directories
-        run: |
-          dirs=(/srv/zulip-{npm,venv,emoji}-cache)
-          sudo mkdir -p "${dirs[@]}"
-          sudo chown -R github "${dirs[@]}"
-
-      - name: Restore node_modules cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-npm-cache
-          key: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('yarn.lock') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-yarn-deps-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Restore python cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-venv-cache
-          key: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements/dev.txt') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-venv-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Restore emoji cache
-        uses: actions/cache@v2
-        with:
-          path: /srv/zulip-emoji-cache
-          key: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/build_emoji') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_setup_utils.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('tools/setup/emoji/emoji_names.py') }}-${{ hashFiles('package.json') }}
-          restore-keys: v1-emoji-${{ matrix.os }}
-
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          # This is the main setup job for the test suite
-          ./tools/ci/setup-backend --skip-dev-db-build
-
-          # Cleaning caches is mostly unnecessary in GitHub Actions, because
-          # most builds don't get to write to the cache.
-          # scripts/lib/clean_unused_caches.py --verbose --threshold 0
-
-      - name: Run tools test
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/test-tools
-
-      - name: Run Codespell lint
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/run-codespell
-
-      - name: Run backend lint
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          echo "Test suite is running under $(python --version)."
-          ./tools/lint --groups=backend --skip=gitlint,mypy # gitlint disabled because flaky
-
-      - name: Run frontend lint
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/lint --groups=frontend --skip=gitlint # gitlint disabled because flaky
-
-      - name: Run backend tests
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/test-backend --coverage --include-webhooks --no-cov-cleanup --ban-console-output
-
-      - name: Run mypy
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # We run mypy after the backend tests so we get output from the
-          # backend tests, which tend to uncover more serious problems, first.
-          ./tools/run-mypy --version
-          ./tools/run-mypy
-
-      - name: Run miscellaneous tests
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-
-          # Currently our compiled requirements files will differ for different python versions
-          # so we will run test-locked-requirements only for Debian 10.
-          # ./tools/test-locked-requirements
-          # ./tools/test-run-dev  # https://github.com/zulip/zulip/pull/14233
-          #
-          # This test has been persistently flaky at like 1% frequency, is slow,
-          # and is for a very specific single feature, so we don't run it by default:
-          # ./tools/test-queue-worker-reload
-
-          ./tools/test-migrations
-          ./tools/setup/optimize-svg --check
-          ./tools/setup/generate_integration_bots_avatars.py --check-missing
-
-          # Ban check-database-compatibility.py from transitively
-          # relying on static/generated, because it might not be
-          # up-to-date at that point in upgrade-zulip-stage-2.
-          chmod 000 static/generated
-          ./scripts/lib/check-database-compatibility.py
-          chmod 755 static/generated
-
-      - name: Run documentation and api tests
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # In CI, we only test links we control in test-documentation to avoid flakes
-          ./tools/test-documentation --skip-external-links
-          ./tools/test-help-documentation --skip-external-links
-          ./tools/test-api
-
-      - name: Run node tests
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # Run the node tests first, since they're fast and deterministic
-          ./tools/test-js-with-node --coverage --parallel=1
-
-      - name: Check schemas
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # Check that various schemas are consistent. (is fast)
-          ./tools/check-schemas
-
-      - name: Check capitalization of strings
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./manage.py makemessages --locale en
-          PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore ./tools/check-capitalization --no-generate
-          PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore ./tools/check-frontend-i18n --no-generate
-
-      - name: Run puppeteer tests
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          ./tools/test-js-with-puppeteer
-
-      - name: Check for untracked files
-        run: |
-          source tools/ci/activate-venv
-          # This final check looks for untracked files that may have been
-          # created by test-backend or provision.
-          untracked="$(git ls-files --exclude-standard --others)"
-          if [ -n "$untracked" ]; then
-              printf >&2 "Error: untracked files:\n%s\n" "$untracked"
-              exit 1
-          fi
-
-      - name: Test locked requirements
-        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'buster' }}
-        run: |
-          . /srv/zulip-py3-venv/bin/activate && \
-          ./tools/test-locked-requirements
-
-      - name: Upload coverage reports
-
-        # Only upload coverage when both frontend and backend
-        # tests are run.
-        if: ${{ matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v2
-        with:
-          files: var/coverage.xml,var/node-coverage/lcov.info
-
-      - name: Store Puppeteer artifacts
-        # Upload these on failure, as well
-        if: ${{ always() && matrix.include_frontend_tests }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
-        with:
-          name: puppeteer
-          path: ./var/puppeteer
-          retention-days: 60
-
-      - name: Check development database build
-        if: ${{ matrix.os == 'focal' || matrix.os == 'bullseye' || matrix.os == 'jammy' }}
-        run: ./tools/ci/setup-backend
-
-      - name: Report status
-        if: failure()
-        env:
-          ZULIP_BOT_KEY: ${{ secrets.ZULIP_BOT_KEY }}
-        run: tools/ci/send-failure-message
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@
 package-lock.json

 /.vagrant
-/var/*
-!/var/puppeteer
-/var/puppeteer/*
-!/var/puppeteer/test_credentials.d.ts
+/var

 /.dmypy.json

+# Dockerfiles generated for CircleCI
+/tools/circleci/images
+
 # Generated i18n data
 /locale/en
 /locale/language_options.json
@@ -70,18 +70,13 @@ zulip.kdev4
 *.kate-swp
 *.sublime-project
 *.sublime-workspace
+.vscode/
 *.DS_Store
-# VS Code. Avoid checking in .vscode in general, while still specifying
-# recommended extensions for working with this repository.
-/.vscode/**/*
-!/.vscode/extensions.json
-# .cache/ is generated by VS Code test runner
+# .cache/ is generated by VSCode's test runner
 .cache/
 .eslintcache

-# Core dump files
-core
-
 ## Miscellaneous
 # (Ideally this section is empty.)
+zthumbor/thumbor_local_settings.py
 .transifexrc
--- a/.gitlint
+++ b/.gitlint
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 [general]
-ignore=title-trailing-punctuation, body-min-length, body-is-missing
+ignore=title-trailing-punctuation, body-min-length, body-is-missing, title-imperative-mood

 extra-path=tools/lib/gitlint-rules.py

-[title-match-regex]
+[title-match-regex-allow-exception]
 regex=^(.+:\ )?[A-Z].+\.$

 [title-max-length]
--- a/.isort.cfg
+++ b/.isort.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[settings]
+line_length = 79
+multi_line_output = 2
+balanced_wrapping = true
+known_third_party = django, ujson, sqlalchemy
+known_first_party = zerver, zproject, version, confirmation, zilencer, analytics, frontend_tests, scripts, corporate
+sections = FUTURE, STDLIB, THIRDPARTY, FIRSTPARTY, LOCALFOLDER
+lines_after_imports = 1
+# See the comment related to ioloop_logging for why this is skipped.
+skip = zerver/management/commands/runtornado.py
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-# This file teaches `git log` and friends the canonical names
-# and email addresses to use for our contributors.
-#
-# For details on the format, see:
-#   https://git.github.io/htmldocs/gitmailmap.html
-#
-# Handy commands for examining or adding to this file:
-#
-#     # shows all names/emails after mapping, sorted:
-#   $ git shortlog -es | sort -k2
-#
-#     # shows raw names/emails, filtered by mapped name:
-#   $ git log --format='%an %ae' --author=$NAME | uniq -c
-
-Adam Benesh <Adam.Benesh@gmail.com> <Adam-Daniel.Benesh@t-systems.com>
-Adam Benesh <Adam.Benesh@gmail.com>
-Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com> <alex@chmrr.net>
-Alex Vandiver <alexmv@zulip.com> <github@chmrr.net>
-Allen Rabinovich <allenrabinovich@yahoo.com> <allenr@humbughq.com>
-Allen Rabinovich <allenrabinovich@yahoo.com> <allenr@zulip.com>
-Alya Abbott <alya@zulip.com> <2090066+alya@users.noreply.github.com>
-Aman Agrawal <amanagr@zulip.com> <f2016561@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in>
-Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <anders@zulipchat.com>
-Anders Kaseorg <anders@zulip.com> <andersk@mit.edu>
-Aryan Shridhar <aryanshridhar7@gmail.com> <53977614+aryanshridhar@users.noreply.github.com>
-Aryan Shridhar <aryanshridhar7@gmail.com>
-Ashwat Kumar Singh <ashwat.kumarsingh.met20@itbhu.ac.in>
-Austin Riba <austin@zulip.com> <austin@m51.io>
-BIKI DAS <bikid475@gmail.com>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <bjwhitta@asu.edu>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brockwhittaker@Brocks-MacBook.local>
-Brock Whittaker <brock@zulipchat.com> <brock@zulipchat.org>
-Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <cbobbe@zulipchat.com>
-Chris Bobbe <cbobbe@zulip.com> <csbobbe@gmail.com>
-Eeshan Garg <eeshan@zulip.com> <jerryguitarist@gmail.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <gnprice@gmail.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <greg@zulipchat.com>
-Greg Price <greg@zulip.com> <price@mit.edu>
-Jai soni <jai_s@me.iitr.ac.in>
-Jai soni <jai_s@me.iitr.ac.in> <76561593+jai2201@users.noreply.github.com>
-Jeff Arnold <jbarnold@gmail.com> <jbarnold@humbughq.com>
-Jeff Arnold <jbarnold@gmail.com> <jbarnold@zulip.com>
-Jessica McKellar <jesstess@mit.edu> <jesstess@humbughq.com>
-Jessica McKellar <jesstess@mit.edu> <jesstess@zulip.com>
-Julia Bichler <julia.bichler@tum.de> <74348920+juliaBichler01@users.noreply.github.com>
-Kevin Mehall <km@kevinmehall.net> <kevin@humbughq.com>
-Kevin Mehall <km@kevinmehall.net> <kevin@zulip.com>
-Kevin Scott <kevin.scott.98@gmail.com>
-Lauryn Menard <lauryn@zulip.com> <lauryn.menard@gmail.com>
-Mateusz Mandera <mateusz.mandera@zulip.com> <mateusz.mandera@protonmail.com>
-m-e-l-u-h-a-n <purushottam.tiwari.cd.cse19@itbhu.ac.in>
-Palash Raghuwanshi <singhpalash0@gmail.com>
-Parth <mittalparth22@gmail.com>
-Priyam Seth <sethpriyam1@gmail.com> <b19188@students.iitmandi.ac.in>
-Ray Kraesig <rkraesig@zulip.com> <rkraesig@zulipchat.com>
-Reid Barton <rwbarton@gmail.com> <rwbarton@humbughq.com>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulipchat.com> <rishig+git@mit.edu>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulipchat.com> <rishig@kandralabs.com>
-Rishi Gupta <rishig@zulipchat.com> <rishig@users.noreply.github.com>
-Rishabh Maheshwari <b20063@students.iitmandi.ac.in>
-Sayam Samal <samal.sayam@gmail.com>
-Scott Feeney <scott@oceanbase.org> <scott@humbughq.com>
-Scott Feeney <scott@oceanbase.org> <scott@zulip.com>
-Shlok Patel <shlokcpatel2001@gmail.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell30@yahoo.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@yahoo.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <showell@zulipchat.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@humbughq.com>
-Steve Howell <showell@zulip.com> <steve@zulip.com>
-strifel <info@strifel.de>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@dropbox.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@humbughq.com>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@mit.edu>
-Tim Abbott <tabbott@zulip.com> <tabbott@zulipchat.com>
-Vishnu KS <vishnu@zulip.com> <hackerkid@vishnuks.com>
-Vishnu KS <vishnu@zulip.com> <yo@vishnuks.com>
-Alya Abbott <alya@zulip.com> <alyaabbott@elance-odesk.com>
-Sahil Batra <sahil@zulip.com> <sahilbatra839@gmail.com>
-Yash RE <33805964+YashRE42@users.noreply.github.com> <YashRE42@github.com>
-Yash RE <33805964+YashRE42@users.noreply.github.com>
-Yogesh Sirsat <yogeshsirsat56@gmail.com>
-Zeeshan Equbal <equbalzeeshan@gmail.com> <54993043+zee-bit@users.noreply.github.com>
-Zeeshan Equbal <equbalzeeshan@gmail.com>
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-/corporate/tests/stripe_fixtures
-/locale
-/static/third
-/templates/**/*.md
-/tools/setup/emoji/emoji_map.json
-/zerver/tests/fixtures
-/zerver/webhooks/*/doc.md
-/zerver/webhooks/*/fixtures
--- a/.pyre_configuration
+++ b/.pyre_configuration
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "source_directories": ["."],
-  "taint_models_path": [
-      "stubs/taint",
-      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/taint/"
-  ],
-  "search_path": [
-      "stubs/",
-      "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/stubs/"
-  ],
-  "typeshed": "zulip-py3-venv/lib/pyre_check/typeshed/",
-  "exclude": [
-      "/srv/zulip/zulip-py3-venv/.*"
-  ]
-}
--- a/.sonarcloud.properties
+++ b/.sonarcloud.properties
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-sonar.inclusions=**/*.py,**/*.html
--- a/.stylelintrc
+++ b/.stylelintrc
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+{
+    "rules": {
+        # Stylistic rules for CSS.
+        "function-comma-space-after": "always",
+        "function-comma-space-before": "never",
+        "function-max-empty-lines": 0,
+        "function-whitespace-after": "always",
+
+        "value-keyword-case": "lower",
+        "value-list-comma-newline-after": "always-multi-line",
+        "value-list-comma-space-after": "always-single-line",
+        "value-list-comma-space-before": "never",
+        "value-list-max-empty-lines": 0,
+
+        "unit-case": "lower",
+        "property-case": "lower",
+        "color-hex-case": "lower",
+
+        "declaration-bang-space-before": "always",
+        "declaration-colon-newline-after": "always-multi-line",
+        "declaration-colon-space-after": "always-single-line",
+        "declaration-colon-space-before": "never",
+        "declaration-block-semicolon-newline-after": "always",
+        "declaration-block-semicolon-space-before": "never",
+        "declaration-block-trailing-semicolon": "always",
+
+        "block-closing-brace-empty-line-before": "never",
+        "block-closing-brace-newline-after": "always",
+        "block-closing-brace-newline-before": "always",
+        "block-opening-brace-newline-after": "always",
+        "block-opening-brace-space-before": "always",
+
+        "selector-attribute-brackets-space-inside": "never",
+        "selector-attribute-operator-space-after": "never",
+        "selector-attribute-operator-space-before": "never",
+        "selector-combinator-space-after": "always",
+        "selector-combinator-space-before": "always",
+        "selector-descendant-combinator-no-non-space": true,
+        "selector-pseudo-class-parentheses-space-inside": "never",
+        "selector-pseudo-element-case": "lower",
+        "selector-pseudo-element-colon-notation": "double",
+        "selector-type-case": "lower",
+        "selector-list-comma-newline-after": "always",
+        "selector-list-comma-space-before": "never",
+
+        "media-feature-colon-space-after": "always",
+        "media-feature-colon-space-before": "never",
+        "media-feature-name-case": "lower",
+        "media-feature-parentheses-space-inside": "never",
+        "media-feature-range-operator-space-after": "always",
+        "media-feature-range-operator-space-before": "always",
+        "media-query-list-comma-newline-after": "always",
+        "media-query-list-comma-space-before": "never",
+
+        "at-rule-name-case": "lower",
+        "at-rule-name-space-after": "always",
+        "at-rule-semicolon-newline-after": "always",
+        "at-rule-semicolon-space-before": "never",
+
+        "comment-whitespace-inside": "always",
+        "indentation": 4,
+        
+        # Limit language features
+        "color-no-hex": true,
+        "color-named": "never",
+    }
+}
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# See https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/testing/continuous-integration.html for
+# high-level documentation on our Travis CI setup.
+dist: xenial
+install:
+  # Disable sometimes-broken sources.list in Travis base images
+  - sudo rm -vf /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*
+  - sudo apt-get update
+
+  # Disable Travis CI's built-in NVM installation
+  - mispipe "mv ~/.nvm ~/.travis-nvm-disabled" ts
+
+  # Install codecov, the library for the code coverage reporting tool we use
+  # With a retry to minimize impact of transient networking errors.
+  - mispipe "pip install codecov" ts || mispipe "pip install codecov" ts
+
+  # This is the main setup job for the test suite
+  - mispipe "tools/ci/setup-$TEST_SUITE" ts
+
+  # Clean any caches that are not in use to avoid our cache
+  # becoming huge.
+  - mispipe "scripts/lib/clean-unused-caches --verbose --threshold 0" ts
+
+script:
+  # We unset GEM_PATH here as a hack to work around Travis CI having
+  # broken running their system puppet with Ruby.  See
+  # https://travis-ci.org/zulip/zulip/jobs/240120991 for an example traceback.
+  - unset GEM_PATH
+  - mispipe "./tools/ci/$TEST_SUITE" ts
+cache:
+  yarn: true
+  apt: false
+  directories:
+    - $HOME/zulip-venv-cache
+    - $HOME/zulip-npm-cache
+    - $HOME/zulip-emoji-cache
+    - $HOME/node
+    - $HOME/misc
+env:
+  global:
+    - BOTO_CONFIG=/nonexistent
+language: python
+# Our test suites generally run on Python 3.5, the version in
+# Ubuntu 16.04 xenial, which is the oldest OS release we support.
+matrix:
+  include:
+    # Travis will actually run the jobs in the order they're listed here;
+    # that doesn't seem to be documented, but it's what we see empirically.
+    # We only get 4 jobs running at a time, so we try to make the first few
+    # the most likely to break.
+    - python: "3.5"
+      env: TEST_SUITE=production
+    # Other suites moved to CircleCI -- see .circleci/.
+sudo: required
+addons:
+  artifacts:
+    paths:
+      # Casper debugging data (screenshots, etc.) is super useful for
+      # debugging test flakes.
+      - $(ls var/casper/* | tr "\n" ":")
+      - $(ls /tmp/zulip-test-event-log/* | tr "\n" ":")
+  postgresql: "9.5"
+  apt:
+    packages:
+      - moreutils
+after_success:
+  - codecov
--- a/.vscode/extensions.json
+++ b/.vscode/extensions.json
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-{
-    // Recommended VS Code extensions for zulip/zulip.
-    //
-    // VS Code prompts a user to install the recommended extensions
-    // when a workspace is opened for the first time.  The user can
-    // also review the list with the 'Extensions: Show Recommended
-    // Extensions' command.  See
-    // https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/extension-marketplace#_workspace-recommended-extensions
-    // for more information.
-    //
-    // Extension identifier format: ${publisher}.${name}.
-    // Example: vscode.csharp
-
-    "recommendations": [
-        "42crunch.vscode-openapi",
-        "dbaeumer.vscode-eslint",
-        "esbenp.prettier-vscode",
-        "ms-vscode-remote.vscode-remote-extensionpack"
-    ],
-
-    // Extensions recommended by VS Code which are not recommended for users of zulip/zulip.
-    "unwantedRecommendations": []
-}
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -14,46 +14,46 @@ This isn't an exhaustive list of things that you can't do. Rather, take it
 in the spirit in which it's intended --- a guide to make it easier to enrich
 all of us and the technical communities in which we participate.

-## Expected behavior
+## Expected Behavior

 The following behaviors are expected and requested of all community members:

- Participate. In doing so, you contribute to the health and longevity of
+* Participate. In doing so, you contribute to the health and longevity of
  the community.
- Exercise consideration and respect in your speech and actions.
- Attempt collaboration before conflict. Assume good faith.
- Refrain from demeaning, discriminatory, or harassing behavior and speech.
- Take action or alert community leaders if you notice a dangerous
+* Exercise consideration and respect in your speech and actions.
+* Attempt collaboration before conflict. Assume good faith.
+* Refrain from demeaning, discriminatory, or harassing behavior and speech.
+* Take action or alert community leaders if you notice a dangerous
  situation, someone in distress, or violations of this code, even if they
  seem inconsequential.
- Community event venues may be shared with members of the public; be
+* Community event venues may be shared with members of the public; be
  respectful to all patrons of these locations.

-## Unacceptable behavior
+## Unacceptable Behavior

 The following behaviors are considered harassment and are unacceptable
 within the Zulip community:

- Jokes or derogatory language that singles out members of any race,
+* Jokes or derogatory language that singles out members of any race,
  ethnicity, culture, national origin, color, immigration status, social and
  economic class, educational level, language proficiency, sex, sexual
  orientation, gender identity and expression, age, size, family status,
  political belief, religion, and mental and physical ability.
- Violence, threats of violence, or violent language directed against
+* Violence, threats of violence, or violent language directed against
  another person.
- Disseminating or threatening to disseminate another person's personal
+* Disseminating or threatening to disseminate another person's personal
  information.
- Personal insults of any sort.
- Posting or displaying sexually explicit or violent material.
- Inappropriate photography or recording.
- Deliberate intimidation, stalking, or following (online or in person).
- Unwelcome sexual attention. This includes sexualized comments or jokes,
+* Personal insults of any sort.
+* Posting or displaying sexually explicit or violent material.
+* Inappropriate photography or recording.
+* Deliberate intimidation, stalking, or following (online or in person).
+* Unwelcome sexual attention. This includes sexualized comments or jokes,
  inappropriate touching or groping, and unwelcomed sexual advances.
- Sustained disruption of community events, including talks and
+* Sustained disruption of community events, including talks and
  presentations.
- Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the behaviors above.
+* Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the behaviors above.

-## Reporting and enforcement
+## Reporting and Enforcement

 Harassment and other code of conduct violations reduce the value of the
 community for everyone. If someone makes you or anyone else feel unsafe or
@@ -95,10 +95,11 @@ behavior occurring outside the scope of community activities when such
 behavior has the potential to adversely affect the safety and well-being of
 community members.

-## License and attribution
+## License and Attribution

 This Code of Conduct is adapted from the
+[Citizen Code of Conduct](http://citizencodeofconduct.org/) and the
 [Django Code of Conduct](https://www.djangoproject.com/conduct/), and is
 under a
-[Creative Commons BY-SA](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
+[Creative Commons BY-SA](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
 license.
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -5,359 +5,197 @@ Welcome to the Zulip community!
 ## Community

 The
-[Zulip community server](https://zulip.com/development-community/)
+[Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html)
 is the primary communication forum for the Zulip community. It is a good
 place to start whether you have a question, are a new contributor, are a new
-user, or anything else. Please review our
-[community norms](https://zulip.com/development-community/#community-norms)
+user, or anything else. Make sure to read the
+[community norms](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html#community-norms)
 before posting. The Zulip community is also governed by a
 [code of conduct](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct.html).

+You can subscribe to zulip-devel-announce@googlegroups.com or our
+[Twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip) account for a lower traffic (~1
+email/month) way to hear about things like mentorship opportunities with Google
+Code-in, in-person sprints at conferences, and other opportunities to
+contribute.
+
 ## Ways to contribute

 To make a code or documentation contribution, read our
 [step-by-step guide](#your-first-codebase-contribution) to getting
 started with the Zulip codebase. A small sample of the type of work that
 needs doing:
-
- Bug squashing and feature development on our Python/Django
+* Bug squashing and feature development on our Python/Django
  [backend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), web
  [frontend](https://github.com/zulip/zulip), React Native
  [mobile app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile), or Electron
  [desktop app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop).
- Building out our
+* Building out our
  [Python API and bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api) framework.
- [Writing an integration](https://zulip.com/api/integrations-overview).
- Improving our [user](https://zulip.com/help/) or
+* [Writing an integration](https://zulipchat.com/api/integrations-overview).
+* Improving our [user](https://zulipchat.com/help/) or
  [developer](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) documentation.
- [Reviewing code](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html)
+* [Reviewing code](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html)
  and manually testing pull requests.

 **Non-code contributions**: Some of the most valuable ways to contribute
-don't require touching the codebase at all. For example, you can:
+don't require touching the codebase at all. We list a few of them below:

- [Report issues](#reporting-issues), including both feature requests and
+* [Reporting issues](#reporting-issues), including both feature requests and
  bug reports.
- [Give feedback](#user-feedback) if you are evaluating or using Zulip.
- [Sponsor Zulip](https://github.com/sponsors/zulip) through the GitHub sponsors program.
- [Translate](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html)
-  Zulip into your language.
- [Stay connected](#stay-connected) with Zulip, and [help others
-  find us](#help-others-find-zulip).
+* [Giving feedback](#user-feedback) if you are evaluating or using Zulip.
+* [Translating](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html)
+  Zulip.
+* [Outreach](#zulip-outreach): Star us on GitHub, upvote us
+  on product comparison sites, or write for [the Zulip blog](http://blog.zulip.org/).

-## Your first codebase contribution
+## Your first (codebase) contribution

 This section has a step by step guide to starting as a Zulip codebase
 contributor. It's long, but don't worry about doing all the steps perfectly;
 no one gets it right the first time, and there are a lot of people available
 to help.
-
- First, make an account on the
-  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.com/development-community/),
+* First, make an account on the
+  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html),
  paying special attention to the community norms. If you'd like, introduce
  yourself in
  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members), using
  your name as the topic. Bonus: tell us about your first impressions of
  Zulip, and anything that felt confusing/broken as you started using the
  product.
- Read [What makes a great Zulip contributor](#what-makes-a-great-zulip-contributor).
- [Install the development environment](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/development/overview.html),
+* Read [What makes a great Zulip contributor](#what-makes-a-great-zulip-contributor).
+* [Install the development environment](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/development/overview.html),
  getting help in
-  [#provision help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/21-provision-help)
+  [#development help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/49-development-help)
  if you run into any troubles.
- Familiarize yourself with [using the development environment](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/development/using.html).
- Go through the [new application feature
-  tutorial](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/new-feature-tutorial.html) to get familiar with
-  how the Zulip codebase is organized and how to find code in it.
- Read the [Zulip guide to
-  Git](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/index.html) if you
-  are unfamiliar with Git or Zulip's rebase-based Git workflow,
-  getting help in [#git
-  help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/44-git-help) if you run
-  into any troubles. Even Git experts should read the [Zulip-specific
-  Git tools
-  page](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/zulip-tools.html).
+* Read the
+  [Zulip guide to Git](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/index.html)
+  and do the Git tutorial (coming soon) if you are unfamiliar with
+  Git, getting help in
+  [#git help](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/44-git-help) if
+  you run into any troubles.  Be sure to check out the
+  [extremely useful Zulip-specific tools page](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/zulip-tools.html).
+* Sign the
+  [Dropbox Contributor License Agreement](https://opensource.dropbox.com/cla/).

-### Where to look for an issue
+### Picking an issue

-Now you're ready to pick your first issue! Zulip has several repositories you
-can check out, depending on your interests. There are hundreds of open issues in
-the [main Zulip server and web app
-repository](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
-alone.
+Now, you're ready to pick your first issue! There are hundreds of open issues
+in the main codebase alone. This section will help you find an issue to work
+on.

-You can look through issues tagged with the "help wanted" label, which is used
-to indicate the issues that are ready for contributions. Some repositories also
-use the "good first issue" label to tag issues that are especially approachable
-for new contributors.
-
- [Server and web app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
- [Mobile apps](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
- [Desktop app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
- [Terminal app](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-terminal/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A"help+wanted")
- [Python API bindings and bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
-
-### Picking an issue to work on
-
-There's a lot to learn while making your first pull request, so start small!
-Many first contributions have fewer than 10 lines of changes (not counting
-changes to tests).
-
-We recommend the following process for finding an issue to work on:
-
-1. Read the description of an issue tagged with the "help wanted" label and make
-   sure you understand it.
-2. If it seems promising, poke around the product
-   (on [chat.zulip.org](https://chat.zulip.org) or in the development
-   environment) until you know how the piece being
-   described fits into the bigger picture. If after some exploration the
-   description seems confusing or ambiguous, post a question on the GitHub
-   issue, as others may benefit from the clarification as well.
-3. When you find an issue you like, try to get started working on it. See if you
-   can find the part of the code you'll need to modify (`git grep` is your
-   friend!) and get some idea of how you'll approach the problem.
-4. If you feel lost, that's OK! Go through these steps again with another issue.
-   There's plenty to work on, and the exploration you do will help you learn
-   more about the project.
-
-Note that you are _not_ claiming an issue while you are iterating through steps
-1-4. _Before you claim an issue_, you should be confident that you will be able to
-tackle it effectively.
-
-If the lists of issues are overwhelming, you can post in
-[#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with a
-bit about your background and interests, and we'll help you out. The most
-important thing to say is whether you're looking for a backend (Python),
-frontend (JavaScript and TypeScript), mobile (React Native), desktop (Electron),
-documentation (English) or visual design (JavaScript/TypeScript + CSS) issue, and a
-bit about your programming experience and available time.
-
-Additional tips for the [main server and web app
-repository](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22):
-
- We especially recommend browsing recently opened issues, as there are more
-  likely to be easy ones for you to find.
- All issues are partitioned into areas like
+* If you're interested in
+  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
+  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue),
+  or
+  [bots](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue)
+  development, check the respective links for open issues, or post in
+  [#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/48-mobile),
+  [#desktop](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/16-desktop), or
+  [#integration](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/127-integrations).
+* For the main server and web repository, we recommend browsing
+  recently opened issues to look for issues you are confident you can
+  fix correctly in a way that clearly communicates why your changes
+  are the correct fix.  Our GitHub workflow bot, zulipbot, limits
+  users who have 0 commits merged to claiming a single issue labeled
+  with "good first issue" or "help wanted".
+* We also partition all of our issues in the main repo into areas like
  admin, compose, emoji, hotkeys, i18n, onboarding, search, etc. Look
  through our [list of labels](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/labels), and
  click on some of the `area:` labels to see all the issues related to your
  areas of interest.
- Avoid issues with the "difficult" label unless you
-  understand why it is difficult and are highly confident you can resolve the
-  issue correctly and completely.
+* If the lists of issues are overwhelming, post in
+  [#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with a
+  bit about your background and interests, and we'll help you out. The most
+  important thing to say is whether you're looking for a backend (Python),
+  frontend (JavaScript and TypeScript), mobile (React Native), desktop (Electron),
+  documentation (English) or visual design (JavaScript/TypeScript + CSS) issue, and a
+  bit about your programming experience and available time.

-### Claiming an issue
+We also welcome suggestions of features that you feel would be valuable or
+changes that you feel would make Zulip a better open source project. If you
+have a new feature you'd like to add, we recommend you start by posting in
+[#new members](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/95-new-members) with the
+feature idea and the problem that you're hoping to solve.

-#### In the main server and web app repository
-
-After making sure the issue is tagged with a [help
-wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
-label, post a comment with `@zulipbot claim` to the issue thread.
-[Zulipbot](https://github.com/zulip/zulipbot) is a GitHub workflow bot; it will
-assign you to the issue and label the issue as "in progress".
-
-New contributors can only claim one issue until their first pull request is
-merged. This is to encourage folks to finish ongoing work before starting
-something new. If you would like to pick up a new issue while waiting for review
-on an almost-ready pull request, you can post a comment to this effect on the
-issue you're interested in.
-
-#### In other Zulip repositories
-
-There is no bot for other repositories, so you can simply post a comment saying
-that you'd like to work on the issue.
-
-Please follow the same guidelines as described above: find an issue labeled
-"help wanted", and only pick up one issue at a time to start with.
+Other notes:
+* For a first pull request, it's better to aim for a smaller contribution
+  than a bigger one. Many first contributions have fewer than 10 lines of
+  changes (not counting changes to tests).
+* The full list of issues explicitly looking for a contributor can be
+  found with the
+  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
+  and
+  [help wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
+  labels.  Avoid issues with the "difficult" label unless you
+  understand why it is difficult and are confident you can resolve the
+  issue correctly and completely.  Issues without one of these labels
+  are fair game if Tim has written a clear technical design proposal
+  in the issue, or it is a bug that you can reproduce and you are
+  confident you can fix the issue correctly.
+* For most new contributors, there's a lot to learn while making your first
+  pull request. It's OK if it takes you a while; that's normal! You'll be
+  able to work a lot faster as you build experience.

 ### Working on an issue

-You're encouraged to ask questions on how to best implement or debug your
-changes -- the Zulip maintainers are excited to answer questions to help you
-stay unblocked and working efficiently. You can ask questions in the [Zulip
-development community](https://zulip.com/development-community/), or on the
-GitHub issue or pull request.
+To work on an issue, claim it by adding a comment with `@zulipbot claim` to
+the issue thread. [Zulipbot](https://github.com/zulip/zulipbot) is a GitHub
+workflow bot; it will assign you to the issue and label the issue as "in
+progress". Some additional notes:

-To get early feedback on any UI changes, we encourage you to post screenshots of
-your work in the [#design
-stream](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/101-design) in the [Zulip
-development community](https://zulip.com/development-community/)
+* You can only claim issues with the
+  [good first issue](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
+  or
+  [help wanted](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
+  labels. Zulipbot will give you an error if you try to claim an issue
+  without one of those labels.
+* You're encouraged to ask questions on how to best implement or debug your
+  changes -- the Zulip maintainers are excited to answer questions to help
+  you stay unblocked and working efficiently. You can ask questions on
+  chat.zulip.org, or on the GitHub issue or pull request.
+* We encourage early pull requests for work in progress. Prefix the title of
+  work in progress pull requests with `[WIP]`, and remove the prefix when
+  you think it might be mergeable and want it to be reviewed.
+* After updating a PR, add a comment to the GitHub thread mentioning that it
+  is ready for another review. GitHub only notifies maintainers of the
+  changes when you post a comment, so if you don't, your PR will likely be
+  neglected by accident!

-For more advice, see [What makes a great Zulip
-contributor?](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#what-makes-a-great-zulip-contributor)
-below.
+### And beyond

-### Submitting a pull request
-
-When you believe your code is ready, follow the [guide on how to review
-code](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html#how-to-review-code)
-to review your own work. You can often find things you missed by taking a step
-back to look over your work before asking others to do so. Catching mistakes
-yourself will help your PRs be merged faster, and folks will appreciate the
-quality and professionalism of your work.
-
-Then, submit your changes. Carefully reading our [Git guide][git-guide], and in
-particular the section on [making a pull request][git-guide-make-pr],
-will help avoid many common mistakes.
-
-Once you are satisfied with the quality of your PR, follow the
-[guidelines on asking for a code
-review](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html#asking-for-a-code-review)
-to request a review. If you are not sure what's best, simply post a
-comment on the main GitHub thread for your PR clearly indicating that
-it is ready for review, and the project maintainers will take a look
-and follow up with next steps.
-
-It's OK if your first issue takes you a while; that's normal! You'll be
-able to work a lot faster as you build experience.
-
-If it helps your workflow, you can submit a work-in-progress pull
-request before your work is ready for review. Simply prefix the title
-of work in progress pull requests with `[WIP]`, and then remove the
-prefix when you think it's time for someone else to review your work.
-
-[git-guide]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/
-[git-guide-make-pr]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/git/pull-requests.html
-
-### Stages of a pull request
-
-Your pull request will likely go through several stages of review.
-
-1. If your PR makes user-facing changes, the UI and user experience may be
-   reviewed early on, without reference to the code. You will get feedback on
-   any user-facing bugs in the implementation. To minimize the number of review
-   round-trips, make sure to [thoroughly
-   test](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html#manual-testing)
-   your own PR prior to asking for review.
-2. There may be choices made in the implementation that the reviewer
-   will ask you to revisit. This process will go more smoothly if you
-   specifically call attention to the decisions you made while
-   drafting the PR and any points about which you are uncertain. The
-   PR description and comments on your own PR are good ways to do this.
-3. Oftentimes, seeing an initial implementation will make it clear that the
-   product design for a feature needs to be revised, or that additional changes
-   are needed. The reviewer may therefore ask you to amend or change the
-   implementation. Some changes may be blockers for getting the PR merged, while
-   others may be improvements that can happen afterwards. Feel free to ask if
-   it's unclear which type of feedback you're getting. (Follow-ups can be a
-   great next issue to work on!)
-4. In addition to any UI/user experience review, all PRs will go through one or
-   more rounds of code review. Your code may initially be [reviewed by other
-   contributors](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html).
-   This helps us make good use of project maintainers' time, and helps you make
-   progress on the PR by getting more frequent feedback. A project maintainer
-   may leave a comment asking someone with expertise in the area you're working
-   on to review your work.
-5. Final code review and integration for server and webapp PRs is generally done
-   by `@timabbott`.
-
-#### How to help move the review process forward
-
-The key to keeping your review moving through the review process is to:
-
- Address _all_ the feedback to the best of your ability.
- Make it clear when the requested changes have been made
-  and you believe it's time for another look.
- Make it as easy as possible to review the changes you made.
-
-In order to do this, when you believe you have addressed the previous round of
-feedback on your PR as best you can, post an comment asking reviewers to take
-another look. Your comment should make it easy to understand what has been done
-and what remains by:
-
- Summarizing the changes made since the last review you received.
- Highlighting remaining questions or decisions, with links to any relevant
-  chat.zulip.org threads.
- Providing updated screenshots and information on manual testing if
-  appropriate.
-
-The easier it is to review your work, the more likely you are to receive quick
-feedback.
-
-### Beyond the first issue
-
-To find a second issue to work on, we recommend looking through issues with the same
+A great place to look for a second issue is to look for issues with the same
 `area:` label as the last issue you resolved. You'll be able to reuse the
 work you did learning how that part of the codebase works. Also, the path to
 becoming a core developer often involves taking ownership of one of these area
 labels.

-### Common questions
-
- **What if somebody is already working on the issue I want do claim?** There
-  are lots of issue to work on! If somebody else is actively working on the
-  issue, you can find a different one, or help with
-  reviewing their work.
- **What if somebody else claims an issue while I'm figuring out whether or not to
-  work on it?** No worries! You can contribute by providing feedback on
-  their pull request. If you've made good progress in understanding part of the
-  codebase, you can also find another "help wanted" issue in the same area to
-  work on.
- **What if there is already a pull request for the issue I want to work on?**
-  Start by reviewing the existing work. If you agree with the approach, you can
-  use the existing pull request (PR) as a starting point for your contribution. If
-  you think a different approach is needed, you can post a new PR, with a comment that clearly
-  explains _why_ you decided to start from scratch.
- **Can I come up with my own feature idea and work on it?** We welcome
-  suggestions of features or other improvements that you feel would be valuable. If you
-  have a new feature you'd like to add, you can start a conversation [in our
-  development community](https://zulip.com/development-community/#where-do-i-send-my-message)
-  explaining the feature idea and the problem that you're hoping to solve.
- **I think my PR is done, but it hasn't been merged yet. What's going on?**
-  1. **Double-check that you have addressed all the feedback**, including any comments
-     on [Git commit
-     discipline](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/version-control.html#commit-discipline).
-  2. If all the feedback has been addressed, did you [leave a
-     comment](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#how-to-help-move-the-review-process-forward)
-     explaining that you have done so and **requesting another review**? If not,
-     it may not be clear to project maintainers or reviewers that your PR is
-     ready for another look.
-  3. There may be a pause between initial rounds of review for your PR and final
-     review by project maintainers. This is normal, and we encourage you to **work
-     on other issues** while you wait.
-  4. If you think the PR is ready and haven't seen any updates for a couple
-     of weeks, it can be helpful to **leave another comment**. Summarize the
-     overall state of the review process and your work, and indicate that you
-     are waiting for a review.
-  5. Finally, **Zulip project maintainers are people too**! They may be busy
-     with other work, and sometimes they might even take a vacation. ;) It can
-     occasionally take a few weeks for a PR in the final stages of the review
-     process to be merged.
-
 ## What makes a great Zulip contributor?

-Zulip has a lot of experience working with new contributors. In our
-experience, these are the best predictors of success:
+Zulip runs a lot of [internship programs](#internship-programs), so we have
+a lot of experience with new contributors. In our experience, these are the
+best predictors of success:

- Posting good questions. It's very hard to answer a general question like, "How
-  do I do this issue?" When asking for help, explain
-  your current understanding, including what you've done or tried so far and where
-  you got stuck. Post tracebacks or other error messages if appropriate. For
-  more information, check out the ["Getting help" section of our community
-  guidelines](https://zulip.com/development-community/#getting-help) and
-  [this essay][good-questions-blog] for some good advice.
- Learning and practicing
+* Posting good questions. This generally means explaining your current
+  understanding, saying what you've done or tried so far, and including
+  tracebacks or other error messages if appropriate.
+* Learning and practicing
  [Git commit discipline](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/version-control.html#commit-discipline).
- Submitting carefully tested code. See our [detailed guide on how to review
-  code](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html#how-to-review-code)
-  (yours or someone else's).
- Posting
+* Submitting carefully tested code. This generally means checking your work
+  through a combination of automated tests and manually clicking around the
+  UI trying to find bugs in your work. See
+  [things to look for](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/code-reviewing.html#things-to-look-for)
+  for additional ideas.
+* Posting
  [screenshots or GIFs](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/screenshot-and-gif-software.html)
  for frontend changes.
- Clearly describing what you have implemented and why. For example, if your
-  implementation differs from the issue description in some way or is a partial
-  step towards the requirements described in the issue, be sure to call
-  out those differences.
- Being responsive to feedback on pull requests. This means incorporating or
+* Being responsive to feedback on pull requests. This means incorporating or
  responding to all suggested changes, and leaving a note if you won't be
  able to address things within a few days.
- Being helpful and friendly on the [Zulip community
-  server](https://zulip.com/development-community/).
+* Being helpful and friendly on chat.zulip.org.

-[good-questions-blog]: https://jvns.ca/blog/good-questions/
-
-These are also the main criteria we use to select candidates for all
-of our outreach programs.
+These are also the main criteria we use to select interns for all of our
+internship programs.

 ## Reporting issues

@@ -369,7 +207,7 @@ is, the best place to post issues is
 [#issues](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/9-issues) (or
 [#mobile](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/48-mobile) or
 [#desktop](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/16-desktop)) on the
-[Zulip community server](https://zulip.com/development-community/).
+[Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html).
 This allows us to interactively figure out what is going on, let you know if
 a similar issue has already been opened, and collect any other information
 we need. Choose a 2-4 word topic that describes the issue, explain the issue
@@ -378,9 +216,8 @@ and how to reproduce it if known, your browser/OS if relevant, and a
 if appropriate.

 **Reporting security issues**. Please do not report security issues
-publicly, including on public streams on chat.zulip.org. You can
-email [security@zulip.com](mailto:security@zulip.com). We create a CVE for every
-security issue in our released software.
+  publicly, including on public streams on chat.zulip.org. You can email
+  zulip-security@googlegroups.com. We create a CVE for every security issue.

 ## User feedback

@@ -390,114 +227,125 @@ hear about your experience with the product. If you're not sure what to
 write, here are some questions we're always very curious to know the answer
 to:

- Evaluation: What is the process by which your organization chose or will
+* Evaluation: What is the process by which your organization chose or will
  choose a group chat product?
- Pros and cons: What are the pros and cons of Zulip for your organization,
+* Pros and cons: What are the pros and cons of Zulip for your organization,
  and the pros and cons of other products you are evaluating?
- Features: What are the features that are most important for your
-  organization? In the best-case scenario, what would your chat solution do
+* Features: What are the features that are most important for your
+  organization? In the best case scenario, what would your chat solution do
  for you?
- Onboarding: If you remember it, what was your impression during your first
+* Onboarding: If you remember it, what was your impression during your first
  few minutes of using Zulip? What did you notice, and how did you feel? Was
  there anything that stood out to you as confusing, or broken, or great?
- Organization: What does your organization do? How big is the organization?
+* Organization: What does your organization do? How big is the organization?
  A link to your organization's website?

-You can contact us in the [#feedback stream of the Zulip development
-community](https://chat.zulip.org/#narrow/stream/137-feedback) or
-by emailing [support@zulip.com](mailto:support@zulip.com).
+## Internship programs

-## Outreach programs
-
-Zulip participates in [Google Summer of Code
-(GSoC)](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/) every year.
-In the past, we've also participated in
-[Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/), [Google
-Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/), and hosted
-summer interns from Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.
+Zulip runs internship programs with
+[Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/),
+[Google Summer of Code (GSoC)](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/)
+[1], and the
+[MIT Externship program](https://alum.mit.edu/students/NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram),
+and has in the past taken summer interns from Harvard, MIT, and
+Stanford.

 While each third-party program has its own rules and requirements, the
 Zulip community's approaches all of these programs with these ideas in
 mind:
-
- We try to make the application process as valuable for the applicant as
-  possible. Expect high-quality code reviews, a supportive community, and
+* We try to make the application process as valuable for the applicant as
+  possible. Expect high quality code reviews, a supportive community, and
  publicly viewable patches you can link to from your resume, regardless of
  whether you are selected.
- To apply, you'll have to submit at least one pull request to a Zulip
-  repository. Most students accepted to one of our programs have
+* To apply, you'll have to submit at least one pull request to a Zulip
+  repository.  Most students accepted to one of our programs have
  several merged pull requests (including at least one larger PR) by
  the time of the application deadline.
- The main criteria we use is quality of your best contributions, and
+* The main criteria we use is quality of your best contributions, and
  the bullets listed at
  [What makes a great Zulip contributor](#what-makes-a-great-zulip-contributor).
  Because we focus on evaluating your best work, it doesn't hurt your
  application to makes mistakes in your first few PRs as long as your
  work improves.

-Most of our outreach program participants end up sticking around the
-project long-term, and many have become core team members, maintaining
-important parts of the project. We hope you apply!
+Zulip also participates in
+[Google Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/). Our
+selection criteria for Finalists and Grand Prize Winners is the same as our
+selection criteria for interns above.
+
+Most of our interns end up sticking around the project long-term, and many
+quickly become core team members. We hope you apply!

 ### Google Summer of Code

-The largest outreach program Zulip participates in is GSoC (14
-students in 2017; 11 in 2018; 17 in 2019; 18 in 2020; 18 in 2021). While we
-don't control how
-many slots Google allocates to Zulip, we hope to mentor a similar
-number of students in future summers. Check out our [blog
-post](https://blog.zulip.com/2021/09/30/google-summer-of-code-2021/) to learn
-about the GSoC 2021 experience and our participants' accomplishments.
+GSoC is by far the largest of our internship programs (14 students in
+2017; 11 in 2018; 17 in 2019).  While we don't control how many slots
+Google allocates to Zulip, we hope to mentor a similar number of
+students in future summers.

 If you're reading this well before the application deadline and want
 to make your application strong, we recommend getting involved in the
 community and fixing issues in Zulip now. Having good contributions
-and building a reputation for doing good work is the best way to have
-a strong application.
-
-Our [GSoC program page][gsoc-guide] has lots more details on how
-Zulip does GSoC, as well as project ideas. Note, however, that the project idea
+and building a reputation for doing good work is best way to have a
+strong application.  About half of Zulip's GSoC students for Summer
+2017 had made significant contributions to the project by February
+2017, and about half had not.  Our
+[GSoC project ideas page][gsoc-guide] has lots more details on how
+Zulip does GSoC, as well as project ideas (though the project idea
 list is maintained only during the GSoC application period, so if
 you're looking at some other time of year, the project list is likely
-out-of-date.
+out-of-date).

-In some years, we have also run a Zulip Summer of Code (ZSoC)
-program for students who we wanted to accept into GSoC but did not have an
-official slot for. Student expectations are the
-same as with GSoC, and ZSoC has no separate application process; your
-GSoC application is your ZSoC application. If we'd like to select you
+We also have in some past years run a Zulip Summer of Code (ZSoC)
+program for students who we didn't have enough slots to accept for
+GSoC but were able to find funding for.  Student expectations are the
+same as with GSoC, and it has no separate application process; your
+GSoC application is your ZSoC application.  If we'd like to select you
 for ZSoC, we'll contact you when the GSoC results are announced.

-[gsoc-guide]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/gsoc.html
+[gsoc-guide]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/gsoc-ideas.html
 [gsoc-faq]: https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/faq

-## Stay connected
+[1] Formally, [GSoC isn't an internship][gsoc-faq], but it is similar
+enough that we're treating it as such for the purposes of this
+documentation.

-Even if you are not logging into the development community on a regular basis,
-you can still stay connected with the project.
+## Zulip Outreach

- Follow us [on Twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip).
- Subscribe to [our blog](https://blog.zulip.org/).
- Join or follow the project [on LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/zulip-project/).
-
-## Help others find Zulip
-
-Here are some ways you can help others find Zulip:
-
- Star us on GitHub. There are four main repositories:
+**Upvoting Zulip**. Upvotes and reviews make a big difference in the public
+perception of projects like Zulip. We've collected a few sites below
+where we know Zulip has been discussed. Doing everything in the following
+list typically takes about 15 minutes.
+* Star us on GitHub. There are four main repositories:
  [server/web](https://github.com/zulip/zulip),
  [mobile](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-mobile),
  [desktop](https://github.com/zulip/zulip-desktop), and
  [Python API](https://github.com/zulip/python-zulip-api).
+* [Follow us](https://twitter.com/zulip) on Twitter.

- "Like" and retweet [our tweets](https://twitter.com/zulip).
+For both of the following, you'll need to make an account on the site if you
+don't already have one.

- Upvote and post feedback on Zulip on comparison websites. A couple specific
-  ones to highlight:
+* [Like Zulip](https://alternativeto.net/software/zulip-chat-server/) on
+  AlternativeTo. We recommend upvoting a couple of other products you like
+  as well, both to give back to their community, and since single-upvote
+  accounts are generally given less weight. You can also
+  [upvote Zulip](https://alternativeto.net/software/slack/) on their page
+  for Slack.
+* [Add Zulip to your stack](https://stackshare.io/zulip) on StackShare, star
+  it, and upvote the reasons why people like Zulip that you find most
+  compelling. Again, we recommend adding a few other products that you like
+  as well.

-  - [AlternativeTo](https://alternativeto.net/software/zulip-chat-server/). You can also
-    [upvote Zulip](https://alternativeto.net/software/slack/) on their page
-    for Slack.
-  - [Add Zulip to your stack](https://stackshare.io/zulip) on StackShare, star
-    it, and upvote the reasons why people like Zulip that you find most
-    compelling.
+We have a doc with more detailed instructions and a few other sites, if you
+have been using Zulip for a while and want to contribute more.
+
+**Blog posts**. Writing a blog post about your experiences with Zulip, or
+about a technical aspect of Zulip can be a great way to spread the word
+about Zulip.
+
+We also occasionally [publish](http://blog.zulip.org/) longer form
+articles related to Zulip. Our posts typically get tens of thousands
+of views, and we always have good ideas for blog posts that we can
+outline but don't have time to write. If you are an experienced writer
+or copyeditor, send us a portfolio; we'd love to talk!
--- a/20
+++ b/20
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 # To build run `docker build -f Dockerfile-postgresql .` from the root of the
 # zulip repo.

-# Currently the PostgreSQL images do not support automatic upgrading of
+# Currently the postgres images do not support automatic upgrading of
 # the on-disk data in volumes. So the base image can not currently be upgraded
 # without users needing a manual pgdump and restore.

-# Install hunspell, Zulip stop words, and run Zulip database
+# Install hunspell, zulip stop words, and run zulip database
 # init.
-FROM groonga/pgroonga:latest-alpine-10-slim
-RUN apk add -U --no-cache hunspell-en
-RUN ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.dic /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.dict && ln -sf /usr/share/hunspell/en_US.aff /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/en_us.affix 
-COPY puppet/zulip/files/postgresql/zulip_english.stop /usr/local/share/postgresql/tsearch_data/zulip_english.stop
+FROM postgres:10
+COPY puppet/zulip/files/postgresql/zulip_english.stop /usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/tsearch_data/zulip_english.stop
 COPY scripts/setup/create-db.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-db.sql
 COPY scripts/setup/create-pgroonga.sql /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/zulip-create-pgroonga.sql
+COPY scripts/setup/pgroonga-debian.asc /tmp
+RUN apt-key add /tmp/pgroonga-debian.asc \
+    && echo "deb http://packages.groonga.org/debian/ stretch main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/zulip.list \
+    && apt-get update \
+    && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y \
+       hunspell-en-us \
+       postgresql-${PG_MAJOR}-pgroonga \
+    && ln -sf /var/cache/postgresql/dicts/en_us.dict "/usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/tsearch_data/en_us.dict" \
+    && ln -sf /var/cache/postgresql/dicts/en_us.affix "/usr/share/postgresql/$PG_MAJOR/tsearch_data/en_us.affix" \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+Copyright 2011-2018 Dropbox, Inc., Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors

                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-Copyright 2012–2015 Dropbox, Inc., 2015–2021 Kandra Labs, Inc., and contributors
-
 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this project except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,81 +1,82 @@
 # Zulip overview

-[Zulip](https://zulip.com) is an open-source team collaboration tool with unique
-[topic-based threading][why-zulip] that combines the best of email and chat to
-make remote work productive and delightful. Fortune 500 companies, [leading open
-source projects][rust-case-study], and thousands of other organizations use
-Zulip every day. Zulip is the only [modern team chat app][features] that is
-designed for both live and asynchronous conversations.
+Zulip is a powerful, open source group chat application that combines the
+immediacy of real-time chat with the productivity benefits of threaded
+conversations. Zulip is used by open source projects, Fortune 500 companies,
+large standards bodies, and others who need a real-time chat system that
+allows users to easily process hundreds or thousands of messages a day. With
+over 500 contributors merging over 500 commits a month, Zulip is also the
+largest and fastest growing open source group chat project.

-Zulip is built by a distributed community of developers from all around the
-world, with 74+ people who have each contributed 100+ commits. With
-over 1000 contributors merging over 500 commits a month, Zulip is the
-largest and fastest growing open source team chat project.
-
-Come find us on the [development community chat](https://zulip.com/development-community/)!
-
-[![GitHub Actions build status](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/actions/workflows/zulip-ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/actions/workflows/zulip-ci.yml?query=branch%3Amain)
-[![coverage status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip/main.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip)
+[![CircleCI branch](https://img.shields.io/circleci/project/github/zulip/zulip/master.svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/zulip/zulip/tree/master)
+[![Coverage Status](https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/zulip/zulip/master.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zulip/zulip/branch/master)
 [![Mypy coverage](https://img.shields.io/badge/mypy-100%25-green.svg)][mypy-coverage]
-[![code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black)
-[![code style: prettier](https://img.shields.io/badge/code_style-prettier-ff69b4.svg)](https://github.com/prettier/prettier)
 [![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/zulip/zulip.svg)](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/releases/latest)
 [![docs](https://readthedocs.org/projects/zulip/badge/?version=latest)](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
 [![Zulip chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-brightgreen.svg)](https://chat.zulip.org)
 [![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/twitter-@zulip-blue.svg?style=flat)](https://twitter.com/zulip)
-[![GitHub Sponsors](https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/zulip)](https://github.com/sponsors/zulip)

 [mypy-coverage]: https://blog.zulip.org/2016/10/13/static-types-in-python-oh-mypy/
-[why-zulip]: https://zulip.com/why-zulip/
-[rust-case-study]: https://zulip.com/case-studies/rust/
-[features]: https://zulip.com/features/

 ## Getting started

- **Contributing code**. Check out our [guide for new
-  contributors](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html)
-  to get started. We have invested into making Zulip’s code uniquely readable,
-  well tested, and easy to modify. Beyond that, we have written an extraordinary
-  150K words of documentation on how to contribute to Zulip.
+Click on the appropriate link below. If nothing seems to apply,
+join us on the
+[Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html)
+and tell us what's up!

- **Contributing non-code**. [Report an
-  issue](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#reporting-issues),
-  [translate](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html)
-  Zulip into your language, or [give us
-  feedback](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#user-feedback).
-  We'd love to hear from you, whether you've been using Zulip for years, or are just
-  trying it out for the first time.
+You might be interested in:

- **Checking Zulip out**. The best way to see Zulip in action is to drop by the
-  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.com/development-community/). We also
-  recommend reading about Zulip's [unique
-  approach](https://zulip.com/why-zulip/) to organizing conversations.
+* **Contributing code**. Check out our
+  [guide for new contributors](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html)
+  to get started. Zulip prides itself on maintaining a clean and
+  well-tested codebase, and a stock of hundreds of
+  [beginner-friendly issues][beginner-friendly].

- **Running a Zulip server**. Self host Zulip directly on Ubuntu or Debian
-  Linux, in [Docker](https://github.com/zulip/docker-zulip), or with prebuilt
-  images for [Digital Ocean](https://marketplace.digitalocean.com/apps/zulip) and
-  [Render](https://render.com/docs/deploy-zulip).
-  Learn more about [self-hosting Zulip](https://zulip.com/self-hosting/).
+* **Contributing non-code**.
+  [Report an issue](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#reporting-issue),
+  [translate](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/translating/translating.html) Zulip
+  into your language,
+  [write](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#zulip-outreach)
+  for the Zulip blog, or
+  [give us feedback](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#user-feedback). We
+  would love to hear from you, even if you're just trying the product out.

- **Using Zulip without setting up a server**. Learn about [Zulip
-  Cloud](https://zulip.com/plans/) hosting options. Zulip sponsors free [Zulip
-  Cloud Standard](https://zulip.com/plans/) for hundreds of worthy
-  organizations, including [fellow open-source
-  projects](https://zulip.com/for/open-source/).
+* **Supporting Zulip**. Advocate for your organization to use Zulip, write a
+  review in the mobile app stores, or
+  [upvote Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#zulip-outreach) on
+  product comparison sites.

- **Participating in [outreach
-  programs](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#outreach-programs)**
-  like [Google Summer of Code](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/)
-  and [Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/).
+* **Checking Zulip out**. The best way to see Zulip in action is to drop by
+  the
+  [Zulip community server](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/chat-zulip-org.html). We
+  also recommend reading Zulip for
+  [open source](https://zulipchat.com/for/open-source/), Zulip for
+  [companies](https://zulipchat.com/for/companies/), or Zulip for
+  [working groups and part time communities](https://zulipchat.com/for/working-groups-and-communities/).

- **Supporting Zulip**. Advocate for your organization to use Zulip, become a
-  [sponsor](https://github.com/sponsors/zulip), write a review in the mobile app
-  stores, or [help others find
-  Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#help-others-find-zulip).
+* **Running a Zulip server**. Use a preconfigured [Digital Ocean droplet](https://marketplace.digitalocean.com/apps/zulip),
+  [install Zulip](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/stable/production/install.html)
+  directly, or use Zulip's
+  experimental [Docker image](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/deployment.html#zulip-in-docker).
+  Commercial support is available; see <https://zulipchat.com/plans> for details.

-You may also be interested in reading our [blog](https://blog.zulip.org/), and
-following us on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip) and
-[LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/zulip-project/).
+* **Using Zulip without setting up a server**. <https://zulipchat.com> offers
+  free and commercial hosting.

+* **Applying for a Zulip internship**. Zulip runs internship programs with
+  [Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/),
+  [Google Summer of Code](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gsoc/),
+  and the
+  [MIT Externship program](https://alum.mit.edu/students/NetworkwithAlumni/ExternshipProgram). Zulip
+  also participates in
+  [Google Code-In](https://developers.google.com/open-source/gci/). More
+  information is available
+  [here](https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/contributing.html#internship-programs).
+
+You may also be interested in reading our [blog](http://blog.zulip.org/) or
+following us on [twitter](https://twitter.com/zulip).
 Zulip is distributed under the
-[Apache 2.0](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/blob/main/LICENSE) license.
+[Apache 2.0](https://github.com/zulip/zulip/blob/master/LICENSE) license.
+
+[beginner-friendly]: https://github.com/zulip/zulip/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-# Security policy
-
-## Reporting a vulnerability
-
-We love responsible reports of (potential) security issues in Zulip,
-whether in the latest release or our development branch.
-
-Our security contact is security@zulip.com. Reporters should expect a
-response within 24 hours.
-
-Please include details on the issue and how you'd like to be credited
-in our release notes when we publish the fix.
-
-Our [security model][security-model] document may be a helpful
-resource.
-
-## Security announcements
-
-We send security announcements to our [announcement mailing
-list](https://groups.google.com/g/zulip-announce). If you are running
-Zulip in production, you should subscribe, by clicking "Join group" at
-the top of that page.
-
-## Supported versions
-
-Zulip provides security support for the latest major release, in the
-form of minor security/maintenance releases.
-
-We work hard to make [upgrades][upgrades] reliable, so that there's no
-reason to run older major releases.
-
-See also our documentation on the [Zulip release
-lifecycle][release-lifecycle].
-
-[security-model]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/security-model.html
-[upgrades]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/production/upgrade-or-modify.html#upgrading-to-a-release
-[release-lifecycle]: https://zulip.readthedocs.io/en/latest/overview/release-lifecycle.html
--- a/161
+++ b/161
@@ -1,8 +1,53 @@
 # -*- mode: ruby -*-

-Vagrant.require_version ">= 2.2.6"
+VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION = "2"
+
+def command?(name)
+  `which #{name} > /dev/null 2>&1`
+  $?.success?
+end
+
+if Vagrant::VERSION == "1.8.7" then
+    path = `which curl`
+    if path.include?('/opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl') then
+        puts "In Vagrant 1.8.7, curl is broken. Please use Vagrant 2.0.2 "\
+             "or run 'sudo rm -f /opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/curl' to fix the "\
+             "issue before provisioning. See "\
+             "https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/issues/7997 "\
+             "for reference."
+        exit
+    end
+end
+
+# Workaround: Vagrant removed the atlas.hashicorp.com to
+# vagrantcloud.com redirect in February 2018. The value of
+# DEFAULT_SERVER_URL in Vagrant versions less than 1.9.3 is
+# atlas.hashicorp.com, which means that removal broke the fetching and
+# updating of boxes (since the old URL doesn't work).  See
+# https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues/9442
+if Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL == "atlas.hashicorp.com"
+  Vagrant::DEFAULT_SERVER_URL.replace('https://vagrantcloud.com')
+end
+
+# Monkey patch https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/pull/10879 so we
+# can fall back to another provider if docker is not installed.
+begin
+  require Vagrant.source_root.join("plugins", "providers", "docker", "provider")
+rescue LoadError
+else
+  VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Provider.class_eval do
+    method(:usable?).owner == singleton_class or def self.usable?(raise_error=false)
+      VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Driver.new.execute("docker", "version")
+      true
+    rescue Vagrant::Errors::CommandUnavailable, VagrantPlugins::DockerProvider::Errors::ExecuteError
+      raise if raise_error
+      return false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+Vagrant.configure(VAGRANTFILE_API_VERSION) do |config|

-Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # The Zulip development environment runs on 9991 on the guest.
  host_port = 9991
  http_proxy = https_proxy = no_proxy = nil
@@ -12,19 +57,18 @@ Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  vm_num_cpus = "2"
  vm_memory = "2048"

-  debian_mirror = ""
-  vboxadd_version = nil
+  ubuntu_mirror = ""

  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", disabled: true
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/srv/zulip"

-  vagrant_config_file = ENV["HOME"] + "/.zulip-vagrant-config"
+  vagrant_config_file = ENV['HOME'] + "/.zulip-vagrant-config"
  if File.file?(vagrant_config_file)
    IO.foreach(vagrant_config_file) do |line|
      line.chomp!
      key, value = line.split(nil, 2)
      case key
-      when /^([#;]|$)/ # ignore comments
+      when /^([#;]|$)/; # ignore comments
      when "HTTP_PROXY"; http_proxy = value
      when "HTTPS_PROXY"; https_proxy = value
      when "NO_PROXY"; no_proxy = value
@@ -32,8 +76,7 @@ Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
      when "HOST_IP_ADDR"; host_ip_addr = value
      when "GUEST_CPUS"; vm_num_cpus = value
      when "GUEST_MEMORY_MB"; vm_memory = value
-      when "DEBIAN_MIRROR"; debian_mirror = value
-      when "VBOXADD_VERSION"; vboxadd_version = value
+      when "UBUNTU_MIRROR"; ubuntu_mirror = value
      end
    end
  end
@@ -51,9 +94,9 @@ Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  elsif !http_proxy.nil? or !https_proxy.nil?
    # This prints twice due to https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues/7504
    # We haven't figured out a workaround.
-    puts "You have specified value for proxy in ~/.zulip-vagrant-config file but did not " \
-         "install the vagrant-proxyconf plugin. To install it, run `vagrant plugin install " \
-         "vagrant-proxyconf` in a terminal.  This error will appear twice."
+    puts 'You have specified value for proxy in ~/.zulip-vagrant-config file but did not ' \
+         'install the vagrant-proxyconf plugin. To install it, run `vagrant plugin install ' \
+         'vagrant-proxyconf` in a terminal.  This error will appear twice.'
    exit
  end

@@ -63,46 +106,90 @@ Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.provider "docker" do |d, override|
    d.build_dir = File.join(__dir__, "tools", "setup", "dev-vagrant-docker")
    d.build_args = ["--build-arg", "VAGRANT_UID=#{Process.uid}"]
-    if !debian_mirror.empty?
-      d.build_args += ["--build-arg", "DEBIAN_MIRROR=#{debian_mirror}"]
+    if !ubuntu_mirror.empty?
+      d.build_args += ["--build-arg", "UBUNTU_MIRROR=#{ubuntu_mirror}"]
    end
    d.has_ssh = true
    d.create_args = ["--ulimit", "nofile=1024:65536"]
  end

  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb, override|
-    override.vm.box = "bento/debian-10"
+    override.vm.box = "ubuntu/bionic64"
+    # An unnecessary log file gets generated when running vagrant up for the
+    # first time with the Ubuntu Bionic box. This looks like it is being
+    # caused upstream by the base box containing a Vagrantfile with a similar
+    # line to the one below.
+    # see https://github.com/hashicorp/vagrant/issues/9425
+    vb.customize [ "modifyvm", :id, "--uartmode1", "disconnected" ]
    # It's possible we can get away with just 1.5GB; more testing needed
    vb.memory = vm_memory
    vb.cpus = vm_num_cpus
-
-    if !vboxadd_version.nil?
-      override.vbguest.installer = Class.new(VagrantVbguest::Installers::Debian) do
-        define_method(:host_version) do |reload = false|
-          VagrantVbguest::Version(vboxadd_version)
-        end
-      end
-      override.vbguest.allow_downgrade = true
-      override.vbguest.iso_path = "https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/#{vboxadd_version}/VBoxGuestAdditions_#{vboxadd_version}.iso"
-    end
  end

-  config.vm.provider "hyperv" do |h, override|
-    override.vm.box = "bento/debian-10"
-    h.memory = vm_memory
-    h.maxmemory = vm_memory
-    h.cpus = vm_num_cpus
-  end
+$provision_script = <<SCRIPT
+set -x
+set -e
+set -o pipefail

-  config.vm.provider "parallels" do |prl, override|
-    override.vm.box = "bento/debian-10"
-    prl.memory = vm_memory
-    prl.cpus = vm_num_cpus
-  end
+# Code should go here, rather than tools/provision, only if it is
+# something that we don't want to happen when running provision in a
+# development environment not using Vagrant.
+
+# Set the Ubuntu mirror
+[ ! '#{ubuntu_mirror}' ] || sudo sed -i 's|http://\\(\\w*\\.\\)*archive\\.ubuntu\\.com/ubuntu/\\? |#{ubuntu_mirror} |' /etc/apt/sources.list
+
+# Set the MOTD on the system to have Zulip instructions
+sudo ln -nsf /srv/zulip/tools/setup/dev-motd /etc/update-motd.d/99-zulip-dev
+sudo rm -f /etc/update-motd.d/10-help-text
+sudo dpkg --purge landscape-client landscape-common ubuntu-release-upgrader-core update-manager-core update-notifier-common ubuntu-server
+sudo dpkg-divert --add --rename /etc/default/motd-news
+sudo sh -c 'echo ENABLED=0 > /etc/default/motd-news'
+
+# If the host is running SELinux remount the /sys/fs/selinux directory as read only,
+# needed for apt-get to work.
+if [ -d "/sys/fs/selinux" ]; then
+    sudo mount -o remount,ro /sys/fs/selinux
+fi
+
+# Set default locale, this prevents errors if the user has another locale set.
+if ! grep -q 'LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8' /etc/default/locale; then
+    echo "LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8" | sudo tee -a /etc/default/locale
+fi
+
+# Set an environment variable, so that we won't print the virtualenv
+# shell warning (it'll be wrong, since the shell is dying anyway)
+export SKIP_VENV_SHELL_WARNING=1
+
+# End `set -x`, so that the end of provision doesn't look like an error
+# message after a successful run.
+set +x
+
+# Check if the zulip directory is writable
+if [ ! -w /srv/zulip ]; then
+    echo "The vagrant user is unable to write to the zulip directory."
+    echo "To fix this, run the following commands on the host machine:"
+    # sudo is required since our uid is not 1000
+    echo '    vagrant halt -f'
+    echo '    rm -rf /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE/.vagrant'
+    echo '    sudo chown -R 1000:$(id -g) /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE'
+    echo "Replace /PATH/TO/ZULIP/CLONE with the path to where zulip code is cloned."
+    echo "You can resume setting up your vagrant environment by running:"
+    echo "    vagrant up"
+    exit 1
+fi
+# Provision the development environment
+ln -nsf /srv/zulip ~/zulip
+/srv/zulip/tools/provision
+
+# Run any custom provision hooks the user has configured
+if [ -f /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision ]; then
+    chmod +x /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision
+    /srv/zulip/tools/custom_provision
+fi
+SCRIPT

  config.vm.provision "shell",
    # We want provision to be run with the permissions of the vagrant user.
    privileged: false,
-    path: "tools/setup/vagrant-provision",
-    env: { "DEBIAN_MIRROR" => debian_mirror }
+    inline: $provision_script
 end
--- a/analytics/lib/counts.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/counts.py
--- a/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/fixtures.py
@@ -4,19 +4,11 @@ from typing import List

 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat

-
-def generate_time_series_data(
-    days: int = 100,
-    business_hours_base: float = 10,
-    non_business_hours_base: float = 10,
-    growth: float = 1,
-    autocorrelation: float = 0,
-    spikiness: float = 1,
-    holiday_rate: float = 0,
-    frequency: str = CountStat.DAY,
-    partial_sum: bool = False,
-    random_seed: int = 26,
-) -> List[int]:
+def generate_time_series_data(days: int=100, business_hours_base: float=10,
+                              non_business_hours_base: float=10, growth: float=1,
+                              autocorrelation: float=0, spikiness: float=1,
+                              holiday_rate: float=0, frequency: str=CountStat.DAY,
+                              partial_sum: bool=False, random_seed: int=26) -> List[int]:
    """
    Generate semi-realistic looking time series data for testing analytics graphs.

@@ -37,43 +29,35 @@ def generate_time_series_data(
    random_seed -- Seed for random number generator.
    """
    if frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
-        length = days * 24
+        length = days*24
        seasonality = [non_business_hours_base] * 24 * 7
        for day in range(5):
            for hour in range(8):
-                seasonality[24 * day + hour] = business_hours_base
-        holidays = []
+                seasonality[24*day + hour] = business_hours_base
+        holidays  = []
        for i in range(days):
            holidays.extend([random() < holiday_rate] * 24)
    elif frequency == CountStat.DAY:
        length = days
-        seasonality = [8 * business_hours_base + 16 * non_business_hours_base] * 5 + [
-            24 * non_business_hours_base
-        ] * 2
+        seasonality = [8*business_hours_base + 16*non_business_hours_base] * 5 + \
+                      [24*non_business_hours_base] * 2
        holidays = [random() < holiday_rate for i in range(days)]
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))
    if length < 2:
-        raise AssertionError(
-            f"Must be generating at least 2 data points. Currently generating {length}"
-        )
-    growth_base = growth ** (1.0 / (length - 1))
-    values_no_noise = [
-        seasonality[i % len(seasonality)] * (growth_base**i) for i in range(length)
-    ]
+        raise AssertionError("Must be generating at least 2 data points. "
+                             "Currently generating %s" % (length,))
+    growth_base = growth ** (1. / (length-1))
+    values_no_noise = [seasonality[i % len(seasonality)] * (growth_base**i) for i in range(length)]

    seed(random_seed)
    noise_scalars = [gauss(0, 1)]
    for i in range(1, length):
-        noise_scalars.append(
-            noise_scalars[-1] * autocorrelation + gauss(0, 1) * (1 - autocorrelation)
-        )
+        noise_scalars.append(noise_scalars[-1]*autocorrelation + gauss(0, 1)*(1-autocorrelation))

-    values = [
-        0 if holiday else int(v + sqrt(v) * noise_scalar * spikiness)
-        for v, noise_scalar, holiday in zip(values_no_noise, noise_scalars, holidays)
-    ]
+    values = [0 if holiday else int(v + sqrt(v)*noise_scalar*spikiness)
+              for v, noise_scalar, holiday in zip(values_no_noise, noise_scalars, holidays)]
    if partial_sum:
        for i in range(1, length):
-            values[i] = values[i - 1] + values[i]
+            values[i] = values[i-1] + values[i]
    return [max(v, 0) for v in values]
--- a/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
+++ b/analytics/lib/time_utils.py
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@ from typing import List, Optional
 from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC

-
 # If min_length is None, returns end_times from ceiling(start) to floor(end), inclusive.
 # If min_length is greater than 0, pads the list to the left.
 # So informally, time_range(Sep 20, Sep 22, day, None) returns [Sep 20, Sep 21, Sep 22],
 # and time_range(Sep 20, Sep 22, day, 5) returns [Sep 18, Sep 19, Sep 20, Sep 21, Sep 22]
-def time_range(
-    start: datetime, end: datetime, frequency: str, min_length: Optional[int]
-) -> List[datetime]:
+def time_range(start: datetime, end: datetime, frequency: str,
+               min_length: Optional[int]) -> List[datetime]:
    verify_UTC(start)
    verify_UTC(end)
    if frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
@@ -21,11 +19,11 @@ def time_range(
        end = floor_to_day(end)
        step = timedelta(days=1)
    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown frequency: {frequency}")
+        raise AssertionError("Unknown frequency: %s" % (frequency,))

    times = []
    if min_length is not None:
-        start = min(start, end - (min_length - 1) * step)
+        start = min(start, end - (min_length-1)*step)
    current = end
    while current >= start:
        times.append(current)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_mit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import datetime
+import logging
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
+
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import timestamp_to_datetime
+from zerver.models import Message, Recipient
+
+def compute_stats(log_level: int) -> None:
+    logger = logging.getLogger()
+    logger.setLevel(log_level)
+
+    one_week_ago = timestamp_to_datetime(time.time()) - datetime.timedelta(weeks=1)
+    mit_query = Message.objects.filter(sender__realm__string_id="zephyr",
+                                       recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM,
+                                       date_sent__gt=one_week_ago)
+    for bot_sender_start in ["imap.", "rcmd.", "sys."]:
+        mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__startswith=(bot_sender_start))
+    # Filtering for "/" covers tabbott/extra@ and all the daemon/foo bots.
+    mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__contains=("/"))
+    mit_query = mit_query.exclude(sender__email__contains=("aim.com"))
+    mit_query = mit_query.exclude(
+        sender__email__in=["rss@mit.edu", "bash@mit.edu", "apache@mit.edu",
+                           "bitcoin@mit.edu", "lp@mit.edu", "clocks@mit.edu",
+                           "root@mit.edu", "nagios@mit.edu",
+                           "www-data|local-realm@mit.edu"])
+    user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, Dict[str, int]]
+    for m in mit_query.select_related("sending_client", "sender"):
+        email = m.sender.email
+        user_counts.setdefault(email, {})
+        user_counts[email].setdefault(m.sending_client.name, 0)
+        user_counts[email][m.sending_client.name] += 1
+
+    total_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
+    total_user_counts = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
+    for email, counts in user_counts.items():
+        total_user_counts.setdefault(email, 0)
+        for client_name, count in counts.items():
+            total_counts.setdefault(client_name, 0)
+            total_counts[client_name] += count
+            total_user_counts[email] += count
+
+    logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s" % ("User", "Messages", "Percentage Zulip"))
+    top_percents = {}  # type: Dict[int, float]
+    for size in [10, 25, 50, 100, 200, len(total_user_counts.keys())]:
+        top_percents[size] = 0.0
+    for i, email in enumerate(sorted(total_user_counts.keys(),
+                                     key=lambda x: -total_user_counts[x])):
+        percent_zulip = round(100 - (user_counts[email].get("zephyr_mirror", 0)) * 100. /
+                              total_user_counts[email], 1)
+        for size in top_percents.keys():
+            top_percents.setdefault(size, 0)
+            if i < size:
+                top_percents[size] += (percent_zulip * 1.0 / size)
+
+        logging.debug("%40s | %10s | %s%%" % (email, total_user_counts[email],
+                                              percent_zulip))
+
+    logging.info("")
+    for size in sorted(top_percents.keys()):
+        logging.info("Top %6s | %s%%" % (size, round(top_percents[size], 1)))
+
+    grand_total = sum(total_counts.values())
+    print(grand_total)
+    logging.info("%15s | %s" % ("Client", "Percentage"))
+    for client in total_counts.keys():
+        logging.info("%15s | %s%%" % (client, round(100. * total_counts[client] / grand_total, 1)))
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = "Compute statistics on MIT Zephyr usage."
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: CommandParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('--verbose', default=False, action='store_true')
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        level = logging.INFO
+        if options["verbose"]:
+            level = logging.DEBUG
+        compute_stats(level)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/analyze_user_activity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import datetime
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandParser
+from django.utils.timezone import utc
+
+from zerver.lib.statistics import seconds_usage_between
+from zerver.models import UserProfile
+
+def analyze_activity(options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    day_start = datetime.datetime.strptime(options["date"], "%Y-%m-%d").replace(tzinfo=utc)
+    day_end = day_start + datetime.timedelta(days=options["duration"])
+
+    user_profile_query = UserProfile.objects.all()
+    if options["realm"]:
+        user_profile_query = user_profile_query.filter(realm__string_id=options["realm"])
+
+    print("Per-user online duration:\n")
+    total_duration = datetime.timedelta(0)
+    for user_profile in user_profile_query:
+        duration = seconds_usage_between(user_profile, day_start, day_end)
+
+        if duration == datetime.timedelta(0):
+            continue
+
+        total_duration += duration
+        print("%-*s%s" % (37, user_profile.email, duration,))
+
+    print("\nTotal Duration:                      %s" % (total_duration,))
+    print("\nTotal Duration in minutes:           %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() / 60.,))
+    print("Total Duration amortized to a month: %s" % (total_duration.total_seconds() * 30. / 60.,))
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = """Report analytics of user activity on a per-user and realm basis.
+
+This command aggregates user activity data that is collected by each user using Zulip. It attempts
+to approximate how much each user has been using Zulip per day, measured by recording each 15 minute
+period where some activity has occurred (mouse move or keyboard activity).
+
+It will correctly not count server-initiated reloads in the activity statistics.
+
+The duration flag can be used to control how many days to show usage duration for
+
+Usage: ./manage.py analyze_user_activity [--realm=zulip] [--date=2013-09-10] [--duration=1]
+
+By default, if no date is selected 2013-09-10 is used. If no realm is provided, information
+is shown for all realms"""
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: CommandParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('--realm', action='store')
+        parser.add_argument('--date', action='store', default="2013-09-06")
+        parser.add_argument('--duration', action='store', default=1, type=int,
+                            help="How many days to show usage information for")
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        analyze_activity(options)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/check_analytics_state.py
@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
-import os
-import time
 from datetime import timedelta
-from typing import Any, Dict

 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

+from analytics.models import installation_epoch, \
+    last_successful_fill
 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
-from analytics.models import installation_epoch
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import TimeZoneNotUTCException, floor_to_day, floor_to_hour, verify_UTC
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour, floor_to_day, verify_UTC, \
+    TimezoneNotUTCException
 from zerver.models import Realm

+import os
+import time
+from typing import Any, Dict
+
 states = {
    0: "OK",
    1: "WARNING",
    2: "CRITICAL",
-    3: "UNKNOWN",
+    3: "UNKNOWN"
 }

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Checks FillState table.

@@ -26,30 +28,31 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        fill_state = self.get_fill_state()
-        status = fill_state["status"]
-        message = fill_state["message"]
+        status = fill_state['status']
+        message = fill_state['message']

        state_file_path = "/var/lib/nagios_state/check-analytics-state"
        state_file_tmp = state_file_path + "-tmp"

        with open(state_file_tmp, "w") as f:
-            f.write(f"{int(time.time())}|{status}|{states[status]}|{message}\n")
+            f.write("%s|%s|%s|%s\n" % (
+                int(time.time()), status, states[status], message))
        os.rename(state_file_tmp, state_file_path)

    def get_fill_state(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        if not Realm.objects.exists():
-            return {"status": 0, "message": "No realms exist, so not checking FillState."}
+            return {'status': 0, 'message': 'No realms exist, so not checking FillState.'}

        warning_unfilled_properties = []
        critical_unfilled_properties = []
        for property, stat in COUNT_STATS.items():
-            last_fill = stat.last_successful_fill()
+            last_fill = last_successful_fill(property)
            if last_fill is None:
                last_fill = installation_epoch()
            try:
                verify_UTC(last_fill)
-            except TimeZoneNotUTCException:
-                return {"status": 2, "message": f"FillState not in UTC for {property}"}
+            except TimezoneNotUTCException:
+                return {'status': 2, 'message': 'FillState not in UTC for %s' % (property,)}

            if stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
                floor_function = floor_to_day
@@ -61,10 +64,8 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                critical_threshold = timedelta(minutes=150)

            if floor_function(last_fill) != last_fill:
-                return {
-                    "status": 2,
-                    "message": f"FillState not on {stat.frequency} boundary for {property}",
-                }
+                return {'status': 2, 'message': 'FillState not on %s boundary for %s' %
+                        (stat.frequency, property)}

            time_to_last_fill = timezone_now() - last_fill
            if time_to_last_fill > critical_threshold:
@@ -73,18 +74,9 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
                warning_unfilled_properties.append(property)

        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0 and len(warning_unfilled_properties) == 0:
-            return {"status": 0, "message": "FillState looks fine."}
+            return {'status': 0, 'message': 'FillState looks fine.'}
        if len(critical_unfilled_properties) == 0:
-            return {
-                "status": 1,
-                "message": "Missed filling {} once.".format(
-                    ", ".join(warning_unfilled_properties),
-                ),
-            }
-        return {
-            "status": 2,
-            "message": "Missed filling {} once. Missed filling {} at least twice.".format(
-                ", ".join(warning_unfilled_properties),
-                ", ".join(critical_unfilled_properties),
-            ),
-        }
+            return {'status': 1, 'message': 'Missed filling %s once.' %
+                    (', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties),)}
+        return {'status': 2, 'message': 'Missed filling %s once. Missed filling %s at least twice.' %
+                (', '.join(warning_unfilled_properties), ', '.join(critical_unfilled_properties))}
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -5,17 +5,16 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError

 from analytics.lib.counts import do_drop_all_analytics_tables

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""

    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
-        parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true", help="Clear analytics tables.")
+        parser.add_argument('--force',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Clear analytics tables.")

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
-        if options["force"]:
+        if options['force']:
            do_drop_all_analytics_tables()
        else:
-            raise CommandError(
-                "Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so."
-            )
+            raise CommandError("Would delete all data from analytics tables (!); use --force to do so.")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/clear_single_stat.py
@@ -5,19 +5,22 @@ from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError

 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, do_drop_single_stat

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Clear analytics tables."""

    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
-        parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true", help="Actually do it.")
-        parser.add_argument("--property", help="The property of the stat to be cleared.")
+        parser.add_argument('--force',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Actually do it.")
+        parser.add_argument('--property',
+                            type=str,
+                            help="The property of the stat to be cleared.")

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
-        property = options["property"]
+        property = options['property']
        if property not in COUNT_STATS:
-            raise CommandError(f"Invalid property: {property}")
-        if not options["force"]:
+            raise CommandError("Invalid property: %s" % (property,))
+        if not options['force']:
            raise CommandError("No action taken. Use --force.")

        do_drop_single_stat(property)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/client_activity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import datetime
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from django.db.models import Count, QuerySet
+from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+
+from zerver.lib.management import ZulipBaseCommand
+from zerver.models import UserActivity
+
+class Command(ZulipBaseCommand):
+    help = """Report rough client activity globally, for a realm, or for a user
+
+Usage examples:
+
+./manage.py client_activity --target server
+./manage.py client_activity --target realm --realm zulip
+./manage.py client_activity --target user --user hamlet@zulip.com --realm zulip"""
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('--target', dest='target', required=True, type=str,
+                            help="'server' will calculate client activity of the entire server. "
+                                 "'realm' will calculate client activity of realm. "
+                                 "'user' will calculate client activity of the user.")
+        parser.add_argument('--user', dest='user', type=str,
+                            help="The email address of the user you want to calculate activity.")
+        self.add_realm_args(parser)
+
+    def compute_activity(self, user_activity_objects: QuerySet) -> None:
+        # Report data from the past week.
+        #
+        # This is a rough report of client activity because we inconsistently
+        # register activity from various clients; think of it as telling you
+        # approximately how many people from a group have used a particular
+        # client recently. For example, this might be useful to get a sense of
+        # how popular different versions of a desktop client are.
+        #
+        # Importantly, this does NOT tell you anything about the relative
+        # volumes of requests from clients.
+        threshold = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)
+        client_counts = user_activity_objects.filter(
+            last_visit__gt=threshold).values("client__name").annotate(
+            count=Count('client__name'))
+
+        total = 0
+        counts = []
+        for client_type in client_counts:
+            count = client_type["count"]
+            client = client_type["client__name"]
+            total += count
+            counts.append((count, client))
+
+        counts.sort()
+
+        for count in counts:
+            print("%25s %15d" % (count[1], count[0]))
+        print("Total:", total)
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        realm = self.get_realm(options)
+        if options["user"] is None:
+            if options["target"] == "server" and realm is None:
+                # Report global activity.
+                self.compute_activity(UserActivity.objects.all())
+            elif options["target"] == "realm" and realm is not None:
+                self.compute_activity(UserActivity.objects.filter(user_profile__realm=realm))
+            else:
+                self.print_help("./manage.py", "client_activity")
+        elif options["target"] == "user":
+            user_profile = self.get_user(options["user"], realm)
+            self.compute_activity(UserActivity.objects.filter(user_profile=user_profile))
+        else:
+            self.print_help("./manage.py", "client_activity")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/populate_analytics_db.py
@@ -1,27 +1,21 @@
 from datetime import timedelta
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Type, Union
-from unittest import mock
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Type
+import mock

 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now

-from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat, do_drop_all_analytics_tables
+from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, \
+    CountStat, do_drop_all_analytics_tables
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
-from analytics.models import (
-    BaseCount,
-    FillState,
-    InstallationCount,
-    RealmCount,
-    StreamCount,
-    UserCount,
-)
-from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_user_role, do_create_realm
+from analytics.models import BaseCount, FillState, RealmCount, UserCount, \
+    StreamCount, InstallationCount
+from zerver.lib.actions import do_change_is_admin, STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS
 from zerver.lib.create_user import create_user
-from zerver.lib.stream_color import STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
-from zerver.models import Client, Realm, Recipient, Stream, Subscription, UserProfile
-
+from zerver.models import Realm, Stream, Client, \
+    Recipient, Subscription

 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Populates analytics tables with randomly generated data."""
@@ -29,30 +23,16 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
    DAYS_OF_DATA = 100
    random_seed = 26

-    def generate_fixture_data(
-        self,
-        stat: CountStat,
-        business_hours_base: float,
-        non_business_hours_base: float,
-        growth: float,
-        autocorrelation: float,
-        spikiness: float,
-        holiday_rate: float = 0,
-        partial_sum: bool = False,
-    ) -> List[int]:
+    def generate_fixture_data(self, stat: CountStat, business_hours_base: float,
+                              non_business_hours_base: float, growth: float,
+                              autocorrelation: float, spikiness: float,
+                              holiday_rate: float=0, partial_sum: bool=False) -> List[int]:
        self.random_seed += 1
        return generate_time_series_data(
-            days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA,
-            business_hours_base=business_hours_base,
-            non_business_hours_base=non_business_hours_base,
-            growth=growth,
-            autocorrelation=autocorrelation,
-            spikiness=spikiness,
-            holiday_rate=holiday_rate,
-            frequency=stat.frequency,
-            partial_sum=partial_sum,
-            random_seed=self.random_seed,
-        )
+            days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA, business_hours_base=business_hours_base,
+            non_business_hours_base=non_business_hours_base, growth=growth,
+            autocorrelation=autocorrelation, spikiness=spikiness, holiday_rate=holiday_rate,
+            frequency=stat.frequency, partial_sum=partial_sum, random_seed=self.random_seed)

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        # TODO: This should arguably only delete the objects
@@ -60,7 +40,7 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        do_drop_all_analytics_tables()

        # This also deletes any objects with this realm as a foreign key
-        Realm.objects.filter(string_id="analytics").delete()
+        Realm.objects.filter(string_id='analytics').delete()

        # Because we just deleted a bunch of objects in the database
        # directly (rather than deleting individual objects in Django,
@@ -69,25 +49,19 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        # memcached in order to ensure deleted objects aren't still
        # present in the memcached cache.
        from zerver.apps import flush_cache
-
        flush_cache(None)

        installation_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=self.DAYS_OF_DATA)
        last_end_time = floor_to_day(timezone_now())
-        realm = do_create_realm(
-            string_id="analytics", name="Analytics", date_created=installation_time
-        )
-
+        realm = Realm.objects.create(
+            string_id='analytics', name='Analytics', date_created=installation_time)
        with mock.patch("zerver.lib.create_user.timezone_now", return_value=installation_time):
-            shylock = create_user(
-                "shylock@analytics.ds",
-                "Shylock",
-                realm,
-                full_name="Shylock",
-                role=UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_OWNER,
-            )
-        do_change_user_role(shylock, UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_OWNER, acting_user=None)
-        stream = Stream.objects.create(name="all", realm=realm, date_created=installation_time)
+            shylock = create_user('shylock@analytics.ds', 'Shylock', realm,
+                                  full_name='Shylock', short_name='shylock',
+                                  is_realm_admin=True)
+        do_change_is_admin(shylock, True)
+        stream = Stream.objects.create(
+            name='all', realm=realm, date_created=installation_time)
        recipient = Recipient.objects.create(type_id=stream.id, type=Recipient.STREAM)
        stream.recipient = recipient
        stream.save(update_fields=["recipient"])
@@ -95,211 +69,148 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
        # Subscribe shylock to the stream to avoid invariant failures.
        # TODO: This should use subscribe_users_to_streams from populate_db.
        subs = [
-            Subscription(
-                recipient=recipient,
-                user_profile=shylock,
-                is_user_active=shylock.is_active,
-                color=STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS[0],
-            ),
+            Subscription(recipient=recipient,
+                         user_profile=shylock,
+                         color=STREAM_ASSIGNMENT_COLORS[0]),
        ]
        Subscription.objects.bulk_create(subs)

-        FixtureData = Mapping[Union[str, int, None], List[int]]
-
-        def insert_fixture_data(
-            stat: CountStat,
-            fixture_data: FixtureData,
-            table: Type[BaseCount],
-        ) -> None:
-            end_times = time_range(
-                last_end_time, last_end_time, stat.frequency, len(list(fixture_data.values())[0])
-            )
+        def insert_fixture_data(stat: CountStat,
+                                fixture_data: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]],
+                                table: Type[BaseCount]) -> None:
+            end_times = time_range(last_end_time, last_end_time, stat.frequency,
+                                   len(list(fixture_data.values())[0]))
            if table == InstallationCount:
-                id_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+                id_args = {}  # type: Dict[str, Any]
            if table == RealmCount:
-                id_args = {"realm": realm}
+                id_args = {'realm': realm}
            if table == UserCount:
-                id_args = {"realm": realm, "user": shylock}
+                id_args = {'realm': realm, 'user': shylock}
            if table == StreamCount:
-                id_args = {"stream": stream, "realm": realm}
+                id_args = {'stream': stream, 'realm': realm}

            for subgroup, values in fixture_data.items():
-                table.objects.bulk_create(
-                    table(
-                        property=stat.property,
-                        subgroup=subgroup,
-                        end_time=end_time,
-                        value=value,
-                        **id_args,
-                    )
-                    for end_time, value in zip(end_times, values)
-                    if value != 0
-                )
+                table.objects.bulk_create([
+                    table(property=stat.property, subgroup=subgroup, end_time=end_time,
+                          value=value, **id_args)
+                    for end_time, value in zip(end_times, values) if value != 0])

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["1day_actives::day"]
-        realm_data: FixtureData = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.08, 0.02, 3, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data: FixtureData = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.8, 0.2, 4, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["7day_actives::day"]
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
        realm_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.2, 0.07, 3, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
+            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .08, .02, 3, .3, 6, partial_sum=True),
+        }  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
+        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
+        installation_data = {
+            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .8, .2, 4, .3, 6, partial_sum=True),
+        }  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
+        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)
+
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
+        realm_data = {
+            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .1, .03, 3, .5, 3, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 0.7, 4, 0.3, 6, partial_sum=True),
+            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, .3, 4, .5, 3, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"]
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
        realm_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.8, 0.08, 3, 0.5, 3, partial_sum=True),
+            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .1, .03, 3.5, .8, 2, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 0.3, 4, 0.5, 3, partial_sum=True),
+            'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, .3, 6, .8, 2, partial_sum=True),
        }
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["active_users_audit:is_bot:day"]
-        realm_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 0.2, 3.5, 0.8, 2, partial_sum=True),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.3, 0.05, 3, 0.3, 2, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 3, 1, 4, 0.8, 2, partial_sum=True),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 0.4, 4, 0.8, 2, partial_sum=True),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:is_bot:hour"]
-        user_data: FixtureData = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, 0.6, 8, holiday_rate=0.1),
-        }
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
+        user_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(
+            stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8, holiday_rate=.1)}  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
-        realm_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 35, 15, 6, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 15, 15, 3, 0.4, 2),
-        }
+        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 35, 15, 6, .6, 4),
+                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 15, 15, 3, .4, 2)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        installation_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 350, 150, 6, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 150, 150, 3, 0.4, 2),
-        }
+        installation_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 350, 150, 6, .6, 4),
+                             'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 150, 150, 3, .4, 2)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:message_type:day"]
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:message_type:day']
        user_data = {
-            "public_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1.5, 1, 3, 0.6, 8),
-            "private_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.5, 0.3, 1, 0.6, 8),
-            "huddle_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0.2, 0.2, 2, 0.6, 8),
-        }
+            'public_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1.5, 1, 3, .6, 8),
+            'private_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .5, .3, 1, .6, 8),
+            'huddle_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, .2, .2, 2, .6, 8)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
        realm_data = {
-            "public_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 8, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 7, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 13, 5, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "huddle_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 6, 3, 3, 0.6, 4),
-        }
+            'public_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 8, 5, .6, 4),
+            'private_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 7, 5, .6, 4),
+            'private_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 13, 5, 5, .6, 4),
+            'huddle_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 6, 3, 3, .6, 4)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
-            "public_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 80, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_stream": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 70, 70, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "private_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 130, 50, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "huddle_message": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 60, 30, 3, 0.6, 4),
-        }
+            'public_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 80, 5, .6, 4),
+            'private_stream': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 70, 70, 5, .6, 4),
+            'private_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 130, 50, 5, .6, 4),
+            'huddle_message': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 60, 30, 3, .6, 4)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        website, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="website")
-        old_desktop, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="desktop app Linux 0.3.7")
-        android, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipAndroid")
-        iOS, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipiOS")
-        react_native, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipMobile")
-        API, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="API: Python")
-        zephyr_mirror, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="zephyr_mirror")
-        unused, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="unused")
-        long_webhook, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="ZulipLooooooooooongNameWebhook")
+        website, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='website')
+        old_desktop, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='desktop app Linux 0.3.7')
+        android, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipAndroid')
+        iOS, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipiOS')
+        react_native, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipMobile')
+        API, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='API: Python')
+        zephyr_mirror, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='zephyr_mirror')
+        unused, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='unused')
+        long_webhook, created = Client.objects.get_or_create(name='ZulipLooooooooooongNameWebhook')

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:client:day"]
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:client:day']
        user_data = {
-            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, 0.6, 8),
-            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0.3, 1.5, 0.6, 8),
-        }
+            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 2, 1, 1.5, .6, 8),
+            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, .3, 1.5, .6, 8)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
        realm_data = {
-            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 20, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 8, 0.6, 3),
-            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, 0.6, 3),
-            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 1, 3, 0.6, 3),
+            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 20, 5, .6, 3),
+            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 8, .6, 3),
+            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, .6, 3),
+            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, .6, 3),
+            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, .6, 3),
+            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 5, .6, 3),
+            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 1, 1, 3, .6, 3),
            unused.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, 0.6, 3),
-        }
+            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 2, .6, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
        installation_data = {
-            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 200, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 30, 8, 0.6, 3),
-            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, 0.6, 3),
-            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, 0.6, 3),
-            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 5, 0.6, 3),
-            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 10, 3, 0.6, 3),
+            website.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 300, 200, 5, .6, 3),
+            old_desktop.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 30, 8, .6, 3),
+            android.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, .6, 3),
+            iOS.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, .6, 3),
+            react_native.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 5, 10, .6, 3),
+            API.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 5, .6, 3),
+            zephyr_mirror.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 10, 3, .6, 3),
            unused.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, 0.6, 3),
-        }
+            long_webhook.id: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 50, 2, .6, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, installation_data, InstallationCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)

-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_in_stream:is_bot:day"]
-        realm_data = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 5, 6, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 20, 2, 3, 0.2, 3),
-        }
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_in_stream:is_bot:day']
+        realm_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 30, 5, 6, .6, 4),
+                      'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 20, 2, 3, .2, 3)}
        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        stream_data: Mapping[Union[int, str, None], List[int]] = {
-            "false": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 7, 5, 0.6, 4),
-            "true": self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 2, 0.4, 2),
-        }
+        stream_data = {'false': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 10, 7, 5, .6, 4),
+                       'true': self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 5, 3, 2, .4, 2)}  # type: Mapping[Optional[str], List[int]]
        insert_fixture_data(stat, stream_data, StreamCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_read::hour"]
-        user_data = {
-            None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 7, 3, 2, 0.6, 8, holiday_rate=0.1),
-        }
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, user_data, UserCount)
-        realm_data = {None: self.generate_fixture_data(stat, 50, 35, 6, 0.6, 4)}
-        insert_fixture_data(stat, realm_data, RealmCount)
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=last_end_time,
+                                 state=FillState.DONE)
--- a/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/realm_stats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import datetime
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.db.models import Count
+from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Recipient, Stream, \
+    Subscription, UserActivity, UserMessage, UserProfile, get_realm
+
+MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST = ["Android", "ios"]
+HUMAN_CLIENT_LIST = MOBILE_CLIENT_LIST + ["website"]
+
+human_messages = Message.objects.filter(sending_client__name__in=HUMAN_CLIENT_LIST)
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = "Generate statistics on realm activity."
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
+                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
+
+    def active_users(self, realm: Realm) -> List[UserProfile]:
+        # Has been active (on the website, for now) in the last 7 days.
+        activity_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)
+        return [activity.user_profile for activity in (
+            UserActivity.objects.filter(user_profile__realm=realm,
+                                        user_profile__is_active=True,
+                                        last_visit__gt=activity_cutoff,
+                                        query="/json/users/me/pointer",
+                                        client__name="website"))]
+
+    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender=user, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+
+    def total_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+
+    def human_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).count()
+
+    def api_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        return (self.total_messages(realm, days_ago) - self.human_messages(realm, days_ago))
+
+    def stream_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff,
+                                     recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).count()
+
+    def private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.HUDDLE).count()
+
+    def group_private_messages(self, realm: Realm, days_ago: int) -> int:
+        sent_time_cutoff = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=days_ago)
+        return human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm, date_sent__gt=sent_time_cutoff).exclude(
+            recipient__type=Recipient.STREAM).exclude(recipient__type=Recipient.PERSONAL).count()
+
+    def report_percentage(self, numerator: float, denominator: float, text: str) -> None:
+        if not denominator:
+            fraction = 0.0
+        else:
+            fraction = numerator / float(denominator)
+        print("%.2f%% of" % (fraction * 100,), text)
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        if options['realms']:
+            try:
+                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
+            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
+                raise CommandError(e)
+        else:
+            realms = Realm.objects.all()
+
+        for realm in realms:
+            print(realm.string_id)
+
+            user_profiles = UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True)
+            active_users = self.active_users(realm)
+            num_active = len(active_users)
+
+            print("%d active users (%d total)" % (num_active, len(user_profiles)))
+            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).extra(
+                tables=['zerver_subscription', 'zerver_recipient'],
+                where=['zerver_subscription.recipient_id = zerver_recipient.id',
+                       'zerver_recipient.type = 2',
+                       'zerver_recipient.type_id = zerver_stream.id',
+                       'zerver_subscription.active = true']).annotate(count=Count("name"))
+            print("%d streams" % (streams.count(),))
+
+            for days_ago in (1, 7, 30):
+                print("In last %d days, users sent:" % (days_ago,))
+                sender_quantities = [self.messages_sent_by(user, days_ago) for user in user_profiles]
+                for quantity in sorted(sender_quantities, reverse=True):
+                    print(quantity, end=' ')
+                print("")
+
+                print("%d stream messages" % (self.stream_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d one-on-one private messages" % (self.private_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d messages sent via the API" % (self.api_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+                print("%d group private messages" % (self.group_private_messages(realm, days_ago),))
+
+            num_notifications_enabled = len([x for x in active_users if x.enable_desktop_notifications])
+            self.report_percentage(num_notifications_enabled, num_active,
+                                   "active users have desktop notifications enabled")
+
+            num_enter_sends = len([x for x in active_users if x.enter_sends])
+            self.report_percentage(num_enter_sends, num_active,
+                                   "active users have enter-sends")
+
+            all_message_count = human_messages.filter(sender__realm=realm).count()
+            multi_paragraph_message_count = human_messages.filter(
+                sender__realm=realm, content__contains="\n\n").count()
+            self.report_percentage(multi_paragraph_message_count, all_message_count,
+                                   "all messages are multi-paragraph")
+
+            # Starred messages
+            starrers = UserMessage.objects.filter(user_profile__in=user_profiles,
+                                                  flags=UserMessage.flags.starred).values(
+                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
+            print("%d users have starred %d messages" % (
+                len(starrers), sum([elt["count"] for elt in starrers])))
+
+            active_user_subs = Subscription.objects.filter(
+                user_profile__in=user_profiles, active=True)
+
+            # Streams not in home view
+            non_home_view = active_user_subs.filter(is_muted=True).values(
+                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
+            print("%d users have %d streams not in home view" % (
+                len(non_home_view), sum([elt["count"] for elt in non_home_view])))
+
+            # Code block markup
+            markup_messages = human_messages.filter(
+                sender__realm=realm, content__contains="~~~").values(
+                "sender").annotate(count=Count("sender"))
+            print("%d users have used code block markup on %s messages" % (
+                len(markup_messages), sum([elt["count"] for elt in markup_messages])))
+
+            # Notifications for stream messages
+            notifications = active_user_subs.filter(desktop_notifications=True).values(
+                "user_profile").annotate(count=Count("user_profile"))
+            print("%d users receive desktop notifications for %d streams" % (
+                len(notifications), sum([elt["count"] for elt in notifications])))
+
+            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/stream_stats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import Any
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.db.models import Q
+
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, \
+    Recipient, Stream, Subscription, get_realm
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = "Generate statistics on the streams for a realm."
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
+                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: str) -> None:
+        if options['realms']:
+            try:
+                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
+            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
+                raise CommandError(e)
+        else:
+            realms = Realm.objects.all()
+
+        for realm in realms:
+            streams = Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm).exclude(Q(name__istartswith="tutorial-"))
+            # private stream count
+            private_count = 0
+            # public stream count
+            public_count = 0
+            for stream in streams:
+                if stream.invite_only:
+                    private_count += 1
+                else:
+                    public_count += 1
+            print("------------")
+            print(realm.string_id, end=' ')
+            print("%10s %d public streams and" % ("(", public_count), end=' ')
+            print("%d private streams )" % (private_count,))
+            print("------------")
+            print("%25s %15s %10s %12s" % ("stream", "subscribers", "messages", "type"))
+
+            for stream in streams:
+                if stream.invite_only:
+                    stream_type = 'private'
+                else:
+                    stream_type = 'public'
+                print("%25s" % (stream.name,), end=' ')
+                recipient = Recipient.objects.filter(type=Recipient.STREAM, type_id=stream.id)
+                print("%10d" % (len(Subscription.objects.filter(recipient=recipient,
+                                                                active=True)),), end=' ')
+                num_messages = len(Message.objects.filter(recipient=recipient))
+                print("%12d" % (num_messages,), end=' ')
+                print("%15s" % (stream_type,))
+            print("")
--- a/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/update_analytics_counts.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import os
 import time
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
-from datetime import timezone
 from typing import Any, Dict

 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand
 from django.utils.dateparse import parse_datetime
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+from django.utils.timezone import utc as timezone_utc

 from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, logger, process_count_stat
 from scripts.lib.zulip_tools import ENDC, WARNING
@@ -15,36 +15,34 @@ from zerver.lib.remote_server import send_analytics_to_remote_server
 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_hour
 from zerver.models import Realm

-
 class Command(BaseCommand):
    help = """Fills Analytics tables.

    Run as a cron job that runs every hour."""

    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "--time",
-            "-t",
-            help="Update stat tables from current state to "
-            "--time. Defaults to the current time.",
-            default=timezone_now().isoformat(),
-        )
-        parser.add_argument("--utc", action="store_true", help="Interpret --time in UTC.")
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "--stat", "-s", help="CountStat to process. If omitted, all stats are processed."
-        )
-        parser.add_argument(
-            "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Print timing information to stdout."
-        )
+        parser.add_argument('--time', '-t',
+                            type=str,
+                            help='Update stat tables from current state to'
+                                 '--time. Defaults to the current time.',
+                            default=timezone_now().isoformat())
+        parser.add_argument('--utc',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Interpret --time in UTC.",
+                            default=False)
+        parser.add_argument('--stat', '-s',
+                            type=str,
+                            help="CountStat to process. If omitted, all stats are processed.")
+        parser.add_argument('--verbose',
+                            action='store_true',
+                            help="Print timing information to stdout.",
+                            default=False)

    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
        try:
            os.mkdir(settings.ANALYTICS_LOCK_DIR)
        except OSError:
-            print(
-                f"{WARNING}Analytics lock {settings.ANALYTICS_LOCK_DIR} is unavailable;"
-                f" exiting.{ENDC}"
-            )
+            print(WARNING + "Analytics lock %s is unavailable; exiting... " + ENDC)
            return

        try:
@@ -59,38 +57,34 @@ class Command(BaseCommand):
            logger.info("No realms, stopping update_analytics_counts")
            return

-        fill_to_time = parse_datetime(options["time"])
-        assert fill_to_time is not None
-        if options["utc"]:
-            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        fill_to_time = parse_datetime(options['time'])
+        if options['utc']:
+            fill_to_time = fill_to_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone_utc)
        if fill_to_time.tzinfo is None:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "--time must be time-zone-aware. Maybe you meant to use the --utc option?"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("--time must be timezone aware. Maybe you meant to use the --utc option?")

-        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone.utc))
+        fill_to_time = floor_to_hour(fill_to_time.astimezone(timezone_utc))

-        if options["stat"] is not None:
-            stats = [COUNT_STATS[options["stat"]]]
+        if options['stat'] is not None:
+            stats = [COUNT_STATS[options['stat']]]
        else:
            stats = list(COUNT_STATS.values())

-        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
-        if options["verbose"]:
+        logger.info("Starting updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))
+        if options['verbose']:
            start = time.time()
            last = start

        for stat in stats:
            process_count_stat(stat, fill_to_time)
-            if options["verbose"]:
-                print(f"Updated {stat.property} in {time.time() - last:.3f}s")
+            if options['verbose']:
+                print("Updated %s in %.3fs" % (stat.property, time.time() - last))
                last = time.time()

-        if options["verbose"]:
-            print(
-                f"Finished updating analytics counts through {fill_to_time} in {time.time() - start:.3f}s"
-            )
-        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s", fill_to_time)
+        if options['verbose']:
+            print("Finished updating analytics counts through %s in %.3fs" %
+                  (fill_to_time, time.time() - start))
+        logger.info("Finished updating analytics counts through %s" % (fill_to_time,))

        if settings.PUSH_NOTIFICATION_BOUNCER_URL and settings.SUBMIT_USAGE_STATISTICS:
            send_analytics_to_remote_server()
--- a/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
+++ b/analytics/management/commands/user_stats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import datetime
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import Any
+
+from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
+from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
+
+from zerver.models import Message, Realm, Stream, UserProfile, get_realm
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    help = "Generate statistics on user activity."
+
+    def add_arguments(self, parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument('realms', metavar='<realm>', type=str, nargs='*',
+                            help="realm to generate statistics for")
+
+    def messages_sent_by(self, user: UserProfile, week: int) -> int:
+        start = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=(week + 1)*7)
+        end = timezone_now() - datetime.timedelta(days=week*7)
+        return Message.objects.filter(sender=user, date_sent__gt=start, date_sent__lte=end).count()
+
+    def handle(self, *args: Any, **options: Any) -> None:
+        if options['realms']:
+            try:
+                realms = [get_realm(string_id) for string_id in options['realms']]
+            except Realm.DoesNotExist as e:
+                raise CommandError(e)
+        else:
+            realms = Realm.objects.all()
+
+        for realm in realms:
+            print(realm.string_id)
+            user_profiles = UserProfile.objects.filter(realm=realm, is_active=True)
+            print("%d users" % (len(user_profiles),))
+            print("%d streams" % (len(Stream.objects.filter(realm=realm)),))
+
+            for user_profile in user_profiles:
+                print("%35s" % (user_profile.email,), end=' ')
+                for week in range(10):
+                    print("%5d" % (self.messages_sent_by(user_profile, week),), end=' ')
+                print("")
--- a/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,209 +1,110 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0030_realm_org_type"),
+        ('zerver', '0030_realm_org_type'),
        migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Anomaly",
+            name='Anomaly',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("info", models.CharField(max_length=1000)),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('info', models.CharField(max_length=1000)),
            ],
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="HuddleCount",
+            name='HuddleCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "huddle",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Recipient"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "user",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('huddle', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Recipient')),
+                ('user', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="InstallationCount",
+            name='InstallationCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="RealmCount",
+            name='RealmCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('realm', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
+
            ],
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="StreamCount",
+            name='StreamCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "stream",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Stream"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('realm', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
+                ('stream', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Stream')),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="UserCount",
+            name='UserCount',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "user",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("interval", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("value", models.BigIntegerField()),
-                (
-                    "anomaly",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE,
-                        to="analytics.Anomaly",
-                        null=True,
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('realm', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
+                ('user', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('interval', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('value', models.BigIntegerField()),
+                ('anomaly', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='analytics.Anomaly', null=True)),
            ],
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together={("user", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='usercount',
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together={("stream", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together={("realm", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together={("property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='installationcount',
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="huddlecount",
-            unique_together={("huddle", "property", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='huddlecount',
+            unique_together=set([('huddle', 'property', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0002_remove_huddlecount.py
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0001_initial"),
+        ('analytics', '0001_initial'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="huddlecount",
-            unique_together=set(),
+            name='huddlecount',
+            unique_together=set([]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="huddlecount",
-            name="anomaly",
+            model_name='huddlecount',
+            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="huddlecount",
-            name="huddle",
+            model_name='huddlecount',
+            name='huddle',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="huddlecount",
-            name="user",
+            model_name='huddlecount',
+            name='user',
        ),
        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="HuddleCount",
+            name='HuddleCount',
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0003_fillstate.py
@@ -1,26 +1,21 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0002_remove_huddlecount"),
+        ('analytics', '0002_remove_huddlecount'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="FillState",
+            name='FillState',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("property", models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=40)),
-                ("end_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("state", models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()),
-                ("last_modified", models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('property', models.CharField(unique=True, max_length=40)),
+                ('end_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('state', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()),
+                ('last_modified', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
            ],
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
--- a/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0004_add_subgroup.py
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0003_fillstate"),
+        ('analytics', '0003_fillstate'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="subgroup",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='subgroup',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0005_alter_field_size.py
@@ -1,51 +1,51 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations, models

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0004_add_subgroup"),
+        ('analytics', '0004_add_subgroup'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='interval',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=8),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="property",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='property',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=32),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints.py
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0005_alter_field_size"),
+        ('analytics', '0005_alter_field_size'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together={("property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='installationcount',
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together={("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together={("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together={("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time", "interval")},
+            name='usercount',
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time', 'interval')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0007_remove_interval.py
@@ -1,44 +1,44 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-16 20:50
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints"),
+        ('analytics', '0006_add_subgroup_to_unique_constraints'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together={("property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='installationcount',
+            unique_together=set([('property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together={("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            unique_together=set([('realm', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together={("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            unique_together=set([('stream', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together={("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")},
+            name='usercount',
+            unique_together=set([('user', 'property', 'subgroup', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="interval",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='interval',
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0008_add_count_indexes.py
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.5 on 2017-02-01 22:28
 from django.db import migrations

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0050_userprofile_avatar_version"),
-        ("analytics", "0007_remove_interval"),
+        ('zerver', '0050_userprofile_avatar_version'),
+        ('analytics', '0007_remove_interval'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            index_together={("property", "end_time")},
+            name='realmcount',
+            index_together=set([('property', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            index_together={("property", "realm", "end_time")},
+            name='streamcount',
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
        migrations.AlterIndexTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            index_together={("property", "realm", "end_time")},
+            name='usercount',
+            index_together=set([('property', 'realm', 'end_time')]),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat.py
@@ -1,29 +1,26 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

+def delete_messages_sent_to_stream_stat(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
+    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
+    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
+    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
+    InstallationCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'InstallationCount')
+    FillState = apps.get_model('analytics', 'FillState')

-def delete_messages_sent_to_stream_stat(
-    apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor
-) -> None:
-    UserCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount")
-    StreamCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount")
-    RealmCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount")
-    InstallationCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount")
-    FillState = apps.get_model("analytics", "FillState")
-
-    property = "messages_sent_to_stream:is_bot"
+    property = 'messages_sent_to_stream:is_bot'
    UserCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    StreamCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    RealmCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    InstallationCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    FillState.objects.filter(property=property).delete()

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0008_add_count_indexes"),
+        ('analytics', '0008_add_count_indexes'),
    ]

    operations = [
--- a/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0010_clear_messages_sent_values.py
@@ -1,28 +1,25 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

+def clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
+    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
+    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
+    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
+    InstallationCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'InstallationCount')
+    FillState = apps.get_model('analytics', 'FillState')

-def clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values(
-    apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor
-) -> None:
-    UserCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount")
-    StreamCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount")
-    RealmCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount")
-    InstallationCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount")
-    FillState = apps.get_model("analytics", "FillState")
-
-    property = "messages_sent:message_type:day"
+    property = 'messages_sent:message_type:day'
    UserCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    StreamCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    RealmCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    InstallationCount.objects.filter(property=property).delete()
    FillState.objects.filter(property=property).delete()

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

-    dependencies = [("analytics", "0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat")]
+    dependencies = [('analytics', '0009_remove_messages_to_stream_stat')]

    operations = [
        migrations.RunPython(clear_message_sent_by_message_type_values),
--- a/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0011_clear_analytics_tables.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
+from django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
 from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps

-
 def clear_analytics_tables(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
-    UserCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount")
-    StreamCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount")
-    RealmCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount")
-    InstallationCount = apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount")
-    FillState = apps.get_model("analytics", "FillState")
+    UserCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'UserCount')
+    StreamCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'StreamCount')
+    RealmCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'RealmCount')
+    InstallationCount = apps.get_model('analytics', 'InstallationCount')
+    FillState = apps.get_model('analytics', 'FillState')

    UserCount.objects.all().delete()
    StreamCount.objects.all().delete()
@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@ def clear_analytics_tables(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor)
    InstallationCount.objects.all().delete()
    FillState.objects.all().delete()

-
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0010_clear_messages_sent_values"),
+        ('analytics', '0010_clear_messages_sent_values'),
    ]

    operations = [
--- a/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0012_add_on_delete.py
@@ -1,42 +1,36 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 08:14
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0011_clear_analytics_tables"),
+        ('analytics', '0011_clear_analytics_tables'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="anomaly",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to="analytics.Anomaly"
-            ),
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='anomaly',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='analytics.Anomaly'),
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0013_remove_anomaly.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-02-02 02:47
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

 from django.db import migrations

@@ -6,27 +8,27 @@ from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0012_add_on_delete"),
+        ('analytics', '0012_add_on_delete'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            name="anomaly",
+            model_name='installationcount',
+            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            name="anomaly",
+            model_name='realmcount',
+            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            name="anomaly",
+            model_name='streamcount',
+            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            name="anomaly",
+            model_name='usercount',
+            name='anomaly',
        ),
        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="Anomaly",
+            name='Anomaly',
        ),
    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified.py
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 1.11.26 on 2020-01-27 04:32
-
-from django.db import migrations
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0013_remove_anomaly"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RemoveField(
-            model_name="fillstate",
-            name="last_modified",
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0015_clear_duplicate_counts.py
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import migrations
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
-from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
-from django.db.models import Count, Sum
-
-
-def clear_duplicate_counts(apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor) -> None:
-    """This is a preparatory migration for our Analytics tables.
-
-    The backstory is that Django's unique_together indexes do not properly
-    handle the subgroup=None corner case (allowing duplicate rows that have a
-    subgroup of None), which meant that in race conditions, rather than updating
-    an existing row for the property/(realm, stream, user)/time with subgroup=None, Django would
-    create a duplicate row.
-
-    In the next migration, we'll add a proper constraint to fix this bug, but
-    we need to fix any existing problematic rows before we can add that constraint.
-
-    We fix this in an appropriate fashion for each type of CountStat object; mainly
-    this means deleting the extra rows, but for LoggingCountStat objects, we need to
-    additionally combine the sums.
-    """
-    count_tables = dict(
-        realm=apps.get_model("analytics", "RealmCount"),
-        user=apps.get_model("analytics", "UserCount"),
-        stream=apps.get_model("analytics", "StreamCount"),
-        installation=apps.get_model("analytics", "InstallationCount"),
-    )
-
-    for name, count_table in count_tables.items():
-        value = [name, "property", "end_time"]
-        if name == "installation":
-            value = ["property", "end_time"]
-        counts = (
-            count_table.objects.filter(subgroup=None)
-            .values(*value)
-            .annotate(Count("id"), Sum("value"))
-            .filter(id__count__gt=1)
-        )
-
-        for count in counts:
-            count.pop("id__count")
-            total_value = count.pop("value__sum")
-            duplicate_counts = list(count_table.objects.filter(**count))
-            first_count = duplicate_counts[0]
-            if count["property"] in ["invites_sent::day", "active_users_log:is_bot:day"]:
-                # For LoggingCountStat objects, the right fix is to combine the totals;
-                # for other CountStat objects, we expect the duplicates to have the same value.
-                # And so all we need to do is delete them.
-                first_count.value = total_value
-                first_count.save()
-            to_cleanup = duplicate_counts[1:]
-            for duplicate_count in to_cleanup:
-                duplicate_count.delete()
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0014_remove_fillstate_last_modified"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(clear_duplicate_counts, reverse_code=migrations.RunPython.noop),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
+++ b/analytics/migrations/0016_unique_constraint_when_subgroup_null.py
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-02-29 19:40
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("analytics", "0015_clear_duplicate_counts"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="installationcount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="realmcount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="streamcount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="usercount",
-            unique_together=set(),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_installation_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="installationcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_installation_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_realm_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="realmcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("realm", "property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_realm_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_stream_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="streamcount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("stream", "property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_stream_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                fields=("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_user_count",
-            ),
-        ),
-        migrations.AddConstraint(
-            model_name="usercount",
-            constraint=models.UniqueConstraint(
-                condition=models.Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                fields=("user", "property", "end_time"),
-                name="unique_user_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/analytics/models.py
+++ b/analytics/models.py
@@ -2,139 +2,91 @@ import datetime
 from typing import Optional

 from django.db import models
-from django.db.models import Q, UniqueConstraint

 from zerver.lib.timestamp import floor_to_day
 from zerver.models import Realm, Stream, UserProfile

-
 class FillState(models.Model):
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
+    property = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)  # type: str
+    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime

    # Valid states are {DONE, STARTED}
    DONE = 1
    STARTED = 2
-    state: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
+    state = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int
+
+    last_modified = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)  # type: datetime.datetime

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<FillState: {self.property} {self.end_time} {self.state}>"
-
+        return "<FillState: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.end_time, self.state)

 # The earliest/starting end_time in FillState
 # We assume there is at least one realm
 def installation_epoch() -> datetime.datetime:
-    earliest_realm_creation = Realm.objects.aggregate(models.Min("date_created"))[
-        "date_created__min"
-    ]
+    earliest_realm_creation = Realm.objects.aggregate(models.Min('date_created'))['date_created__min']
    return floor_to_day(earliest_realm_creation)

+def last_successful_fill(property: str) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
+    fillstate = FillState.objects.filter(property=property).first()
+    if fillstate is None:
+        return None
+    if fillstate.state == FillState.DONE:
+        return fillstate.end_time
+    return fillstate.end_time - datetime.timedelta(hours=1)

 class BaseCount(models.Model):
    # Note: When inheriting from BaseCount, you may want to rearrange
    # the order of the columns in the migration to make sure they
    # match how you'd like the table to be arranged.
-    property: str = models.CharField(max_length=32)
-    subgroup: Optional[str] = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)
-    end_time: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField()
-    value: int = models.BigIntegerField()
+    property = models.CharField(max_length=32)  # type: str
+    subgroup = models.CharField(max_length=16, null=True)  # type: Optional[str]
+    end_time = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
+    value = models.BigIntegerField()  # type: int

    class Meta:
        abstract = True

-
 class InstallationCount(BaseCount):
+
    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate InstallationCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_installation_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_installation_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("property", "subgroup", "end_time")

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<InstallationCount: {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
-
+        return "<InstallationCount: %s %s %s>" % (self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class RealmCount(BaseCount):
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate RealmCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_realm_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["realm", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_realm_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("realm", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        index_together = ["property", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<RealmCount: {self.realm} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
-
+        return "<RealmCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.realm, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class UserCount(BaseCount):
    user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate UserCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_user_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["user", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_user_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("user", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from users to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<UserCount: {self.user} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value}>"
-
+        return "<UserCount: %s %s %s %s>" % (self.user, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value)

 class StreamCount(BaseCount):
    stream = models.ForeignKey(Stream, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
-        # Handles invalid duplicate StreamCount data
-        constraints = [
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=False),
-                name="unique_stream_count",
-            ),
-            UniqueConstraint(
-                fields=["stream", "property", "end_time"],
-                condition=Q(subgroup__isnull=True),
-                name="unique_stream_count_null_subgroup",
-            ),
-        ]
+        unique_together = ("stream", "property", "subgroup", "end_time")
        # This index dramatically improves the performance of
        # aggregating from streams to realms
        index_together = ["property", "realm", "end_time"]

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return (
-            f"<StreamCount: {self.stream} {self.property} {self.subgroup} {self.value} {self.id}>"
-        )
+        return "<StreamCount: %s %s %s %s %s>" % (
+            self.stream, self.property, self.subgroup, self.value, self.id)
--- a/analytics/tests/test_activity_views.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_activity_views.py
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-from unittest import mock
-
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-
-from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
-from zerver.lib.test_helpers import queries_captured
-from zerver.models import Client, UserActivity, UserProfile, flush_per_request_caches
-
-
-class ActivityTest(ZulipTestCase):
-    @mock.patch("stripe.Customer.list", return_value=[])
-    def test_activity(self, unused_mock: mock.Mock) -> None:
-        self.login("hamlet")
-        client, _ = Client.objects.get_or_create(name="website")
-        query = "/json/messages/flags"
-        last_visit = timezone_now()
-        count = 150
-        for activity_user_profile in UserProfile.objects.all():
-            UserActivity.objects.get_or_create(
-                user_profile=activity_user_profile,
-                client=client,
-                query=query,
-                count=count,
-                last_visit=last_visit,
-            )
-
-        # Fails when not staff
-        result = self.client_get("/activity")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-
-        user_profile = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        user_profile.is_staff = True
-        user_profile.save(update_fields=["is_staff"])
-
-        flush_per_request_caches()
-        with queries_captured() as queries:
-            result = self.client_get("/activity")
-            self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
-
-        self.assert_length(queries, 19)
-
-        flush_per_request_caches()
-        with queries_captured() as queries:
-            result = self.client_get("/realm_activity/zulip/")
-            self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
-
-        self.assert_length(queries, 8)
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        flush_per_request_caches()
-        with queries_captured() as queries:
-            result = self.client_get(f"/user_activity/{iago.id}/")
-            self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
-
-        self.assert_length(queries, 5)
--- a/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_counts.py
--- a/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_fixtures.py
@@ -2,39 +2,28 @@ from analytics.lib.counts import CountStat
 from analytics.lib.fixtures import generate_time_series_data
 from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase

-
 # A very light test suite; the code being tested is not run in production.
 class TestFixtures(ZulipTestCase):
    def test_deterministic_settings(self) -> None:
        # test basic business_hour / non_business_hour calculation
        # test we get an array of the right length with frequency=CountStat.DAY
        data = generate_time_series_data(
-            days=7, business_hours_base=20, non_business_hours_base=15, spikiness=0
-        )
+            days=7, business_hours_base=20, non_business_hours_base=15, spikiness=0)
        self.assertEqual(data, [400, 400, 400, 400, 400, 360, 360])

        data = generate_time_series_data(
-            days=1,
-            business_hours_base=2000,
-            non_business_hours_base=1500,
-            growth=2,
-            spikiness=0,
-            frequency=CountStat.HOUR,
-        )
+            days=1, business_hours_base=2000, non_business_hours_base=1500,
+            growth=2, spikiness=0, frequency=CountStat.HOUR)
        # test we get an array of the right length with frequency=CountStat.HOUR
-        self.assert_length(data, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(len(data), 24)
        # test that growth doesn't affect the first data point
        self.assertEqual(data[0], 2000)
        # test that the last data point is growth times what it otherwise would be
-        self.assertEqual(data[-1], 1500 * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(data[-1], 1500*2)

        # test autocorrelation == 1, since that's the easiest value to test
        data = generate_time_series_data(
-            days=1,
-            business_hours_base=2000,
-            non_business_hours_base=2000,
-            autocorrelation=1,
-            frequency=CountStat.HOUR,
-        )
+            days=1, business_hours_base=2000, non_business_hours_base=2000,
+            autocorrelation=1, frequency=CountStat.HOUR)
        self.assertEqual(data[0], data[1])
        self.assertEqual(data[0], data[-1])
--- a/analytics/tests/test_stats_views.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_stats_views.py
@@ -1,639 +0,0 @@
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
-from typing import List, Optional
-
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-
-from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
-from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
-from analytics.models import FillState, RealmCount, UserCount
-from analytics.views.stats import rewrite_client_arrays, sort_by_totals, sort_client_labels
-from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, ceiling_to_hour, datetime_to_timestamp
-from zerver.models import Client, get_realm
-
-
-class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_stats(self) -> None:
-        self.user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        self.login_user(self.user)
-        result = self.client_get("/stats")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
-        # Check that we get something back
-        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
-
-    def test_guest_user_cant_access_stats(self) -> None:
-        self.user = self.example_user("polonius")
-        self.login_user(self.user)
-        result = self.client_get("/stats")
-        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/json/analytics/chart_data")
-        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)
-
-    def test_stats_for_realm(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        self.login_user(user)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/stats/realm/zulip/")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/stats/realm/not_existing_realm/")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=["is_staff"])
-
-        result = self.client_get("/stats/realm/not_existing_realm/")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 404)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/stats/realm/zulip/")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
-        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
-
-    def test_stats_for_installation(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        self.login_user(user)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/stats/installation")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=["is_staff"])
-
-        result = self.client_get("/stats/installation")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
-        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
-
-
-class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
-    def setUp(self) -> None:
-        super().setUp()
-        self.realm = get_realm("zulip")
-        self.user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        self.login_user(self.user)
-        self.end_times_hour = [
-            ceiling_to_hour(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(hours=i) for i in range(4)
-        ]
-        self.end_times_day = [
-            ceiling_to_day(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(days=i) for i in range(4)
-        ]
-
-    def data(self, i: int) -> List[int]:
-        return [0, 0, i, 0]
-
-    def insert_data(
-        self, stat: CountStat, realm_subgroups: List[Optional[str]], user_subgroups: List[str]
-    ) -> None:
-        if stat.frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
-            insert_time = self.end_times_hour[2]
-            fill_time = self.end_times_hour[-1]
-        if stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
-            insert_time = self.end_times_day[2]
-            fill_time = self.end_times_day[-1]
-
-        RealmCount.objects.bulk_create(
-            RealmCount(
-                property=stat.property,
-                subgroup=subgroup,
-                end_time=insert_time,
-                value=100 + i,
-                realm=self.realm,
-            )
-            for i, subgroup in enumerate(realm_subgroups)
-        )
-        UserCount.objects.bulk_create(
-            UserCount(
-                property=stat.property,
-                subgroup=subgroup,
-                end_time=insert_time,
-                value=200 + i,
-                realm=self.realm,
-                user=self.user,
-            )
-            for i, subgroup in enumerate(user_subgroups)
-        )
-        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=fill_time, state=FillState.DONE)
-
-    def test_number_of_humans(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["1day_actives::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["active_users_audit:is_bot:day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, ["false"], [])
-        result = self.client_get("/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans"})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data,
-            {
-                "msg": "",
-                "end_times": [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
-                "frequency": CountStat.DAY,
-                "everyone": {
-                    "_1day": self.data(100),
-                    "_15day": self.data(100),
-                    "all_time": self.data(100),
-                },
-                "display_order": None,
-                "result": "success",
-            },
-        )
-
-    def test_messages_sent_over_time(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:is_bot:hour"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, ["true", "false"], ["false"])
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data,
-            {
-                "msg": "",
-                "end_times": [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_hour],
-                "frequency": CountStat.HOUR,
-                "everyone": {"bot": self.data(100), "human": self.data(101)},
-                "user": {"bot": self.data(0), "human": self.data(200)},
-                "display_order": None,
-                "result": "success",
-            },
-        )
-
-    def test_messages_sent_by_message_type(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:message_type:day"]
-        self.insert_data(
-            stat, ["public_stream", "private_message"], ["public_stream", "private_stream"]
-        )
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_by_message_type"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data,
-            {
-                "msg": "",
-                "end_times": [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
-                "frequency": CountStat.DAY,
-                "everyone": {
-                    "Public streams": self.data(100),
-                    "Private streams": self.data(0),
-                    "Private messages": self.data(101),
-                    "Group private messages": self.data(0),
-                },
-                "user": {
-                    "Public streams": self.data(200),
-                    "Private streams": self.data(201),
-                    "Private messages": self.data(0),
-                    "Group private messages": self.data(0),
-                },
-                "display_order": [
-                    "Private messages",
-                    "Public streams",
-                    "Private streams",
-                    "Group private messages",
-                ],
-                "result": "success",
-            },
-        )
-
-    def test_messages_sent_by_client(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:client:day"]
-        client1 = Client.objects.create(name="client 1")
-        client2 = Client.objects.create(name="client 2")
-        client3 = Client.objects.create(name="client 3")
-        client4 = Client.objects.create(name="client 4")
-        self.insert_data(
-            stat,
-            [str(client4.id), str(client3.id), str(client2.id)],
-            [str(client3.id), str(client1.id)],
-        )
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_by_client"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data,
-            {
-                "msg": "",
-                "end_times": [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
-                "frequency": CountStat.DAY,
-                "everyone": {
-                    "client 4": self.data(100),
-                    "client 3": self.data(101),
-                    "client 2": self.data(102),
-                },
-                "user": {"client 3": self.data(200), "client 1": self.data(201)},
-                "display_order": ["client 1", "client 2", "client 3", "client 4"],
-                "result": "success",
-            },
-        )
-
-    def test_messages_read_over_time(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["messages_read::hour"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_read_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data,
-            {
-                "msg": "",
-                "end_times": [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_hour],
-                "frequency": CountStat.HOUR,
-                "everyone": {"read": self.data(100)},
-                "user": {"read": self.data(0)},
-                "display_order": None,
-                "result": "success",
-            },
-        )
-
-    def test_include_empty_subgroups(self) -> None:
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property="realm_active_humans::day",
-            end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
-            state=FillState.DONE,
-        )
-        result = self.client_get("/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans"})
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data["everyone"], {"_1day": [0], "_15day": [0], "all_time": [0]})
-        self.assertFalse("user" in data)
-
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property="messages_sent:is_bot:hour",
-            end_time=self.end_times_hour[0],
-            state=FillState.DONE,
-        )
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data["everyone"], {"human": [0], "bot": [0]})
-        self.assertEqual(data["user"], {"human": [0], "bot": [0]})
-
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property="messages_sent:message_type:day",
-            end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
-            state=FillState.DONE,
-        )
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_by_message_type"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data["everyone"],
-            {
-                "Public streams": [0],
-                "Private streams": [0],
-                "Private messages": [0],
-                "Group private messages": [0],
-            },
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data["user"],
-            {
-                "Public streams": [0],
-                "Private streams": [0],
-                "Private messages": [0],
-                "Group private messages": [0],
-            },
-        )
-
-        FillState.objects.create(
-            property="messages_sent:client:day",
-            end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
-            state=FillState.DONE,
-        )
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_by_client"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data["everyone"], {})
-        self.assertEqual(data["user"], {})
-
-    def test_start_and_end(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["1day_actives::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["active_users_audit:is_bot:day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, ["false"], [])
-        end_time_timestamps = [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day]
-
-        # valid start and end
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data",
-            {
-                "chart_name": "number_of_humans",
-                "start": end_time_timestamps[1],
-                "end": end_time_timestamps[2],
-            },
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(data["end_times"], end_time_timestamps[1:3])
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data["everyone"], {"_1day": [0, 100], "_15day": [0, 100], "all_time": [0, 100]}
-        )
-
-        # start later then end
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data",
-            {
-                "chart_name": "number_of_humans",
-                "start": end_time_timestamps[2],
-                "end": end_time_timestamps[1],
-            },
-        )
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Start time is later than")
-
-    def test_min_length(self) -> None:
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["1day_actives::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["active_users_audit:is_bot:day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, ["false"], [])
-        # test min_length is too short to change anything
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans", "min_length": 2}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data["end_times"], [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data["everyone"],
-            {"_1day": self.data(100), "_15day": self.data(100), "all_time": self.data(100)},
-        )
-        # test min_length larger than filled data
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans", "min_length": 5}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-        data = result.json()
-        end_times = [
-            ceiling_to_day(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(days=i) for i in range(-1, 4)
-        ]
-        self.assertEqual(data["end_times"], [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in end_times])
-        self.assertEqual(
-            data["everyone"],
-            {
-                "_1day": [0, *self.data(100)],
-                "_15day": [0, *self.data(100)],
-                "all_time": [0, *self.data(100)],
-            },
-        )
-
-    def test_non_existent_chart(self) -> None:
-        result = self.client_get("/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "does_not_exist"})
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "Unknown chart name")
-
-    def test_analytics_not_running(self) -> None:
-        realm = get_realm("zulip")
-
-        self.assertEqual(FillState.objects.count(), 0)
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        with self.assertLogs(level="WARNING") as m:
-            result = self.client_get(
-                "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-            )
-            self.assertEqual(
-                m.output,
-                [
-                    f"WARNING:root:User from realm zulip attempted to access /stats, but the computed start time: {realm.date_created} (creation of realm or installation) is later than the computed end time: 0001-01-01 00:00:00+00:00 (last successful analytics update). Is the analytics cron job running?"
-                ],
-            )
-
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "No analytics data available")
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, hours=2)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        with self.assertLogs(level="WARNING") as m:
-            result = self.client_get(
-                "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-            )
-            self.assertEqual(
-                m.output,
-                [
-                    f"WARNING:root:User from realm zulip attempted to access /stats, but the computed start time: {realm.date_created} (creation of realm or installation) is later than the computed end time: 0001-01-01 00:00:00+00:00 (last successful analytics update). Is the analytics cron job running?"
-                ],
-            )
-
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "No analytics data available")
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(hours=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        end_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=5)
-        fill_state = FillState.objects.create(
-            property="messages_sent:is_bot:hour", end_time=end_time, state=FillState.DONE
-        )
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        with self.assertLogs(level="WARNING") as m:
-            result = self.client_get(
-                "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-            )
-            self.assertEqual(
-                m.output,
-                [
-                    f"WARNING:root:User from realm zulip attempted to access /stats, but the computed start time: {realm.date_created} (creation of realm or installation) is later than the computed end time: {end_time} (last successful analytics update). Is the analytics cron job running?"
-                ],
-            )
-
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "No analytics data available")
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        end_time = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=2)
-        fill_state.end_time = end_time
-        fill_state.save(update_fields=["end_time"])
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=3)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, hours=2)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        with self.assertLogs(level="WARNING") as m:
-            result = self.client_get(
-                "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-            )
-            self.assertEqual(
-                m.output,
-                [
-                    f"WARNING:root:User from realm zulip attempted to access /stats, but the computed start time: {realm.date_created} (creation of realm or installation) is later than the computed end time: {end_time} (last successful analytics update). Is the analytics cron job running?"
-                ],
-            )
-
-        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, "No analytics data available")
-
-        realm.date_created = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=1, minutes=10)
-        realm.save(update_fields=["date_created"])
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data", {"chart_name": "messages_sent_over_time"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-    def test_get_chart_data_for_realm(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        self.login_user(user)
-
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)
-
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=["is_staff"])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/not_existing_realm",
-            {"chart_name": "number_of_humans"},
-        )
-        self.assert_json_error(result, "Invalid organization", 400)
-
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-    def test_get_chart_data_for_installation(self) -> None:
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        self.login_user(user)
-
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data/installation", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)
-
-        user = self.example_user("hamlet")
-        user.is_staff = True
-        user.save(update_fields=["is_staff"])
-        stat = COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"]
-        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
-
-        result = self.client_get(
-            "/json/analytics/chart_data/installation", {"chart_name": "number_of_humans"}
-        )
-        self.assert_json_success(result)
-
-
-class TestGetChartDataHelpers(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_sort_by_totals(self) -> None:
-        empty: List[int] = []
-        value_arrays = {"c": [0, 1], "a": [9], "b": [1, 1, 1], "d": empty}
-        self.assertEqual(sort_by_totals(value_arrays), ["a", "b", "c", "d"])
-
-    def test_sort_client_labels(self) -> None:
-        data = {
-            "everyone": {"a": [16], "c": [15], "b": [14], "e": [13], "d": [12], "h": [11]},
-            "user": {"a": [6], "b": [5], "d": [4], "e": [3], "f": [2], "g": [1]},
-        }
-        self.assertEqual(sort_client_labels(data), ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h"])
-
-
-class TestTimeRange(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_time_range(self) -> None:
-        HOUR = timedelta(hours=1)
-        DAY = timedelta(days=1)
-
-        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, 59, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        floor_hour = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        floor_day = datetime(2016, 3, 14, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-
-        # test start == end
-        self.assertEqual(time_range(a_time, a_time, CountStat.HOUR, None), [])
-        self.assertEqual(time_range(a_time, a_time, CountStat.DAY, None), [])
-        # test start == end == boundary, and min_length == 0
-        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_hour, floor_hour, CountStat.HOUR, 0), [floor_hour])
-        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_day, floor_day, CountStat.DAY, 0), [floor_day])
-        # test start and end on different boundaries
-        self.assertEqual(
-            time_range(floor_hour, floor_hour + HOUR, CountStat.HOUR, None),
-            [floor_hour, floor_hour + HOUR],
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            time_range(floor_day, floor_day + DAY, CountStat.DAY, None),
-            [floor_day, floor_day + DAY],
-        )
-        # test min_length
-        self.assertEqual(
-            time_range(floor_hour, floor_hour + HOUR, CountStat.HOUR, 4),
-            [floor_hour - 2 * HOUR, floor_hour - HOUR, floor_hour, floor_hour + HOUR],
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            time_range(floor_day, floor_day + DAY, CountStat.DAY, 4),
-            [floor_day - 2 * DAY, floor_day - DAY, floor_day, floor_day + DAY],
-        )
-
-
-class TestMapArrays(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_map_arrays(self) -> None:
-        a = {
-            "desktop app 1.0": [1, 2, 3],
-            "desktop app 2.0": [10, 12, 13],
-            "desktop app 3.0": [21, 22, 23],
-            "website": [1, 2, 3],
-            "ZulipiOS": [1, 2, 3],
-            "ZulipElectron": [2, 5, 7],
-            "ZulipMobile": [1, 5, 7],
-            "ZulipPython": [1, 2, 3],
-            "API: Python": [1, 2, 3],
-            "SomethingRandom": [4, 5, 6],
-            "ZulipGitHubWebhook": [7, 7, 9],
-            "ZulipAndroid": [64, 63, 65],
-        }
-        result = rewrite_client_arrays(a)
-        self.assertEqual(
-            result,
-            {
-                "Old desktop app": [32, 36, 39],
-                "Old iOS app": [1, 2, 3],
-                "Desktop app": [2, 5, 7],
-                "Mobile app": [1, 5, 7],
-                "Website": [1, 2, 3],
-                "Python API": [2, 4, 6],
-                "SomethingRandom": [4, 5, 6],
-                "GitHub webhook": [7, 7, 9],
-                "Old Android app": [64, 63, 65],
-            },
-        )
--- a/analytics/tests/test_support_views.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_support_views.py
@@ -1,632 +0,0 @@
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
-from unittest import mock
-
-import orjson
-from django.http import HttpResponse
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-
-from corporate.lib.stripe import add_months, update_sponsorship_status
-from corporate.models import Customer, CustomerPlan, LicenseLedger, get_customer_by_realm
-from zerver.lib.actions import (
-    do_create_multiuse_invite_link,
-    do_send_realm_reactivation_email,
-    do_set_realm_property,
-)
-from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
-from zerver.lib.test_helpers import reset_emails_in_zulip_realm
-from zerver.models import (
-    MultiuseInvite,
-    PreregistrationUser,
-    Realm,
-    UserMessage,
-    UserProfile,
-    get_org_type_display_name,
-    get_realm,
-)
-
-
-class TestSupportEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
-    def test_search(self) -> None:
-        reset_emails_in_zulip_realm()
-
-        def assert_user_details_in_html_response(
-            html_response: HttpResponse, full_name: str, email: str, role: str
-        ) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    '<span class="label">user</span>\n',
-                    f"<h3>{full_name}</h3>",
-                    f"<b>Email</b>: {email}",
-                    "<b>Is active</b>: True<br />",
-                    f"<b>Role</b>: {role}<br />",
-                ],
-                html_response,
-            )
-
-        def check_hamlet_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            assert_user_details_in_html_response(
-                result, "King Hamlet", self.example_email("hamlet"), "Member"
-            )
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    f"<b>Admins</b>: {self.example_email('iago')}\n",
-                    f"<b>Owners</b>: {self.example_email('desdemona')}\n",
-                    'class="copy-button" data-copytext="{}">'.format(self.example_email("iago")),
-                    'class="copy-button" data-copytext="{}">'.format(
-                        self.example_email("desdemona")
-                    ),
-                ],
-                result,
-            )
-
-        def check_othello_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            assert_user_details_in_html_response(
-                result, "Othello, the Moor of Venice", self.example_email("othello"), "Member"
-            )
-
-        def check_polonius_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            assert_user_details_in_html_response(
-                result, "Polonius", self.example_email("polonius"), "Guest"
-            )
-
-        def check_zulip_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            zulip_realm = get_realm("zulip")
-            first_human_user = zulip_realm.get_first_human_user()
-            assert first_human_user is not None
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    f"<b>First human user</b>: {first_human_user.delivery_email}\n",
-                    f'<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="{zulip_realm.id}"',
-                    "Zulip Dev</h3>",
-                    '<option value="1" selected>Self-hosted</option>',
-                    '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
-                    'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
-                    '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
-                    '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
-                    f'<option value="{zulip_realm.org_type}" selected>',
-                    'scrub-realm-button">',
-                    'data-string-id="zulip"',
-                ],
-                result,
-            )
-
-        def check_lear_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    f'<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="{lear_realm.id}"',
-                    "Lear &amp; Co.</h3>",
-                    '<option value="1" selected>Self-hosted</option>',
-                    '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
-                    'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
-                    '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
-                    '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
-                    'scrub-realm-button">',
-                    'data-string-id="lear"',
-                    "<b>Name</b>: Zulip Cloud Standard",
-                    "<b>Status</b>: Active",
-                    "<b>Billing schedule</b>: Annual",
-                    "<b>Licenses</b>: 2/10 (Manual)",
-                    "<b>Price per license</b>: $80.0",
-                    "<b>Next invoice date</b>: 02 January 2017",
-                    '<option value="send_invoice" selected>',
-                    '<option value="charge_automatically" >',
-                ],
-                result,
-            )
-
-        def check_preregistration_user_query_result(
-            result: HttpResponse, email: str, invite: bool = False
-        ) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    '<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
-                    f"<b>Email</b>: {email}",
-                ],
-                result,
-            )
-            if invite:
-                self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
-                self.assert_in_success_response(
-                    [
-                        "<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3\xa0days",
-                        "<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked",
-                    ],
-                    result,
-                )
-                self.assert_in_success_response([], result)
-            else:
-                self.assert_not_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
-                self.assert_in_success_response(
-                    [
-                        "<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day",
-                        "<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked",
-                    ],
-                    result,
-                )
-
-        def check_realm_creation_query_result(result: HttpResponse, email: str) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    '<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
-                    '<span class="label">realm creation</span>\n',
-                    "<b>Link</b>: http://testserver/accounts/do_confirm/",
-                    "<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day",
-                ],
-                result,
-            )
-
-        def check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    '<span class="label">multiuse invite</span>\n',
-                    "<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/join/",
-                    "<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3\xa0days",
-                ],
-                result,
-            )
-
-        def check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                [
-                    '<span class="label">realm reactivation</span>\n',
-                    "<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/reactivate/",
-                    "<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day",
-                ],
-                result,
-            )
-
-        self.login("cordelia")
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        self.login("iago")
-
-        do_set_realm_property(
-            get_realm("zulip"),
-            "email_address_visibility",
-            Realm.EMAIL_ADDRESS_VISIBILITY_NOBODY,
-            acting_user=None,
-        )
-
-        customer = Customer.objects.create(realm=get_realm("lear"), stripe_customer_id="cus_123")
-        now = datetime(2016, 1, 2, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        plan = CustomerPlan.objects.create(
-            customer=customer,
-            billing_cycle_anchor=now,
-            billing_schedule=CustomerPlan.ANNUAL,
-            tier=CustomerPlan.STANDARD,
-            price_per_license=8000,
-            next_invoice_date=add_months(now, 12),
-        )
-        LicenseLedger.objects.create(
-            licenses=10,
-            licenses_at_next_renewal=10,
-            event_time=timezone_now(),
-            is_renewal=True,
-            plan=plan,
-        )
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
-        self.assert_in_success_response(
-            ['<input type="text" name="q" class="input-xxlarge search-query"'], result
-        )
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.example_email("hamlet")})
-        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.example_email("polonius")})
-        check_polonius_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear"})
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://lear.testserver"})
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        with self.settings(REALM_HOSTS={"zulip": "localhost"}):
-            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://localhost"})
-            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "hamlet@zulip.com, lear"})
-        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "King hamlet,lear"})
-        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "Othello, the Moor of Venice"})
-        check_othello_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear, Hamlet <hamlet@zulip.com>"})
-        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
-        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
-
-        with mock.patch(
-            "analytics.views.support.timezone_now",
-            return_value=timezone_now() - timedelta(minutes=50),
-        ):
-            self.client_post("/accounts/home/", {"email": self.nonreg_email("test")})
-            self.login("iago")
-            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test")})
-            check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test"))
-            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-            invite_expires_in_days = 10
-            stream_ids = [self.get_stream_id("Denmark")]
-            invitee_emails = [self.nonreg_email("test1")]
-            self.client_post(
-                "/json/invites",
-                {
-                    "invitee_emails": invitee_emails,
-                    "stream_ids": orjson.dumps(stream_ids).decode(),
-                    "invite_expires_in_days": invite_expires_in_days,
-                    "invite_as": PreregistrationUser.INVITE_AS["MEMBER"],
-                },
-            )
-            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test1")})
-            check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test1"), invite=True)
-            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-            email = self.nonreg_email("alice")
-            self.client_post("/new/", {"email": email})
-            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": email})
-            check_realm_creation_query_result(result, email)
-
-            do_create_multiuse_invite_link(
-                self.example_user("hamlet"),
-                invited_as=1,
-                invite_expires_in_days=invite_expires_in_days,
-            )
-            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
-            check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result)
-            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-            MultiuseInvite.objects.all().delete()
-
-            do_send_realm_reactivation_email(get_realm("zulip"), acting_user=None)
-            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
-            check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result)
-            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
-
-    def test_get_org_type_display_name(self) -> None:
-        self.assertEqual(get_org_type_display_name(Realm.ORG_TYPES["business"]["id"]), "Business")
-        self.assertEqual(get_org_type_display_name(883), "")
-
-    @mock.patch("analytics.views.support.update_billing_method_of_current_plan")
-    def test_change_billing_method(self, m: mock.Mock) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{cordelia.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support",
-            {"realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}", "billing_method": "charge_automatically"},
-        )
-        m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), charge_automatically=True, acting_user=iago)
-        self.assert_in_success_response(
-            ["Billing method of zulip updated to charge automatically"], result
-        )
-
-        m.reset_mock()
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}", "billing_method": "send_invoice"}
-        )
-        m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), charge_automatically=False, acting_user=iago)
-        self.assert_in_success_response(
-            ["Billing method of zulip updated to pay by invoice"], result
-        )
-
-    def test_change_realm_plan_type(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{cordelia.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.do_change_realm_plan_type") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"}
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), 2, acting_user=iago)
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                ["Plan type of zulip changed from self-hosted to limited"], result
-            )
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.do_change_realm_plan_type") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}", "plan_type": "10"}
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), 10, acting_user=iago)
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                ["Plan type of zulip changed from self-hosted to plus"], result
-            )
-
-    def test_change_org_type(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{cordelia.realm_id}", "org_type": "70"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.do_change_realm_org_type") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}", "org_type": "70"}
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), 70, acting_user=iago)
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                ["Org type of zulip changed from Business to Government"], result
-            )
-
-    def test_attach_discount(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login("iago")
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.attach_discount_to_realm") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"}
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("lear"), 25, acting_user=iago)
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["Discount of lear changed to 25% from 0%"], result)
-
-    def test_change_sponsorship_status(self) -> None:
-        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-        self.assertIsNone(get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm))
-
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "sponsorship_pending": "true"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "sponsorship_pending": "true"}
-        )
-        self.assert_in_success_response(["lear marked as pending sponsorship."], result)
-        customer = get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm)
-        assert customer is not None
-        self.assertTrue(customer.sponsorship_pending)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "sponsorship_pending": "false"}
-        )
-        self.assert_in_success_response(["lear is no longer pending sponsorship."], result)
-        customer = get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm)
-        assert customer is not None
-        self.assertFalse(customer.sponsorship_pending)
-
-    def test_approve_sponsorship(self) -> None:
-        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-        update_sponsorship_status(lear_realm, True, acting_user=None)
-        king_user = self.lear_user("king")
-        king_user.role = UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_OWNER
-        king_user.save()
-
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support",
-            {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "approve_sponsorship": "true"},
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support",
-            {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "approve_sponsorship": "true"},
-        )
-        self.assert_in_success_response(["Sponsorship approved for lear"], result)
-        lear_realm.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(lear_realm.plan_type, Realm.PLAN_TYPE_STANDARD_FREE)
-        customer = get_customer_by_realm(lear_realm)
-        assert customer is not None
-        self.assertFalse(customer.sponsorship_pending)
-        messages = UserMessage.objects.filter(user_profile=king_user)
-        self.assertIn(
-            "request for sponsored hosting has been approved", messages[0].message.content
-        )
-        self.assert_length(messages, 1)
-
-    def test_activate_or_deactivate_realm(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "deactivated"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        self.login("iago")
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.do_deactivate_realm") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "deactivated"}
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, acting_user=self.example_user("iago"))
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["lear deactivated"], result)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.do_send_realm_reactivation_email") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "status": "active"}
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, acting_user=self.example_user("iago"))
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                ["Realm reactivation email sent to admins of lear"], result
-            )
-
-    def test_change_subdomain(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "new_subdomain": "new_name"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-        self.login("iago")
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "new_subdomain": "new-name"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/activity/support?q=new-name")
-        realm_id = lear_realm.id
-        lear_realm = get_realm("new-name")
-        self.assertEqual(lear_realm.id, realm_id)
-        self.assertTrue(Realm.objects.filter(string_id="lear").exists())
-        self.assertTrue(Realm.objects.filter(string_id="lear")[0].deactivated)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "new_subdomain": "new-name"}
-        )
-        self.assert_in_success_response(
-            ["Subdomain unavailable. Please choose a different one."], result
-        )
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "new_subdomain": "zulip"}
-        )
-        self.assert_in_success_response(
-            ["Subdomain unavailable. Please choose a different one."], result
-        )
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "new_subdomain": "lear"}
-        )
-        self.assert_in_success_response(
-            ["Subdomain unavailable. Please choose a different one."], result
-        )
-
-    def test_downgrade_realm(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{cordelia.realm_id}", "plan_type": "2"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        iago = self.example_user("iago")
-        self.login_user(iago)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.downgrade_at_the_end_of_billing_cycle") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support",
-                {
-                    "realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}",
-                    "downgrade_method": "downgrade_at_billing_cycle_end",
-                },
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"))
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                ["zulip marked for downgrade at the end of billing cycle"], result
-            )
-
-        with mock.patch(
-            "analytics.views.support.downgrade_now_without_creating_additional_invoices"
-        ) as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support",
-                {
-                    "realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}",
-                    "downgrade_method": "downgrade_now_without_additional_licenses",
-                },
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"))
-            self.assert_in_success_response(
-                ["zulip downgraded without creating additional invoices"], result
-            )
-
-        with mock.patch(
-            "analytics.views.support.downgrade_now_without_creating_additional_invoices"
-        ) as m1:
-            with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.void_all_open_invoices", return_value=1) as m2:
-                result = self.client_post(
-                    "/activity/support",
-                    {
-                        "realm_id": f"{iago.realm_id}",
-                        "downgrade_method": "downgrade_now_void_open_invoices",
-                    },
-                )
-                m1.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"))
-                m2.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"))
-                self.assert_in_success_response(
-                    ["zulip downgraded and voided 1 open invoices"], result
-                )
-
-    def test_scrub_realm(self) -> None:
-        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
-        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
-        self.login_user(cordelia)
-
-        result = self.client_post(
-            "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "discount": "25"}
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
-        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
-
-        self.login("iago")
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.do_scrub_realm") as m:
-            result = self.client_post(
-                "/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}", "scrub_realm": "true"}
-            )
-            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, acting_user=self.example_user("iago"))
-            self.assert_in_success_response(["lear scrubbed"], result)
-
-        with mock.patch("analytics.views.support.do_scrub_realm") as m:
-            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": f"{lear_realm.id}"})
-            self.assert_json_error(result, "Invalid parameters")
-            m.assert_not_called()
--- a/analytics/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/analytics/tests/test_views.py
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+import mock
+from django.utils.timezone import utc
+from django.http import HttpResponse
+import ujson
+
+from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
+from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
+from analytics.models import FillState, \
+    RealmCount, UserCount, last_successful_fill
+from analytics.views import rewrite_client_arrays, \
+    sort_by_totals, sort_client_labels
+from zerver.lib.test_classes import ZulipTestCase
+from zerver.lib.timestamp import ceiling_to_day, \
+    ceiling_to_hour, datetime_to_timestamp
+from zerver.lib.actions import do_create_multiuse_invite_link, \
+    do_send_realm_reactivation_email
+from zerver.models import Client, get_realm, MultiuseInvite
+
+class TestStatsEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
+    def test_stats(self) -> None:
+        self.user = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(self.user.email)
+        result = self.client_get('/stats')
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
+        # Check that we get something back
+        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
+
+    def test_guest_user_cant_access_stats(self) -> None:
+        self.user = self.example_user('polonius')
+        self.login(self.user.email)
+        result = self.client_get('/stats')
+        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)
+
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data')
+        self.assert_json_error(result, "Not allowed for guest users", 400)
+
+    def test_stats_for_realm(self) -> None:
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)
+
+        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/zulip/')
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+
+        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/not_existing_realm/')
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+
+        result = self.client_get('/stats/realm/zulip/')
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
+
+    def test_stats_for_installation(self) -> None:
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)
+
+        result = self.client_get('/stats/installation')
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+
+        result = self.client_get('/stats/installation')
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 200)
+        self.assert_in_response("Zulip analytics for", result)
+
+class TestGetChartData(ZulipTestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        super().setUp()
+        self.realm = get_realm('zulip')
+        self.user = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(self.user.email)
+        self.end_times_hour = [ceiling_to_hour(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(hours=i)
+                               for i in range(4)]
+        self.end_times_day = [ceiling_to_day(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(days=i)
+                              for i in range(4)]
+
+    def data(self, i: int) -> List[int]:
+        return [0, 0, i, 0]
+
+    def insert_data(self, stat: CountStat, realm_subgroups: List[Optional[str]],
+                    user_subgroups: List[str]) -> None:
+        if stat.frequency == CountStat.HOUR:
+            insert_time = self.end_times_hour[2]
+            fill_time = self.end_times_hour[-1]
+        if stat.frequency == CountStat.DAY:
+            insert_time = self.end_times_day[2]
+            fill_time = self.end_times_day[-1]
+
+        RealmCount.objects.bulk_create([
+            RealmCount(property=stat.property, subgroup=subgroup, end_time=insert_time,
+                       value=100+i, realm=self.realm)
+            for i, subgroup in enumerate(realm_subgroups)])
+        UserCount.objects.bulk_create([
+            UserCount(property=stat.property, subgroup=subgroup, end_time=insert_time,
+                      value=200+i, realm=self.realm, user=self.user)
+            for i, subgroup in enumerate(user_subgroups)])
+        FillState.objects.create(property=stat.property, end_time=fill_time, state=FillState.DONE)
+
+    def test_number_of_humans(self) -> None:
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, ['false'], [])
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data, {
+            'msg': '',
+            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
+            'frequency': CountStat.DAY,
+            'everyone': {'_1day': self.data(100), '_15day': self.data(100), 'all_time': self.data(100)},
+            'display_order': None,
+            'result': 'success',
+        })
+
+    def test_messages_sent_over_time(self) -> None:
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:is_bot:hour']
+        self.insert_data(stat, ['true', 'false'], ['false'])
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data, {
+            'msg': '',
+            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_hour],
+            'frequency': CountStat.HOUR,
+            'everyone': {'bot': self.data(100), 'human': self.data(101)},
+            'user': {'bot': self.data(0), 'human': self.data(200)},
+            'display_order': None,
+            'result': 'success',
+        })
+
+    def test_messages_sent_by_message_type(self) -> None:
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:message_type:day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, ['public_stream', 'private_message'],
+                         ['public_stream', 'private_stream'])
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_by_message_type'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data, {
+            'msg': '',
+            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
+            'frequency': CountStat.DAY,
+            'everyone': {'Public streams': self.data(100), 'Private streams': self.data(0),
+                         'Private messages': self.data(101), 'Group private messages': self.data(0)},
+            'user': {'Public streams': self.data(200), 'Private streams': self.data(201),
+                     'Private messages': self.data(0), 'Group private messages': self.data(0)},
+            'display_order': ['Private messages', 'Public streams', 'Private streams', 'Group private messages'],
+            'result': 'success',
+        })
+
+    def test_messages_sent_by_client(self) -> None:
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['messages_sent:client:day']
+        client1 = Client.objects.create(name='client 1')
+        client2 = Client.objects.create(name='client 2')
+        client3 = Client.objects.create(name='client 3')
+        client4 = Client.objects.create(name='client 4')
+        self.insert_data(stat, [client4.id, client3.id, client2.id],
+                         [client3.id, client1.id])
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_by_client'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data, {
+            'msg': '',
+            'end_times': [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day],
+            'frequency': CountStat.DAY,
+            'everyone': {'client 4': self.data(100), 'client 3': self.data(101),
+                         'client 2': self.data(102)},
+            'user': {'client 3': self.data(200), 'client 1': self.data(201)},
+            'display_order': ['client 1', 'client 2', 'client 3', 'client 4'],
+            'result': 'success',
+        })
+
+    def test_include_empty_subgroups(self) -> None:
+        FillState.objects.create(
+            property='realm_active_humans::day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
+            state=FillState.DONE)
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {"_1day": [0], "_15day": [0], "all_time": [0]})
+        self.assertFalse('user' in data)
+
+        FillState.objects.create(
+            property='messages_sent:is_bot:hour', end_time=self.end_times_hour[0],
+            state=FillState.DONE)
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_over_time'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'human': [0], 'bot': [0]})
+        self.assertEqual(data['user'], {'human': [0], 'bot': [0]})
+
+        FillState.objects.create(
+            property='messages_sent:message_type:day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
+            state=FillState.DONE)
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_by_message_type'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {
+            'Public streams': [0], 'Private streams': [0],
+            'Private messages': [0], 'Group private messages': [0]})
+        self.assertEqual(data['user'], {
+            'Public streams': [0], 'Private streams': [0],
+            'Private messages': [0], 'Group private messages': [0]})
+
+        FillState.objects.create(
+            property='messages_sent:client:day', end_time=self.end_times_day[0],
+            state=FillState.DONE)
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'messages_sent_by_client'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {})
+        self.assertEqual(data['user'], {})
+
+    def test_start_and_end(self) -> None:
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, ['false'], [])
+        end_time_timestamps = [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day]
+
+        # valid start and end
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans',
+                                  'start': end_time_timestamps[1],
+                                  'end': end_time_timestamps[2]})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data['end_times'], end_time_timestamps[1:3])
+        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'_1day': [0, 100], '_15day': [0, 100], 'all_time': [0, 100]})
+
+        # start later then end
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans',
+                                  'start': end_time_timestamps[2],
+                                  'end': end_time_timestamps[1]})
+        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'Start time is later than')
+
+    def test_min_length(self) -> None:
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['1day_actives::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['active_users_audit:is_bot:day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, ['false'], [])
+        # test min_length is too short to change anything
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans',
+                                  'min_length': 2})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        self.assertEqual(data['end_times'], [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in self.end_times_day])
+        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'_1day': self.data(100), '_15day': self.data(100), 'all_time': self.data(100)})
+        # test min_length larger than filled data
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans',
+                                  'min_length': 5})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+        data = result.json()
+        end_times = [ceiling_to_day(self.realm.date_created) + timedelta(days=i) for i in range(-1, 4)]
+        self.assertEqual(data['end_times'], [datetime_to_timestamp(dt) for dt in end_times])
+        self.assertEqual(data['everyone'], {'_1day': [0]+self.data(100), '_15day': [0]+self.data(100), 'all_time': [0]+self.data(100)})
+
+    def test_non_existent_chart(self) -> None:
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'does_not_exist'})
+        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'Unknown chart name')
+
+    def test_analytics_not_running(self) -> None:
+        # try to get data for a valid chart, but before we've put anything in the database
+        # (e.g. before update_analytics_counts has been run)
+        with mock.patch('logging.warning'):
+            result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data',
+                                     {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_error_contains(result, 'No analytics data available')
+
+    def test_get_chart_data_for_realm(self) -> None:
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)
+
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip/',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)
+
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/not_existing_realm',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_error(result, 'Invalid organization', 400)
+
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/realm/zulip',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+
+    def test_get_chart_data_for_installation(self) -> None:
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        self.login(user_profile.email)
+
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/installation',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_error(result, "Must be an server administrator", 400)
+
+        user_profile = self.example_user('hamlet')
+        user_profile.is_staff = True
+        user_profile.save(update_fields=['is_staff'])
+        stat = COUNT_STATS['realm_active_humans::day']
+        self.insert_data(stat, [None], [])
+
+        result = self.client_get('/json/analytics/chart_data/installation',
+                                 {'chart_name': 'number_of_humans'})
+        self.assert_json_success(result)
+
+class TestSupportEndpoint(ZulipTestCase):
+    def test_search(self) -> None:
+        def check_hamlet_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
+            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">user</span>\n', '<h3>King Hamlet</h3>',
+                                             '<b>Email</b>: hamlet@zulip.com', '<b>Is active</b>: True<br>',
+                                             '<b>Admins</b>: iago@zulip.com\n',
+                                             'class="copy-button" data-copytext="iago@zulip.com"'
+                                             ], result)
+
+        def check_zulip_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
+            zulip_realm = get_realm("zulip")
+            self.assert_in_success_response(['<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="%s"' % (zulip_realm.id,),
+                                             'Zulip Dev</h3>',
+                                             '<option value="1" selected>Self Hosted</option>',
+                                             '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
+                                             'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
+                                             '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
+                                             '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
+                                             'scrub-realm-button">',
+                                             'data-string-id="zulip"'], result)
+
+        def check_lear_realm_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
+            lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
+            self.assert_in_success_response(['<input type="hidden" name="realm_id" value="%s"' % (lear_realm.id,),
+                                             'Lear &amp; Co.</h3>',
+                                             '<option value="1" selected>Self Hosted</option>',
+                                             '<option value="2" >Limited</option>',
+                                             'input type="number" name="discount" value="None"',
+                                             '<option value="active" selected>Active</option>',
+                                             '<option value="deactivated" >Deactivated</option>',
+                                             'scrub-realm-button">',
+                                             'data-string-id="lear"'], result)
+
+        def check_preregistration_user_query_result(result: HttpResponse, email: str, invite: Optional[bool]=False) -> None:
+            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
+                                             '<b>Email</b>: {}'.format(email),
+                                             ], result)
+            if invite:
+                self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
+                self.assert_in_success_response(['<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3',
+                                                 '<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked'], result)
+                self.assert_in_success_response([], result)
+            else:
+                self.assert_not_in_success_response(['<span class="label">invite</span>'], result)
+                self.assert_in_success_response(['<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day',
+                                                 '<b>Status</b>: Link has never been clicked'], result)
+
+        def check_realm_creation_query_result(result: HttpResponse, email: str) -> None:
+            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">preregistration user</span>\n',
+                                             '<span class="label">realm creation</span>\n',
+                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/accounts/do_confirm/',
+                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day<br>\n'
+                                             ], result)
+
+        def check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
+            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">multiuse invite</span>\n',
+                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/join/',
+                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0week, 3'
+                                             ], result)
+
+        def check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result: HttpResponse) -> None:
+            self.assert_in_success_response(['<span class="label">realm reactivation</span>\n',
+                                             '<b>Link</b>: http://zulip.testserver/reactivate/',
+                                             '<b>Expires in</b>: 1\xa0day'
+                                             ], result)
+
+        cordelia_email = self.example_email("cordelia")
+        self.login(cordelia_email)
+
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
+
+        iago_email = self.example_email("iago")
+        self.login(iago_email)
+
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support")
+        self.assert_in_success_response(['<input type="text" name="q" class="input-xxlarge search-query"'], result)
+
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "hamlet@zulip.com"})
+        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
+        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear"})
+        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://lear.testserver"})
+        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        with self.settings(REALM_HOSTS={'zulip': 'localhost'}):
+            result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "http://localhost"})
+            check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "hamlet@zulip.com, lear"})
+        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
+        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "lear, Hamlet <hamlet@zulip.com>"})
+        check_hamlet_user_query_result(result)
+        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+        check_lear_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        self.client_post('/accounts/home/', {'email': self.nonreg_email("test")})
+        self.login(iago_email)
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test")})
+        check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test"))
+        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        stream_ids = [self.get_stream_id("Denmark")]
+        invitee_emails = [self.nonreg_email("test1")]
+        self.client_post("/json/invites", {"invitee_emails": invitee_emails,
+                         "stream_ids": ujson.dumps(stream_ids), "invite_as": 1})
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": self.nonreg_email("test1")})
+        check_preregistration_user_query_result(result, self.nonreg_email("test1"), invite=True)
+        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+
+        email = self.nonreg_email('alice')
+        self.client_post('/new/', {'email': email})
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": email})
+        check_realm_creation_query_result(result, email)
+
+        do_create_multiuse_invite_link(self.example_user("hamlet"), invited_as=1)
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
+        check_multiuse_invite_link_query_result(result)
+        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+        MultiuseInvite.objects.all().delete()
+
+        do_send_realm_reactivation_email(get_realm("zulip"))
+        result = self.client_get("/activity/support", {"q": "zulip"})
+        check_realm_reactivation_link_query_result(result)
+        check_zulip_realm_query_result(result)
+
+    def test_change_plan_type(self) -> None:
+        cordelia = self.example_user("cordelia")
+        self.login(cordelia.email)
+
+        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (cordelia.realm_id,), "plan_type": "2"})
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
+
+        iago = self.example_user("iago")
+        self.login(iago.email)
+
+        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_change_plan_type") as m:
+            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (iago.realm_id,), "plan_type": "2"})
+            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("zulip"), 2)
+            self.assert_in_success_response(["Plan type of Zulip Dev changed from self hosted to limited"], result)
+
+    def test_attach_discount(self) -> None:
+        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
+        cordelia_email = self.example_email("cordelia")
+        self.login(cordelia_email)
+
+        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,), "discount": "25"})
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
+
+        iago_email = self.example_email("iago")
+        self.login(iago_email)
+
+        with mock.patch("analytics.views.attach_discount_to_realm") as m:
+            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,), "discount": "25"})
+            m.assert_called_once_with(get_realm("lear"), 25)
+            self.assert_in_success_response(["Discount of Lear &amp; Co. changed to 25 from None"], result)
+
+    def test_activate_or_deactivate_realm(self) -> None:
+        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
+        cordelia_email = self.example_email("cordelia")
+        self.login(cordelia_email)
+
+        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,), "status": "deactivated"})
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
+
+        iago_email = self.example_email("iago")
+        self.login(iago_email)
+
+        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_deactivate_realm") as m:
+            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,), "status": "deactivated"})
+            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm, self.example_user("iago"))
+            self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. deactivated"], result)
+
+        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_send_realm_reactivation_email") as m:
+            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,), "status": "active"})
+            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm)
+            self.assert_in_success_response(["Realm reactivation email sent to admins of Lear"], result)
+
+    def test_scrub_realm(self) -> None:
+        lear_realm = get_realm("lear")
+        cordelia_email = self.example_email("cordelia")
+        self.login(cordelia_email)
+
+        result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,), "discount": "25"})
+        self.assertEqual(result.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(result["Location"], "/login/")
+
+        iago_email = self.example_email("iago")
+        self.login(iago_email)
+
+        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_scrub_realm") as m:
+            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,), "scrub_realm": "scrub_realm"})
+            m.assert_called_once_with(lear_realm)
+            self.assert_in_success_response(["Lear &amp; Co. scrubbed"], result)
+
+        with mock.patch("analytics.views.do_scrub_realm") as m:
+            result = self.client_post("/activity/support", {"realm_id": "%s" % (lear_realm.id,)})
+            m.assert_not_called()
+
+class TestGetChartDataHelpers(ZulipTestCase):
+    # last_successful_fill is in analytics/models.py, but get_chart_data is
+    # the only function that uses it at the moment
+    def test_last_successful_fill(self) -> None:
+        self.assertIsNone(last_successful_fill('non-existant'))
+        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 19).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+        one_hour_before = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 18).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+        fillstate = FillState.objects.create(property='property', end_time=a_time,
+                                             state=FillState.DONE)
+        self.assertEqual(last_successful_fill('property'), a_time)
+        fillstate.state = FillState.STARTED
+        fillstate.save()
+        self.assertEqual(last_successful_fill('property'), one_hour_before)
+
+    def test_sort_by_totals(self) -> None:
+        empty = []  # type: List[int]
+        value_arrays = {'c': [0, 1], 'a': [9], 'b': [1, 1, 1], 'd': empty}
+        self.assertEqual(sort_by_totals(value_arrays), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+
+    def test_sort_client_labels(self) -> None:
+        data = {'everyone': {'a': [16], 'c': [15], 'b': [14], 'e': [13], 'd': [12], 'h': [11]},
+                'user': {'a': [6], 'b': [5], 'd': [4], 'e': [3], 'f': [2], 'g': [1]}}
+        self.assertEqual(sort_client_labels(data), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'])
+
+class TestTimeRange(ZulipTestCase):
+    def test_time_range(self) -> None:
+        HOUR = timedelta(hours=1)
+        DAY = timedelta(days=1)
+
+        a_time = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22, 59).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+        floor_hour = datetime(2016, 3, 14, 22).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+        floor_day = datetime(2016, 3, 14).replace(tzinfo=utc)
+
+        # test start == end
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(a_time, a_time, CountStat.HOUR, None), [])
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(a_time, a_time, CountStat.DAY, None), [])
+        # test start == end == boundary, and min_length == 0
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_hour, floor_hour, CountStat.HOUR, 0), [floor_hour])
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_day, floor_day, CountStat.DAY, 0), [floor_day])
+        # test start and end on different boundaries
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_hour, floor_hour+HOUR, CountStat.HOUR, None),
+                         [floor_hour, floor_hour+HOUR])
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_day, floor_day+DAY, CountStat.DAY, None),
+                         [floor_day, floor_day+DAY])
+        # test min_length
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_hour, floor_hour+HOUR, CountStat.HOUR, 4),
+                         [floor_hour-2*HOUR, floor_hour-HOUR, floor_hour, floor_hour+HOUR])
+        self.assertEqual(time_range(floor_day, floor_day+DAY, CountStat.DAY, 4),
+                         [floor_day-2*DAY, floor_day-DAY, floor_day, floor_day+DAY])
+
+class TestMapArrays(ZulipTestCase):
+    def test_map_arrays(self) -> None:
+        a = {'desktop app 1.0': [1, 2, 3],
+             'desktop app 2.0': [10, 12, 13],
+             'desktop app 3.0': [21, 22, 23],
+             'website': [1, 2, 3],
+             'ZulipiOS': [1, 2, 3],
+             'ZulipElectron': [2, 5, 7],
+             'ZulipMobile': [1, 5, 7],
+             'ZulipPython': [1, 2, 3],
+             'API: Python': [1, 2, 3],
+             'SomethingRandom': [4, 5, 6],
+             'ZulipGitHubWebhook': [7, 7, 9],
+             'ZulipAndroid': [64, 63, 65]}
+        result = rewrite_client_arrays(a)
+        self.assertEqual(result,
+                         {'Old desktop app': [32, 36, 39],
+                          'Old iOS app': [1, 2, 3],
+                          'Desktop app': [2, 5, 7],
+                          'Mobile app': [1, 5, 7],
+                          'Website': [1, 2, 3],
+                          'Python API': [2, 4, 6],
+                          'SomethingRandom': [4, 5, 6],
+                          'GitHub webhook': [7, 7, 9],
+                          'Old Android app': [64, 63, 65]})
--- a/analytics/urls.py
+++ b/analytics/urls.py
@@ -1,41 +1,33 @@
-from typing import List, Union
+from django.conf.urls import include, url

-from django.conf.urls import include
-from django.urls import path
-from django.urls.resolvers import URLPattern, URLResolver
+import analytics.views
+from zerver.lib.rest import rest_dispatch

-from analytics.views.installation_activity import get_installation_activity
-from analytics.views.realm_activity import get_realm_activity
-from analytics.views.stats import (
-    get_chart_data,
-    get_chart_data_for_installation,
-    get_chart_data_for_realm,
-    get_chart_data_for_remote_installation,
-    get_chart_data_for_remote_realm,
-    stats,
-    stats_for_installation,
-    stats_for_realm,
-    stats_for_remote_installation,
-    stats_for_remote_realm,
-)
-from analytics.views.support import support
-from analytics.views.user_activity import get_user_activity
-from zerver.lib.rest import rest_path
-
-i18n_urlpatterns: List[Union[URLPattern, URLResolver]] = [
+i18n_urlpatterns = [
    # Server admin (user_profile.is_staff) visible stats pages
-    path("activity", get_installation_activity),
-    path("activity/support", support, name="support"),
-    path("realm_activity/<realm_str>/", get_realm_activity),
-    path("user_activity/<user_profile_id>/", get_user_activity),
-    path("stats/realm/<realm_str>/", stats_for_realm),
-    path("stats/installation", stats_for_installation),
-    path("stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation", stats_for_remote_installation),
-    path(
-        "stats/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>/", stats_for_remote_realm
-    ),
+    url(r'^activity$', analytics.views.get_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_activity'),
+    url(r'^activity/support$', analytics.views.support,
+        name='analytics.views.support'),
+    url(r'^realm_activity/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_realm_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_realm_activity'),
+    url(r'^user_activity/(?P<email>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.get_user_activity,
+        name='analytics.views.get_user_activity'),
+
+    url(r'^stats/realm/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)/$', analytics.views.stats_for_realm,
+        name='analytics.views.stats_for_realm'),
+    url(r'^stats/installation$', analytics.views.stats_for_installation,
+        name='analytics.views.stats_for_installation'),
+    url(r'^stats/remote/(?P<remote_server_id>[\S]+)/installation$',
+        analytics.views.stats_for_remote_installation,
+        name='analytics.views.stats_for_remote_installation'),
+    url(r'^stats/remote/(?P<remote_server_id>[\S]+)/realm/(?P<remote_realm_id>[\S]+)/$',
+        analytics.views.stats_for_remote_realm,
+        name='analytics.views.stats_for_remote_realm'),
+
    # User-visible stats page
-    path("stats", stats, name="stats"),
+    url(r'^stats$', analytics.views.stats,
+        name='analytics.views.stats'),
 ]

 # These endpoints are a part of the API (V1), which uses:
@@ -48,22 +40,22 @@ i18n_urlpatterns: List[Union[URLPattern, URLResolver]] = [
 # All of these paths are accessed by either a /json or /api prefix
 v1_api_and_json_patterns = [
    # get data for the graphs at /stats
-    rest_path("analytics/chart_data", GET=get_chart_data),
-    rest_path("analytics/chart_data/realm/<realm_str>", GET=get_chart_data_for_realm),
-    rest_path("analytics/chart_data/installation", GET=get_chart_data_for_installation),
-    rest_path(
-        "analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/installation",
-        GET=get_chart_data_for_remote_installation,
-    ),
-    rest_path(
-        "analytics/chart_data/remote/<int:remote_server_id>/realm/<int:remote_realm_id>",
-        GET=get_chart_data_for_remote_realm,
-    ),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data/realm/(?P<realm_str>[\S]+)$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_realm'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data/installation$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_installation'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data/remote/(?P<remote_server_id>[\S]+)/installation$', rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_remote_installation'}),
+    url(r'^analytics/chart_data/remote/(?P<remote_server_id>[\S]+)/realm/(?P<remote_realm_id>[\S]+)$',
+        rest_dispatch,
+        {'GET': 'analytics.views.get_chart_data_for_remote_realm'}),
 ]

 i18n_urlpatterns += [
-    path("api/v1/", include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
-    path("json/", include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^api/v1/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
+    url(r'^json/', include(v1_api_and_json_patterns)),
 ]

 urlpatterns = i18n_urlpatterns
--- a/analytics/views.py
+++ b/analytics/views.py
--- a/analytics/views/activity_common.py
+++ b/analytics/views/activity_common.py
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-import re
-from datetime import datetime
-from html import escape
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence
-
-import pytz
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db.backends.utils import CursorWrapper
-from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
-from django.template import loader
-from django.urls import reverse
-from markupsafe import Markup as mark_safe
-
-eastern_tz = pytz.timezone("US/Eastern")
-
-
-if settings.BILLING_ENABLED:
-    pass
-
-
-def make_table(
-    title: str, cols: Sequence[str], rows: Sequence[Any], has_row_class: bool = False
-) -> str:
-
-    if not has_row_class:
-
-        def fix_row(row: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-            return dict(cells=row, row_class=None)
-
-        rows = list(map(fix_row, rows))
-
-    data = dict(title=title, cols=cols, rows=rows)
-
-    content = loader.render_to_string(
-        "analytics/ad_hoc_query.html",
-        dict(data=data),
-    )
-
-    return content
-
-
-def dictfetchall(cursor: CursorWrapper) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-    "Returns all rows from a cursor as a dict"
-    desc = cursor.description
-    return [dict(zip((col[0] for col in desc), row)) for row in cursor.fetchall()]
-
-
-def format_date_for_activity_reports(date: Optional[datetime]) -> str:
-    if date:
-        return date.astimezone(eastern_tz).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M")
-    else:
-        return ""
-
-
-def user_activity_link(email: str, user_profile_id: int) -> mark_safe:
-    from analytics.views.user_activity import get_user_activity
-
-    url = reverse(get_user_activity, kwargs=dict(user_profile_id=user_profile_id))
-    email_link = f'<a href="{escape(url)}">{escape(email)}</a>'
-    return mark_safe(email_link)
-
-
-def realm_activity_link(realm_str: str) -> mark_safe:
-    from analytics.views.realm_activity import get_realm_activity
-
-    url = reverse(get_realm_activity, kwargs=dict(realm_str=realm_str))
-    realm_link = f'<a href="{escape(url)}">{escape(realm_str)}</a>'
-    return mark_safe(realm_link)
-
-
-def realm_stats_link(realm_str: str) -> mark_safe:
-    from analytics.views.stats import stats_for_realm
-
-    url = reverse(stats_for_realm, kwargs=dict(realm_str=realm_str))
-    stats_link = f'<a href="{escape(url)}"><i class="fa fa-pie-chart"></i>{escape(realm_str)}</a>'
-    return mark_safe(stats_link)
-
-
-def remote_installation_stats_link(server_id: int, hostname: str) -> mark_safe:
-    from analytics.views.stats import stats_for_remote_installation
-
-    url = reverse(stats_for_remote_installation, kwargs=dict(remote_server_id=server_id))
-    stats_link = f'<a href="{escape(url)}"><i class="fa fa-pie-chart"></i>{escape(hostname)}</a>'
-    return mark_safe(stats_link)
-
-
-def get_user_activity_summary(records: List[QuerySet]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-    #: The type annotation used above is clearly overly permissive.
-    #: We should perhaps use TypedDict to clearly lay out the schema
-    #: for the user activity summary.
-    summary: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-
-    def update(action: str, record: QuerySet) -> None:
-        if action not in summary:
-            summary[action] = dict(
-                count=record.count,
-                last_visit=record.last_visit,
-            )
-        else:
-            summary[action]["count"] += record.count
-            summary[action]["last_visit"] = max(
-                summary[action]["last_visit"],
-                record.last_visit,
-            )
-
-    if records:
-        summary["name"] = records[0].user_profile.full_name
-        summary["user_profile_id"] = records[0].user_profile.id
-
-    for record in records:
-        client = record.client.name
-        query = str(record.query)
-
-        update("use", record)
-
-        if client == "API":
-            m = re.match("/api/.*/external/(.*)", query)
-            if m:
-                client = m.group(1)
-                update(client, record)
-
-        if client.startswith("desktop"):
-            update("desktop", record)
-        if client == "website":
-            update("website", record)
-        if ("send_message" in query) or re.search("/api/.*/external/.*", query):
-            update("send", record)
-        if query in [
-            "/json/update_pointer",
-            "/json/users/me/pointer",
-            "/api/v1/update_pointer",
-            "update_pointer_backend",
-        ]:
-            update("pointer", record)
-        update(client, record)
-
-    return summary
--- a/analytics/views/installation_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/views/installation_activity.py
@@ -1,622 +0,0 @@
-import itertools
-import time
-from collections import defaultdict
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import connection
-from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
-from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.template import loader
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from markupsafe import Markup as mark_safe
-from psycopg2.sql import SQL, Composable, Literal
-
-from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS
-from analytics.views.activity_common import (
-    dictfetchall,
-    format_date_for_activity_reports,
-    make_table,
-    realm_activity_link,
-    realm_stats_link,
-    remote_installation_stats_link,
-)
-from analytics.views.support import get_plan_name
-from zerver.decorator import require_server_admin
-from zerver.lib.request import has_request_variables
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import timestamp_to_datetime
-from zerver.models import Realm, UserActivityInterval, UserProfile, get_org_type_display_name
-
-if settings.BILLING_ENABLED:
-    from corporate.lib.stripe import (
-        estimate_annual_recurring_revenue_by_realm,
-        get_realms_to_default_discount_dict,
-    )
-
-
-def get_realm_day_counts() -> Dict[str, Dict[str, str]]:
-    query = SQL(
-        """
-        select
-            r.string_id,
-            (now()::date - date_sent::date) age,
-            count(*) cnt
-        from zerver_message m
-        join zerver_userprofile up on up.id = m.sender_id
-        join zerver_realm r on r.id = up.realm_id
-        join zerver_client c on c.id = m.sending_client_id
-        where
-            (not up.is_bot)
-        and
-            date_sent > now()::date - interval '8 day'
-        and
-            c.name not in ('zephyr_mirror', 'ZulipMonitoring')
-        group by
-            r.string_id,
-            age
-        order by
-            r.string_id,
-            age
-    """
-    )
-    cursor = connection.cursor()
-    cursor.execute(query)
-    rows = dictfetchall(cursor)
-    cursor.close()
-
-    counts: Dict[str, Dict[int, int]] = defaultdict(dict)
-    for row in rows:
-        counts[row["string_id"]][row["age"]] = row["cnt"]
-
-    result = {}
-    for string_id in counts:
-        raw_cnts = [counts[string_id].get(age, 0) for age in range(8)]
-        min_cnt = min(raw_cnts[1:])
-        max_cnt = max(raw_cnts[1:])
-
-        def format_count(cnt: int, style: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
-            if style is not None:
-                good_bad = style
-            elif cnt == min_cnt:
-                good_bad = "bad"
-            elif cnt == max_cnt:
-                good_bad = "good"
-            else:
-                good_bad = "neutral"
-
-            return f'<td class="number {good_bad}">{cnt}</td>'
-
-        cnts = format_count(raw_cnts[0], "neutral") + "".join(map(format_count, raw_cnts[1:]))
-        result[string_id] = dict(cnts=cnts)
-
-    return result
-
-
-def realm_summary_table(realm_minutes: Dict[str, float]) -> str:
-    now = timezone_now()
-
-    query = SQL(
-        """
-        SELECT
-            realm.string_id,
-            realm.date_created,
-            realm.plan_type,
-            realm.org_type,
-            coalesce(wau_table.value, 0) wau_count,
-            coalesce(dau_table.value, 0) dau_count,
-            coalesce(user_count_table.value, 0) user_profile_count,
-            coalesce(bot_count_table.value, 0) bot_count
-        FROM
-            zerver_realm as realm
-            LEFT OUTER JOIN (
-                SELECT
-                    value _14day_active_humans,
-                    realm_id
-                from
-                    analytics_realmcount
-                WHERE
-                    property = 'realm_active_humans::day'
-                    AND end_time = %(realm_active_humans_end_time)s
-            ) as _14day_active_humans_table ON realm.id = _14day_active_humans_table.realm_id
-            LEFT OUTER JOIN (
-                SELECT
-                    value,
-                    realm_id
-                from
-                    analytics_realmcount
-                WHERE
-                    property = '7day_actives::day'
-                    AND end_time = %(seven_day_actives_end_time)s
-            ) as wau_table ON realm.id = wau_table.realm_id
-            LEFT OUTER JOIN (
-                SELECT
-                    value,
-                    realm_id
-                from
-                    analytics_realmcount
-                WHERE
-                    property = '1day_actives::day'
-                    AND end_time = %(one_day_actives_end_time)s
-            ) as dau_table ON realm.id = dau_table.realm_id
-            LEFT OUTER JOIN (
-                SELECT
-                    value,
-                    realm_id
-                from
-                    analytics_realmcount
-                WHERE
-                    property = 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day'
-                    AND subgroup = 'false'
-                    AND end_time = %(active_users_audit_end_time)s
-            ) as user_count_table ON realm.id = user_count_table.realm_id
-            LEFT OUTER JOIN (
-                SELECT
-                    value,
-                    realm_id
-                from
-                    analytics_realmcount
-                WHERE
-                    property = 'active_users_audit:is_bot:day'
-                    AND subgroup = 'true'
-                    AND end_time = %(active_users_audit_end_time)s
-            ) as bot_count_table ON realm.id = bot_count_table.realm_id
-        WHERE
-            _14day_active_humans IS NOT NULL
-            or realm.plan_type = 3
-        ORDER BY
-            dau_count DESC,
-            string_id ASC
-    """
-    )
-
-    cursor = connection.cursor()
-    cursor.execute(
-        query,
-        {
-            "realm_active_humans_end_time": COUNT_STATS[
-                "realm_active_humans::day"
-            ].last_successful_fill(),
-            "seven_day_actives_end_time": COUNT_STATS["7day_actives::day"].last_successful_fill(),
-            "one_day_actives_end_time": COUNT_STATS["1day_actives::day"].last_successful_fill(),
-            "active_users_audit_end_time": COUNT_STATS[
-                "active_users_audit:is_bot:day"
-            ].last_successful_fill(),
-        },
-    )
-    rows = dictfetchall(cursor)
-    cursor.close()
-
-    # Fetch all the realm administrator users
-    realm_owners: Dict[str, List[str]] = defaultdict(list)
-    for up in UserProfile.objects.select_related("realm").filter(
-        role=UserProfile.ROLE_REALM_OWNER,
-        is_active=True,
-    ):
-        realm_owners[up.realm.string_id].append(up.delivery_email)
-
-    for row in rows:
-        row["date_created_day"] = row["date_created"].strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
-        row["age_days"] = int((now - row["date_created"]).total_seconds() / 86400)
-        row["is_new"] = row["age_days"] < 12 * 7
-        row["realm_owner_emails"] = ", ".join(realm_owners[row["string_id"]])
-
-    # get messages sent per day
-    counts = get_realm_day_counts()
-    for row in rows:
-        try:
-            row["history"] = counts[row["string_id"]]["cnts"]
-        except Exception:
-            row["history"] = ""
-
-    # estimate annual subscription revenue
-    total_arr = 0
-    if settings.BILLING_ENABLED:
-        estimated_arrs = estimate_annual_recurring_revenue_by_realm()
-        realms_to_default_discount = get_realms_to_default_discount_dict()
-
-        for row in rows:
-            row["plan_type_string"] = get_plan_name(row["plan_type"])
-
-            string_id = row["string_id"]
-
-            if string_id in estimated_arrs:
-                row["arr"] = estimated_arrs[string_id]
-
-            if row["plan_type"] in [Realm.PLAN_TYPE_STANDARD, Realm.PLAN_TYPE_PLUS]:
-                row["effective_rate"] = 100 - int(realms_to_default_discount.get(string_id, 0))
-            elif row["plan_type"] == Realm.PLAN_TYPE_STANDARD_FREE:
-                row["effective_rate"] = 0
-            elif (
-                row["plan_type"] == Realm.PLAN_TYPE_LIMITED
-                and string_id in realms_to_default_discount
-            ):
-                row["effective_rate"] = 100 - int(realms_to_default_discount[string_id])
-            else:
-                row["effective_rate"] = ""
-
-        total_arr += sum(estimated_arrs.values())
-
-    for row in rows:
-        row["org_type_string"] = get_org_type_display_name(row["org_type"])
-
-    # augment data with realm_minutes
-    total_hours = 0.0
-    for row in rows:
-        string_id = row["string_id"]
-        minutes = realm_minutes.get(string_id, 0.0)
-        hours = minutes / 60.0
-        total_hours += hours
-        row["hours"] = str(int(hours))
-        try:
-            row["hours_per_user"] = "{:.1f}".format(hours / row["dau_count"])
-        except Exception:
-            pass
-
-    # formatting
-    for row in rows:
-        row["stats_link"] = realm_stats_link(row["string_id"])
-        row["string_id"] = realm_activity_link(row["string_id"])
-
-    # Count active sites
-    def meets_goal(row: Dict[str, int]) -> bool:
-        return row["dau_count"] >= 5
-
-    num_active_sites = len(list(filter(meets_goal, rows)))
-
-    # create totals
-    total_dau_count = 0
-    total_user_profile_count = 0
-    total_bot_count = 0
-    total_wau_count = 0
-    for row in rows:
-        total_dau_count += int(row["dau_count"])
-        total_user_profile_count += int(row["user_profile_count"])
-        total_bot_count += int(row["bot_count"])
-        total_wau_count += int(row["wau_count"])
-
-    total_row = dict(
-        string_id="Total",
-        plan_type_string="",
-        org_type_string="",
-        effective_rate="",
-        arr=total_arr,
-        stats_link="",
-        date_created_day="",
-        realm_owner_emails="",
-        dau_count=total_dau_count,
-        user_profile_count=total_user_profile_count,
-        bot_count=total_bot_count,
-        hours=int(total_hours),
-        wau_count=total_wau_count,
-    )
-
-    rows.insert(0, total_row)
-
-    content = loader.render_to_string(
-        "analytics/realm_summary_table.html",
-        dict(
-            rows=rows,
-            num_active_sites=num_active_sites,
-            utctime=now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%MZ"),
-            billing_enabled=settings.BILLING_ENABLED,
-        ),
-    )
-    return content
-
-
-def user_activity_intervals() -> Tuple[mark_safe, Dict[str, float]]:
-    day_end = timestamp_to_datetime(time.time())
-    day_start = day_end - timedelta(hours=24)
-
-    output = "Per-user online duration for the last 24 hours:\n"
-    total_duration = timedelta(0)
-
-    all_intervals = (
-        UserActivityInterval.objects.filter(
-            end__gte=day_start,
-            start__lte=day_end,
-        )
-        .select_related(
-            "user_profile",
-            "user_profile__realm",
-        )
-        .only(
-            "start",
-            "end",
-            "user_profile__delivery_email",
-            "user_profile__realm__string_id",
-        )
-        .order_by(
-            "user_profile__realm__string_id",
-            "user_profile__delivery_email",
-        )
-    )
-
-    by_string_id = lambda row: row.user_profile.realm.string_id
-    by_email = lambda row: row.user_profile.delivery_email
-
-    realm_minutes = {}
-
-    for string_id, realm_intervals in itertools.groupby(all_intervals, by_string_id):
-        realm_duration = timedelta(0)
-        output += f"<hr>{string_id}\n"
-        for email, intervals in itertools.groupby(realm_intervals, by_email):
-            duration = timedelta(0)
-            for interval in intervals:
-                start = max(day_start, interval.start)
-                end = min(day_end, interval.end)
-                duration += end - start
-
-            total_duration += duration
-            realm_duration += duration
-            output += f"  {email:<37}{duration}\n"
-
-        realm_minutes[string_id] = realm_duration.total_seconds() / 60
-
-    output += f"\nTotal duration:                      {total_duration}\n"
-    output += f"\nTotal duration in minutes:           {total_duration.total_seconds() / 60.}\n"
-    output += f"Total duration amortized to a month: {total_duration.total_seconds() * 30. / 60.}"
-    content = mark_safe("<pre>" + output + "</pre>")
-    return content, realm_minutes
-
-
-def ad_hoc_queries() -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
-    def get_page(
-        query: Composable, cols: Sequence[str], title: str, totals_columns: Sequence[int] = []
-    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
-        cursor = connection.cursor()
-        cursor.execute(query)
-        rows = cursor.fetchall()
-        rows = list(map(list, rows))
-        cursor.close()
-
-        def fix_rows(
-            i: int, fixup_func: Union[Callable[[str], mark_safe], Callable[[datetime], str]]
-        ) -> None:
-            for row in rows:
-                row[i] = fixup_func(row[i])
-
-        total_row = []
-        for i, col in enumerate(cols):
-            if col == "Realm":
-                fix_rows(i, realm_activity_link)
-            elif col in ["Last time", "Last visit"]:
-                fix_rows(i, format_date_for_activity_reports)
-            elif col == "Hostname":
-                for row in rows:
-                    row[i] = remote_installation_stats_link(row[0], row[i])
-            if len(totals_columns) > 0:
-                if i == 0:
-                    total_row.append("Total")
-                elif i in totals_columns:
-                    total_row.append(str(sum(row[i] for row in rows if row[i] is not None)))
-                else:
-                    total_row.append("")
-        if len(totals_columns) > 0:
-            rows.insert(0, total_row)
-
-        content = make_table(title, cols, rows)
-
-        return dict(
-            content=content,
-            title=title,
-        )
-
-    pages = []
-
-    ###
-
-    for mobile_type in ["Android", "ZulipiOS"]:
-        title = f"{mobile_type} usage"
-
-        query = SQL(
-            """
-            select
-                realm.string_id,
-                up.id user_id,
-                client.name,
-                sum(count) as hits,
-                max(last_visit) as last_time
-            from zerver_useractivity ua
-            join zerver_client client on client.id = ua.client_id
-            join zerver_userprofile up on up.id = ua.user_profile_id
-            join zerver_realm realm on realm.id = up.realm_id
-            where
-                client.name like {mobile_type}
-            group by string_id, up.id, client.name
-            having max(last_visit) > now() - interval '2 week'
-            order by string_id, up.id, client.name
-        """
-        ).format(
-            mobile_type=Literal(mobile_type),
-        )
-
-        cols = [
-            "Realm",
-            "User id",
-            "Name",
-            "Hits",
-            "Last time",
-        ]
-
-        pages.append(get_page(query, cols, title))
-
-    ###
-
-    title = "Desktop users"
-
-    query = SQL(
-        """
-        select
-            realm.string_id,
-            client.name,
-            sum(count) as hits,
-            max(last_visit) as last_time
-        from zerver_useractivity ua
-        join zerver_client client on client.id = ua.client_id
-        join zerver_userprofile up on up.id = ua.user_profile_id
-        join zerver_realm realm on realm.id = up.realm_id
-        where
-            client.name like 'desktop%%'
-        group by string_id, client.name
-        having max(last_visit) > now() - interval '2 week'
-        order by string_id, client.name
-    """
-    )
-
-    cols = [
-        "Realm",
-        "Client",
-        "Hits",
-        "Last time",
-    ]
-
-    pages.append(get_page(query, cols, title))
-
-    ###
-
-    title = "Integrations by realm"
-
-    query = SQL(
-        """
-        select
-            realm.string_id,
-            case
-                when query like '%%external%%' then split_part(query, '/', 5)
-                else client.name
-            end client_name,
-            sum(count) as hits,
-            max(last_visit) as last_time
-        from zerver_useractivity ua
-        join zerver_client client on client.id = ua.client_id
-        join zerver_userprofile up on up.id = ua.user_profile_id
-        join zerver_realm realm on realm.id = up.realm_id
-        where
-            (query in ('send_message_backend', '/api/v1/send_message')
-            and client.name not in ('Android', 'ZulipiOS')
-            and client.name not like 'test: Zulip%%'
-            )
-        or
-            query like '%%external%%'
-        group by string_id, client_name
-        having max(last_visit) > now() - interval '2 week'
-        order by string_id, client_name
-    """
-    )
-
-    cols = [
-        "Realm",
-        "Client",
-        "Hits",
-        "Last time",
-    ]
-
-    pages.append(get_page(query, cols, title))
-
-    ###
-
-    title = "Integrations by client"
-
-    query = SQL(
-        """
-        select
-            case
-                when query like '%%external%%' then split_part(query, '/', 5)
-                else client.name
-            end client_name,
-            realm.string_id,
-            sum(count) as hits,
-            max(last_visit) as last_time
-        from zerver_useractivity ua
-        join zerver_client client on client.id = ua.client_id
-        join zerver_userprofile up on up.id = ua.user_profile_id
-        join zerver_realm realm on realm.id = up.realm_id
-        where
-            (query in ('send_message_backend', '/api/v1/send_message')
-            and client.name not in ('Android', 'ZulipiOS')
-            and client.name not like 'test: Zulip%%'
-            )
-        or
-            query like '%%external%%'
-        group by client_name, string_id
-        having max(last_visit) > now() - interval '2 week'
-        order by client_name, string_id
-    """
-    )
-
-    cols = [
-        "Client",
-        "Realm",
-        "Hits",
-        "Last time",
-    ]
-
-    pages.append(get_page(query, cols, title))
-
-    title = "Remote Zulip servers"
-
-    query = SQL(
-        """
-        with icount as (
-            select
-                server_id,
-                max(value) as max_value,
-                max(end_time) as max_end_time
-            from zilencer_remoteinstallationcount
-            where
-                property='active_users:is_bot:day'
-                and subgroup='false'
-            group by server_id
-            ),
-        remote_push_devices as (
-            select server_id, count(distinct(user_id)) as push_user_count from zilencer_remotepushdevicetoken
-            group by server_id
-        )
-        select
-            rserver.id,
-            rserver.hostname,
-            rserver.contact_email,
-            max_value,
-            push_user_count,
-            max_end_time
-        from zilencer_remotezulipserver rserver
-        left join icount on icount.server_id = rserver.id
-        left join remote_push_devices on remote_push_devices.server_id = rserver.id
-        order by max_value DESC NULLS LAST, push_user_count DESC NULLS LAST
-    """
-    )
-
-    cols = [
-        "ID",
-        "Hostname",
-        "Contact email",
-        "Analytics users",
-        "Mobile users",
-        "Last update time",
-    ]
-
-    pages.append(get_page(query, cols, title, totals_columns=[3, 4]))
-
-    return pages
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-@has_request_variables
-def get_installation_activity(request: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
-    duration_content, realm_minutes = user_activity_intervals()
-    counts_content: str = realm_summary_table(realm_minutes)
-    data = [
-        ("Counts", counts_content),
-        ("Durations", duration_content),
-    ]
-    for page in ad_hoc_queries():
-        data.append((page["title"], page["content"]))
-
-    title = "Activity"
-
-    return render(
-        request,
-        "analytics/activity.html",
-        context=dict(data=data, title=title, is_home=True),
-    )
--- a/analytics/views/realm_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/views/realm_activity.py
@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
-import itertools
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
-
-from django.db import connection
-from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
-from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotFound
-from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from psycopg2.sql import SQL
-
-from analytics.views.activity_common import (
-    format_date_for_activity_reports,
-    get_user_activity_summary,
-    make_table,
-    user_activity_link,
-)
-from zerver.decorator import require_server_admin
-from zerver.models import Realm, UserActivity
-
-
-def get_user_activity_records_for_realm(realm: str, is_bot: bool) -> QuerySet:
-    fields = [
-        "user_profile__full_name",
-        "user_profile__delivery_email",
-        "query",
-        "client__name",
-        "count",
-        "last_visit",
-    ]
-
-    records = UserActivity.objects.filter(
-        user_profile__realm__string_id=realm,
-        user_profile__is_active=True,
-        user_profile__is_bot=is_bot,
-    )
-    records = records.order_by("user_profile__delivery_email", "-last_visit")
-    records = records.select_related("user_profile", "client").only(*fields)
-    return records
-
-
-def realm_user_summary_table(
-    all_records: List[QuerySet], admin_emails: Set[str]
-) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], str]:
-    user_records = {}
-
-    def by_email(record: QuerySet) -> str:
-        return record.user_profile.delivery_email
-
-    for email, records in itertools.groupby(all_records, by_email):
-        user_records[email] = get_user_activity_summary(list(records))
-
-    def get_last_visit(user_summary: Dict[str, Dict[str, datetime]], k: str) -> Optional[datetime]:
-        if k in user_summary:
-            return user_summary[k]["last_visit"]
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    def get_count(user_summary: Dict[str, Dict[str, str]], k: str) -> str:
-        if k in user_summary:
-            return user_summary[k]["count"]
-        else:
-            return ""
-
-    def is_recent(val: datetime) -> bool:
-        age = timezone_now() - val
-        return age.total_seconds() < 5 * 60
-
-    rows = []
-    for email, user_summary in user_records.items():
-        email_link = user_activity_link(email, user_summary["user_profile_id"])
-        sent_count = get_count(user_summary, "send")
-        cells = [user_summary["name"], email_link, sent_count]
-        row_class = ""
-        for field in ["use", "send", "pointer", "desktop", "ZulipiOS", "Android"]:
-            visit = get_last_visit(user_summary, field)
-            if field == "use":
-                if visit and is_recent(visit):
-                    row_class += " recently_active"
-                if email in admin_emails:
-                    row_class += " admin"
-            val = format_date_for_activity_reports(visit)
-            cells.append(val)
-        row = dict(cells=cells, row_class=row_class)
-        rows.append(row)
-
-    def by_used_time(row: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
-        return row["cells"][3]
-
-    rows = sorted(rows, key=by_used_time, reverse=True)
-
-    cols = [
-        "Name",
-        "Email",
-        "Total sent",
-        "Heard from",
-        "Message sent",
-        "Pointer motion",
-        "Desktop",
-        "ZulipiOS",
-        "Android",
-    ]
-
-    title = "Summary"
-
-    content = make_table(title, cols, rows, has_row_class=True)
-    return user_records, content
-
-
-def realm_client_table(user_summaries: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]) -> str:
-    exclude_keys = [
-        "internal",
-        "name",
-        "user_profile_id",
-        "use",
-        "send",
-        "pointer",
-        "website",
-        "desktop",
-    ]
-
-    rows = []
-    for email, user_summary in user_summaries.items():
-        email_link = user_activity_link(email, user_summary["user_profile_id"])
-        name = user_summary["name"]
-        for k, v in user_summary.items():
-            if k in exclude_keys:
-                continue
-            client = k
-            count = v["count"]
-            last_visit = v["last_visit"]
-            row = [
-                format_date_for_activity_reports(last_visit),
-                client,
-                name,
-                email_link,
-                count,
-            ]
-            rows.append(row)
-
-    rows = sorted(rows, key=lambda r: r[0], reverse=True)
-
-    cols = [
-        "Last visit",
-        "Client",
-        "Name",
-        "Email",
-        "Count",
-    ]
-
-    title = "Clients"
-
-    return make_table(title, cols, rows)
-
-
-def sent_messages_report(realm: str) -> str:
-    title = "Recently sent messages for " + realm
-
-    cols = [
-        "Date",
-        "Humans",
-        "Bots",
-    ]
-
-    query = SQL(
-        """
-        select
-            series.day::date,
-            humans.cnt,
-            bots.cnt
-        from (
-            select generate_series(
-                (now()::date - interval '2 week'),
-                now()::date,
-                interval '1 day'
-            ) as day
-        ) as series
-        left join (
-            select
-                date_sent::date date_sent,
-                count(*) cnt
-            from zerver_message m
-            join zerver_userprofile up on up.id = m.sender_id
-            join zerver_realm r on r.id = up.realm_id
-            where
-                r.string_id = %s
-            and
-                (not up.is_bot)
-            and
-                date_sent > now() - interval '2 week'
-            group by
-                date_sent::date
-            order by
-                date_sent::date
-        ) humans on
-            series.day = humans.date_sent
-        left join (
-            select
-                date_sent::date date_sent,
-                count(*) cnt
-            from zerver_message m
-            join zerver_userprofile up on up.id = m.sender_id
-            join zerver_realm r on r.id = up.realm_id
-            where
-                r.string_id = %s
-            and
-                up.is_bot
-            and
-                date_sent > now() - interval '2 week'
-            group by
-                date_sent::date
-            order by
-                date_sent::date
-        ) bots on
-            series.day = bots.date_sent
-    """
-    )
-    cursor = connection.cursor()
-    cursor.execute(query, [realm, realm])
-    rows = cursor.fetchall()
-    cursor.close()
-
-    return make_table(title, cols, rows)
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-def get_realm_activity(request: HttpRequest, realm_str: str) -> HttpResponse:
-    data: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
-    all_user_records: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-
-    try:
-        admins = Realm.objects.get(string_id=realm_str).get_human_admin_users()
-    except Realm.DoesNotExist:
-        return HttpResponseNotFound()
-
-    admin_emails = {admin.delivery_email for admin in admins}
-
-    for is_bot, page_title in [(False, "Humans"), (True, "Bots")]:
-        all_records = list(get_user_activity_records_for_realm(realm_str, is_bot))
-
-        user_records, content = realm_user_summary_table(all_records, admin_emails)
-        all_user_records.update(user_records)
-
-        data += [(page_title, content)]
-
-    page_title = "Clients"
-    content = realm_client_table(all_user_records)
-    data += [(page_title, content)]
-
-    page_title = "History"
-    content = sent_messages_report(realm_str)
-    data += [(page_title, content)]
-
-    title = realm_str
-    return render(
-        request,
-        "analytics/activity.html",
-        context=dict(data=data, realm_link=None, title=title),
-    )
--- a/analytics/views/stats.py
+++ b/analytics/views/stats.py
@@ -1,514 +0,0 @@
-import logging
-from collections import defaultdict
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union, cast
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
-from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotFound
-from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.utils import translation
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
-
-from analytics.lib.counts import COUNT_STATS, CountStat
-from analytics.lib.time_utils import time_range
-from analytics.models import (
-    BaseCount,
-    InstallationCount,
-    RealmCount,
-    StreamCount,
-    UserCount,
-    installation_epoch,
-)
-from zerver.decorator import (
-    require_non_guest_user,
-    require_server_admin,
-    require_server_admin_api,
-    to_utc_datetime,
-    zulip_login_required,
-)
-from zerver.lib.exceptions import JsonableError
-from zerver.lib.i18n import get_and_set_request_language, get_language_translation_data
-from zerver.lib.request import REQ, has_request_variables
-from zerver.lib.response import json_success
-from zerver.lib.timestamp import convert_to_UTC
-from zerver.lib.validator import to_non_negative_int
-from zerver.models import Client, Realm, UserProfile, get_realm
-
-if settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED:
-    from zilencer.models import RemoteInstallationCount, RemoteRealmCount, RemoteZulipServer
-
-MAX_TIME_FOR_FULL_ANALYTICS_GENERATION = timedelta(days=1, minutes=30)
-
-
-def is_analytics_ready(realm: Realm) -> bool:
-    return (timezone_now() - realm.date_created) > MAX_TIME_FOR_FULL_ANALYTICS_GENERATION
-
-
-def render_stats(
-    request: HttpRequest,
-    data_url_suffix: str,
-    target_name: str,
-    for_installation: bool = False,
-    remote: bool = False,
-    analytics_ready: bool = True,
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    assert request.user.is_authenticated
-    page_params = dict(
-        data_url_suffix=data_url_suffix,
-        for_installation=for_installation,
-        remote=remote,
-    )
-
-    request_language = get_and_set_request_language(
-        request,
-        request.user.default_language,
-        translation.get_language_from_path(request.path_info),
-    )
-
-    page_params["translation_data"] = get_language_translation_data(request_language)
-
-    return render(
-        request,
-        "analytics/stats.html",
-        context=dict(
-            target_name=target_name, page_params=page_params, analytics_ready=analytics_ready
-        ),
-    )
-
-
-@zulip_login_required
-def stats(request: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
-    assert request.user.is_authenticated
-    realm = request.user.realm
-    if request.user.is_guest:
-        # TODO: Make @zulip_login_required pass the UserProfile so we
-        # can use @require_member_or_admin
-        raise JsonableError(_("Not allowed for guest users"))
-    return render_stats(
-        request, "", realm.name or realm.string_id, analytics_ready=is_analytics_ready(realm)
-    )
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-@has_request_variables
-def stats_for_realm(request: HttpRequest, realm_str: str) -> HttpResponse:
-    try:
-        realm = get_realm(realm_str)
-    except Realm.DoesNotExist:
-        return HttpResponseNotFound()
-
-    return render_stats(
-        request,
-        f"/realm/{realm_str}",
-        realm.name or realm.string_id,
-        analytics_ready=is_analytics_ready(realm),
-    )
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-@has_request_variables
-def stats_for_remote_realm(
-    request: HttpRequest, remote_server_id: int, remote_realm_id: int
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    assert settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED
-    server = RemoteZulipServer.objects.get(id=remote_server_id)
-    return render_stats(
-        request,
-        f"/remote/{server.id}/realm/{remote_realm_id}",
-        f"Realm {remote_realm_id} on server {server.hostname}",
-    )
-
-
-@require_server_admin_api
-@has_request_variables
-def get_chart_data_for_realm(
-    request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile, realm_str: str, **kwargs: Any
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    try:
-        realm = get_realm(realm_str)
-    except Realm.DoesNotExist:
-        raise JsonableError(_("Invalid organization"))
-
-    return get_chart_data(request=request, user_profile=user_profile, realm=realm, **kwargs)
-
-
-@require_server_admin_api
-@has_request_variables
-def get_chart_data_for_remote_realm(
-    request: HttpRequest,
-    user_profile: UserProfile,
-    remote_server_id: int,
-    remote_realm_id: int,
-    **kwargs: Any,
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    assert settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED
-    server = RemoteZulipServer.objects.get(id=remote_server_id)
-    return get_chart_data(
-        request=request,
-        user_profile=user_profile,
-        server=server,
-        remote=True,
-        remote_realm_id=int(remote_realm_id),
-        **kwargs,
-    )
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-def stats_for_installation(request: HttpRequest) -> HttpResponse:
-    return render_stats(request, "/installation", "installation", True)
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-def stats_for_remote_installation(request: HttpRequest, remote_server_id: int) -> HttpResponse:
-    assert settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED
-    server = RemoteZulipServer.objects.get(id=remote_server_id)
-    return render_stats(
-        request,
-        f"/remote/{server.id}/installation",
-        f"remote installation {server.hostname}",
-        True,
-        True,
-    )
-
-
-@require_server_admin_api
-@has_request_variables
-def get_chart_data_for_installation(
-    request: HttpRequest, user_profile: UserProfile, chart_name: str = REQ(), **kwargs: Any
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    return get_chart_data(
-        request=request, user_profile=user_profile, for_installation=True, **kwargs
-    )
-
-
-@require_server_admin_api
-@has_request_variables
-def get_chart_data_for_remote_installation(
-    request: HttpRequest,
-    user_profile: UserProfile,
-    remote_server_id: int,
-    chart_name: str = REQ(),
-    **kwargs: Any,
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    assert settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED
-    server = RemoteZulipServer.objects.get(id=remote_server_id)
-    return get_chart_data(
-        request=request,
-        user_profile=user_profile,
-        for_installation=True,
-        remote=True,
-        server=server,
-        **kwargs,
-    )
-
-
-@require_non_guest_user
-@has_request_variables
-def get_chart_data(
-    request: HttpRequest,
-    user_profile: UserProfile,
-    chart_name: str = REQ(),
-    min_length: Optional[int] = REQ(converter=to_non_negative_int, default=None),
-    start: Optional[datetime] = REQ(converter=to_utc_datetime, default=None),
-    end: Optional[datetime] = REQ(converter=to_utc_datetime, default=None),
-    realm: Optional[Realm] = None,
-    for_installation: bool = False,
-    remote: bool = False,
-    remote_realm_id: Optional[int] = None,
-    server: Optional["RemoteZulipServer"] = None,
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    TableType = Union[
-        Type["RemoteInstallationCount"],
-        Type[InstallationCount],
-        Type["RemoteRealmCount"],
-        Type[RealmCount],
-    ]
-    if for_installation:
-        if remote:
-            assert settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED
-            aggregate_table: TableType = RemoteInstallationCount
-            assert server is not None
-        else:
-            aggregate_table = InstallationCount
-    else:
-        if remote:
-            assert settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED
-            aggregate_table = RemoteRealmCount
-            assert server is not None
-            assert remote_realm_id is not None
-        else:
-            aggregate_table = RealmCount
-
-    tables: Union[Tuple[TableType], Tuple[TableType, Type[UserCount]]]
-
-    if chart_name == "number_of_humans":
-        stats = [
-            COUNT_STATS["1day_actives::day"],
-            COUNT_STATS["realm_active_humans::day"],
-            COUNT_STATS["active_users_audit:is_bot:day"],
-        ]
-        tables = (aggregate_table,)
-        subgroup_to_label: Dict[CountStat, Dict[Optional[str], str]] = {
-            stats[0]: {None: "_1day"},
-            stats[1]: {None: "_15day"},
-            stats[2]: {"false": "all_time"},
-        }
-        labels_sort_function = None
-        include_empty_subgroups = True
-    elif chart_name == "messages_sent_over_time":
-        stats = [COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:is_bot:hour"]]
-        tables = (aggregate_table, UserCount)
-        subgroup_to_label = {stats[0]: {"false": "human", "true": "bot"}}
-        labels_sort_function = None
-        include_empty_subgroups = True
-    elif chart_name == "messages_sent_by_message_type":
-        stats = [COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:message_type:day"]]
-        tables = (aggregate_table, UserCount)
-        subgroup_to_label = {
-            stats[0]: {
-                "public_stream": _("Public streams"),
-                "private_stream": _("Private streams"),
-                "private_message": _("Private messages"),
-                "huddle_message": _("Group private messages"),
-            }
-        }
-        labels_sort_function = lambda data: sort_by_totals(data["everyone"])
-        include_empty_subgroups = True
-    elif chart_name == "messages_sent_by_client":
-        stats = [COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:client:day"]]
-        tables = (aggregate_table, UserCount)
-        # Note that the labels are further re-written by client_label_map
-        subgroup_to_label = {
-            stats[0]: {str(id): name for id, name in Client.objects.values_list("id", "name")}
-        }
-        labels_sort_function = sort_client_labels
-        include_empty_subgroups = False
-    elif chart_name == "messages_read_over_time":
-        stats = [COUNT_STATS["messages_read::hour"]]
-        tables = (aggregate_table, UserCount)
-        subgroup_to_label = {stats[0]: {None: "read"}}
-        labels_sort_function = None
-        include_empty_subgroups = True
-    else:
-        raise JsonableError(_("Unknown chart name: {}").format(chart_name))
-
-    # Most likely someone using our API endpoint. The /stats page does not
-    # pass a start or end in its requests.
-    if start is not None:
-        start = convert_to_UTC(start)
-    if end is not None:
-        end = convert_to_UTC(end)
-    if start is not None and end is not None and start > end:
-        raise JsonableError(
-            _("Start time is later than end time. Start: {start}, End: {end}").format(
-                start=start,
-                end=end,
-            )
-        )
-
-    if realm is None:
-        # Note that this value is invalid for Remote tables; be
-        # careful not to access it in those code paths.
-        realm = user_profile.realm
-
-    if remote:
-        # For remote servers, we don't have fillstate data, and thus
-        # should simply use the first and last data points for the
-        # table.
-        assert server is not None
-        assert aggregate_table is RemoteInstallationCount or aggregate_table is RemoteRealmCount
-        aggregate_table_remote = cast(
-            Union[Type[RemoteInstallationCount], Type[RemoteRealmCount]], aggregate_table
-        )  # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68540528/mypy-assertions-on-the-types-of-types
-        if not aggregate_table_remote.objects.filter(server=server).exists():
-            raise JsonableError(
-                _("No analytics data available. Please contact your server administrator.")
-            )
-        if start is None:
-            first = aggregate_table_remote.objects.filter(server=server).first()
-            assert first is not None
-            start = first.end_time
-        if end is None:
-            last = aggregate_table_remote.objects.filter(server=server).last()
-            assert last is not None
-            end = last.end_time
-    else:
-        # Otherwise, we can use tables on the current server to
-        # determine a nice range, and some additional validation.
-        if start is None:
-            if for_installation:
-                start = installation_epoch()
-            else:
-                start = realm.date_created
-        if end is None:
-            end = max(
-                stat.last_successful_fill() or datetime.min.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-                for stat in stats
-            )
-
-        if start > end and (timezone_now() - start > MAX_TIME_FOR_FULL_ANALYTICS_GENERATION):
-            logging.warning(
-                "User from realm %s attempted to access /stats, but the computed "
-                "start time: %s (creation of realm or installation) is later than the computed "
-                "end time: %s (last successful analytics update). Is the "
-                "analytics cron job running?",
-                realm.string_id,
-                start,
-                end,
-            )
-            raise JsonableError(
-                _("No analytics data available. Please contact your server administrator.")
-            )
-
-    assert len({stat.frequency for stat in stats}) == 1
-    end_times = time_range(start, end, stats[0].frequency, min_length)
-    data: Dict[str, Any] = {
-        "end_times": [int(end_time.timestamp()) for end_time in end_times],
-        "frequency": stats[0].frequency,
-    }
-
-    aggregation_level = {
-        InstallationCount: "everyone",
-        RealmCount: "everyone",
-        UserCount: "user",
-    }
-    if settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED:
-        aggregation_level[RemoteInstallationCount] = "everyone"
-        aggregation_level[RemoteRealmCount] = "everyone"
-
-    # -1 is a placeholder value, since there is no relevant filtering on InstallationCount
-    id_value = {
-        InstallationCount: -1,
-        RealmCount: realm.id,
-        UserCount: user_profile.id,
-    }
-    if settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED:
-        if server is not None:
-            id_value[RemoteInstallationCount] = server.id
-        # TODO: RemoteRealmCount logic doesn't correctly handle
-        # filtering by server_id as well.
-        if remote_realm_id is not None:
-            id_value[RemoteRealmCount] = remote_realm_id
-
-    for table in tables:
-        data[aggregation_level[table]] = {}
-        for stat in stats:
-            data[aggregation_level[table]].update(
-                get_time_series_by_subgroup(
-                    stat,
-                    table,
-                    id_value[table],
-                    end_times,
-                    subgroup_to_label[stat],
-                    include_empty_subgroups,
-                )
-            )
-
-    if labels_sort_function is not None:
-        data["display_order"] = labels_sort_function(data)
-    else:
-        data["display_order"] = None
-    return json_success(request, data=data)
-
-
-def sort_by_totals(value_arrays: Dict[str, List[int]]) -> List[str]:
-    totals = [(sum(values), label) for label, values in value_arrays.items()]
-    totals.sort(reverse=True)
-    return [label for total, label in totals]
-
-
-# For any given user, we want to show a fixed set of clients in the chart,
-# regardless of the time aggregation or whether we're looking at realm or
-# user data. This fixed set ideally includes the clients most important in
-# understanding the realm's traffic and the user's traffic. This function
-# tries to rank the clients so that taking the first N elements of the
-# sorted list has a reasonable chance of doing so.
-def sort_client_labels(data: Dict[str, Dict[str, List[int]]]) -> List[str]:
-    realm_order = sort_by_totals(data["everyone"])
-    user_order = sort_by_totals(data["user"])
-    label_sort_values: Dict[str, float] = {}
-    for i, label in enumerate(realm_order):
-        label_sort_values[label] = i
-    for i, label in enumerate(user_order):
-        label_sort_values[label] = min(i - 0.1, label_sort_values.get(label, i))
-    return [label for label, sort_value in sorted(label_sort_values.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])]
-
-
-def table_filtered_to_id(table: Type[BaseCount], key_id: int) -> QuerySet:
-    if table == RealmCount:
-        return RealmCount.objects.filter(realm_id=key_id)
-    elif table == UserCount:
-        return UserCount.objects.filter(user_id=key_id)
-    elif table == StreamCount:
-        return StreamCount.objects.filter(stream_id=key_id)
-    elif table == InstallationCount:
-        return InstallationCount.objects.all()
-    elif settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED and table == RemoteInstallationCount:
-        return RemoteInstallationCount.objects.filter(server_id=key_id)
-    elif settings.ZILENCER_ENABLED and table == RemoteRealmCount:
-        return RemoteRealmCount.objects.filter(realm_id=key_id)
-    else:
-        raise AssertionError(f"Unknown table: {table}")
-
-
-def client_label_map(name: str) -> str:
-    if name == "website":
-        return "Website"
-    if name.startswith("desktop app"):
-        return "Old desktop app"
-    if name == "ZulipElectron":
-        return "Desktop app"
-    if name == "ZulipAndroid":
-        return "Old Android app"
-    if name == "ZulipiOS":
-        return "Old iOS app"
-    if name == "ZulipMobile":
-        return "Mobile app"
-    if name in ["ZulipPython", "API: Python"]:
-        return "Python API"
-    if name.startswith("Zulip") and name.endswith("Webhook"):
-        return name[len("Zulip") : -len("Webhook")] + " webhook"
-    return name
-
-
-def rewrite_client_arrays(value_arrays: Dict[str, List[int]]) -> Dict[str, List[int]]:
-    mapped_arrays: Dict[str, List[int]] = {}
-    for label, array in value_arrays.items():
-        mapped_label = client_label_map(label)
-        if mapped_label in mapped_arrays:
-            for i in range(0, len(array)):
-                mapped_arrays[mapped_label][i] += value_arrays[label][i]
-        else:
-            mapped_arrays[mapped_label] = [value_arrays[label][i] for i in range(0, len(array))]
-    return mapped_arrays
-
-
-def get_time_series_by_subgroup(
-    stat: CountStat,
-    table: Type[BaseCount],
-    key_id: int,
-    end_times: List[datetime],
-    subgroup_to_label: Dict[Optional[str], str],
-    include_empty_subgroups: bool,
-) -> Dict[str, List[int]]:
-    queryset = (
-        table_filtered_to_id(table, key_id)
-        .filter(property=stat.property)
-        .values_list("subgroup", "end_time", "value")
-    )
-    value_dicts: Dict[Optional[str], Dict[datetime, int]] = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(int))
-    for subgroup, end_time, value in queryset:
-        value_dicts[subgroup][end_time] = value
-    value_arrays = {}
-    for subgroup, label in subgroup_to_label.items():
-        if (subgroup in value_dicts) or include_empty_subgroups:
-            value_arrays[label] = [value_dicts[subgroup][end_time] for end_time in end_times]
-
-    if stat == COUNT_STATS["messages_sent:client:day"]:
-        # HACK: We rewrite these arrays to collapse the Client objects
-        # with similar names into a single sum, and generally give
-        # them better names
-        return rewrite_client_arrays(value_arrays)
-    return value_arrays
--- a/analytics/views/support.py
+++ b/analytics/views/support.py
@@ -1,343 +0,0 @@
-import urllib
-from datetime import timedelta
-from decimal import Decimal
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
-from urllib.parse import urlencode
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
-from django.core.validators import URLValidator
-from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
-from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.urls import reverse
-from django.utils.timesince import timesince
-from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
-
-from confirmation.models import Confirmation, confirmation_url
-from confirmation.settings import STATUS_ACTIVE
-from zerver.decorator import require_server_admin
-from zerver.forms import check_subdomain_available
-from zerver.lib.actions import (
-    do_change_realm_org_type,
-    do_change_realm_plan_type,
-    do_change_realm_subdomain,
-    do_deactivate_realm,
-    do_scrub_realm,
-    do_send_realm_reactivation_email,
-)
-from zerver.lib.exceptions import JsonableError
-from zerver.lib.realm_icon import realm_icon_url
-from zerver.lib.request import REQ, has_request_variables
-from zerver.lib.subdomains import get_subdomain_from_hostname
-from zerver.lib.validator import check_bool, check_string_in, to_decimal, to_non_negative_int
-from zerver.models import (
-    MultiuseInvite,
-    PreregistrationUser,
-    Realm,
-    UserProfile,
-    get_org_type_display_name,
-    get_realm,
-)
-from zerver.views.invite import get_invitee_emails_set
-
-if settings.BILLING_ENABLED:
-    from corporate.lib.stripe import approve_sponsorship as do_approve_sponsorship
-    from corporate.lib.stripe import (
-        attach_discount_to_realm,
-        downgrade_at_the_end_of_billing_cycle,
-        downgrade_now_without_creating_additional_invoices,
-        get_discount_for_realm,
-        get_latest_seat_count,
-        make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed,
-        update_billing_method_of_current_plan,
-        update_sponsorship_status,
-        void_all_open_invoices,
-    )
-    from corporate.models import get_current_plan_by_realm, get_customer_by_realm
-
-
-def get_plan_name(plan_type: int) -> str:
-    return {
-        Realm.PLAN_TYPE_SELF_HOSTED: "self-hosted",
-        Realm.PLAN_TYPE_LIMITED: "limited",
-        Realm.PLAN_TYPE_STANDARD: "standard",
-        Realm.PLAN_TYPE_STANDARD_FREE: "open source",
-        Realm.PLAN_TYPE_PLUS: "plus",
-    }[plan_type]
-
-
-def get_confirmations(
-    types: List[int], object_ids: List[int], hostname: Optional[str] = None
-) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-    lowest_datetime = timezone_now() - timedelta(days=30)
-    confirmations = Confirmation.objects.filter(
-        type__in=types, object_id__in=object_ids, date_sent__gte=lowest_datetime
-    )
-    confirmation_dicts = []
-    for confirmation in confirmations:
-        realm = confirmation.realm
-        content_object = confirmation.content_object
-
-        type = confirmation.type
-        expiry_date = confirmation.expiry_date
-
-        assert content_object is not None
-        if hasattr(content_object, "status"):
-            if content_object.status == STATUS_ACTIVE:
-                link_status = "Link has been clicked"
-            else:
-                link_status = "Link has never been clicked"
-        else:
-            link_status = ""
-
-        now = timezone_now()
-        if expiry_date is None:
-            expires_in = "Never"
-        elif now < expiry_date:
-            expires_in = timesince(now, expiry_date)
-        else:
-            expires_in = "Expired"
-
-        url = confirmation_url(confirmation.confirmation_key, realm, type)
-        confirmation_dicts.append(
-            {
-                "object": confirmation.content_object,
-                "url": url,
-                "type": type,
-                "link_status": link_status,
-                "expires_in": expires_in,
-            }
-        )
-    return confirmation_dicts
-
-
-VALID_DOWNGRADE_METHODS = [
-    "downgrade_at_billing_cycle_end",
-    "downgrade_now_without_additional_licenses",
-    "downgrade_now_void_open_invoices",
-]
-
-VALID_STATUS_VALUES = [
-    "active",
-    "deactivated",
-]
-
-VALID_BILLING_METHODS = [
-    "send_invoice",
-    "charge_automatically",
-]
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-@has_request_variables
-def support(
-    request: HttpRequest,
-    realm_id: Optional[int] = REQ(default=None, converter=to_non_negative_int),
-    plan_type: Optional[int] = REQ(default=None, converter=to_non_negative_int),
-    discount: Optional[Decimal] = REQ(default=None, converter=to_decimal),
-    new_subdomain: Optional[str] = REQ(default=None),
-    status: Optional[str] = REQ(default=None, str_validator=check_string_in(VALID_STATUS_VALUES)),
-    billing_method: Optional[str] = REQ(
-        default=None, str_validator=check_string_in(VALID_BILLING_METHODS)
-    ),
-    sponsorship_pending: Optional[bool] = REQ(default=None, json_validator=check_bool),
-    approve_sponsorship: Optional[bool] = REQ(default=None, json_validator=check_bool),
-    downgrade_method: Optional[str] = REQ(
-        default=None, str_validator=check_string_in(VALID_DOWNGRADE_METHODS)
-    ),
-    scrub_realm: Optional[bool] = REQ(default=None, json_validator=check_bool),
-    query: Optional[str] = REQ("q", default=None),
-    org_type: Optional[int] = REQ(default=None, converter=to_non_negative_int),
-) -> HttpResponse:
-    context: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-
-    if "success_message" in request.session:
-        context["success_message"] = request.session["success_message"]
-        del request.session["success_message"]
-
-    if settings.BILLING_ENABLED and request.method == "POST":
-        # We check that request.POST only has two keys in it: The
-        # realm_id and a field to change.
-        keys = set(request.POST.keys())
-        if "csrfmiddlewaretoken" in keys:
-            keys.remove("csrfmiddlewaretoken")
-        if len(keys) != 2:
-            raise JsonableError(_("Invalid parameters"))
-
-        realm = Realm.objects.get(id=realm_id)
-
-        acting_user = request.user
-        assert isinstance(acting_user, UserProfile)
-        if plan_type is not None:
-            current_plan_type = realm.plan_type
-            do_change_realm_plan_type(realm, plan_type, acting_user=acting_user)
-            msg = f"Plan type of {realm.string_id} changed from {get_plan_name(current_plan_type)} to {get_plan_name(plan_type)} "
-            context["success_message"] = msg
-        elif org_type is not None:
-            current_realm_type = realm.org_type
-            do_change_realm_org_type(realm, org_type, acting_user=acting_user)
-            msg = f"Org type of {realm.string_id} changed from {get_org_type_display_name(current_realm_type)} to {get_org_type_display_name(org_type)} "
-            context["success_message"] = msg
-        elif discount is not None:
-            current_discount = get_discount_for_realm(realm) or 0
-            attach_discount_to_realm(realm, discount, acting_user=acting_user)
-            context[
-                "success_message"
-            ] = f"Discount of {realm.string_id} changed to {discount}% from {current_discount}%."
-        elif new_subdomain is not None:
-            old_subdomain = realm.string_id
-            try:
-                check_subdomain_available(new_subdomain)
-            except ValidationError as error:
-                context["error_message"] = error.message
-            else:
-                do_change_realm_subdomain(realm, new_subdomain, acting_user=acting_user)
-                request.session[
-                    "success_message"
-                ] = f"Subdomain changed from {old_subdomain} to {new_subdomain}"
-                return HttpResponseRedirect(
-                    reverse("support") + "?" + urlencode({"q": new_subdomain})
-                )
-        elif status is not None:
-            if status == "active":
-                do_send_realm_reactivation_email(realm, acting_user=acting_user)
-                context[
-                    "success_message"
-                ] = f"Realm reactivation email sent to admins of {realm.string_id}."
-            elif status == "deactivated":
-                do_deactivate_realm(realm, acting_user=acting_user)
-                context["success_message"] = f"{realm.string_id} deactivated."
-        elif billing_method is not None:
-            if billing_method == "send_invoice":
-                update_billing_method_of_current_plan(
-                    realm, charge_automatically=False, acting_user=acting_user
-                )
-                context[
-                    "success_message"
-                ] = f"Billing method of {realm.string_id} updated to pay by invoice."
-            elif billing_method == "charge_automatically":
-                update_billing_method_of_current_plan(
-                    realm, charge_automatically=True, acting_user=acting_user
-                )
-                context[
-                    "success_message"
-                ] = f"Billing method of {realm.string_id} updated to charge automatically."
-        elif sponsorship_pending is not None:
-            if sponsorship_pending:
-                update_sponsorship_status(realm, True, acting_user=acting_user)
-                context["success_message"] = f"{realm.string_id} marked as pending sponsorship."
-            else:
-                update_sponsorship_status(realm, False, acting_user=acting_user)
-                context["success_message"] = f"{realm.string_id} is no longer pending sponsorship."
-        elif approve_sponsorship:
-            do_approve_sponsorship(realm, acting_user=acting_user)
-            context["success_message"] = f"Sponsorship approved for {realm.string_id}"
-        elif downgrade_method is not None:
-            if downgrade_method == "downgrade_at_billing_cycle_end":
-                downgrade_at_the_end_of_billing_cycle(realm)
-                context[
-                    "success_message"
-                ] = f"{realm.string_id} marked for downgrade at the end of billing cycle"
-            elif downgrade_method == "downgrade_now_without_additional_licenses":
-                downgrade_now_without_creating_additional_invoices(realm)
-                context[
-                    "success_message"
-                ] = f"{realm.string_id} downgraded without creating additional invoices"
-            elif downgrade_method == "downgrade_now_void_open_invoices":
-                downgrade_now_without_creating_additional_invoices(realm)
-                voided_invoices_count = void_all_open_invoices(realm)
-                context[
-                    "success_message"
-                ] = f"{realm.string_id} downgraded and voided {voided_invoices_count} open invoices"
-        elif scrub_realm:
-            do_scrub_realm(realm, acting_user=acting_user)
-            context["success_message"] = f"{realm.string_id} scrubbed."
-
-    if query:
-        key_words = get_invitee_emails_set(query)
-
-        users = set(UserProfile.objects.filter(delivery_email__in=key_words))
-        realms = set(Realm.objects.filter(string_id__in=key_words))
-
-        for key_word in key_words:
-            try:
-                URLValidator()(key_word)
-                parse_result = urllib.parse.urlparse(key_word)
-                hostname = parse_result.hostname
-                assert hostname is not None
-                if parse_result.port:
-                    hostname = f"{hostname}:{parse_result.port}"
-                subdomain = get_subdomain_from_hostname(hostname)
-                try:
-                    realms.add(get_realm(subdomain))
-                except Realm.DoesNotExist:
-                    pass
-            except ValidationError:
-                users.update(UserProfile.objects.filter(full_name__iexact=key_word))
-
-        for realm in realms:
-            realm.customer = get_customer_by_realm(realm)
-
-            current_plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-            if current_plan is not None:
-                new_plan, last_ledger_entry = make_end_of_cycle_updates_if_needed(
-                    current_plan, timezone_now()
-                )
-                if last_ledger_entry is not None:
-                    if new_plan is not None:
-                        realm.current_plan = new_plan
-                    else:
-                        realm.current_plan = current_plan
-                    realm.current_plan.licenses = last_ledger_entry.licenses
-                    realm.current_plan.licenses_used = get_latest_seat_count(realm)
-
-        # full_names can have , in them
-        users.update(UserProfile.objects.filter(full_name__iexact=query))
-
-        context["users"] = users
-        context["realms"] = realms
-
-        confirmations: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
-
-        preregistration_users = PreregistrationUser.objects.filter(email__in=key_words)
-        confirmations += get_confirmations(
-            [Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION, Confirmation.INVITATION, Confirmation.REALM_CREATION],
-            preregistration_users,
-            hostname=request.get_host(),
-        )
-
-        multiuse_invites = MultiuseInvite.objects.filter(realm__in=realms)
-        confirmations += get_confirmations([Confirmation.MULTIUSE_INVITE], multiuse_invites)
-
-        confirmations += get_confirmations(
-            [Confirmation.REALM_REACTIVATION], [realm.id for realm in realms]
-        )
-
-        context["confirmations"] = confirmations
-
-    def get_realm_owner_emails_as_string(realm: Realm) -> str:
-        return ", ".join(
-            realm.get_human_owner_users()
-            .order_by("delivery_email")
-            .values_list("delivery_email", flat=True)
-        )
-
-    def get_realm_admin_emails_as_string(realm: Realm) -> str:
-        return ", ".join(
-            realm.get_human_admin_users(include_realm_owners=False)
-            .order_by("delivery_email")
-            .values_list("delivery_email", flat=True)
-        )
-
-    context["get_realm_owner_emails_as_string"] = get_realm_owner_emails_as_string
-    context["get_realm_admin_emails_as_string"] = get_realm_admin_emails_as_string
-    context["get_discount_for_realm"] = get_discount_for_realm
-    context["get_org_type_display_name"] = get_org_type_display_name
-    context["realm_icon_url"] = realm_icon_url
-    context["Confirmation"] = Confirmation
-    context["sorted_realm_types"] = sorted(
-        Realm.ORG_TYPES.values(), key=lambda d: d["display_order"]
-    )
-
-    return render(request, "analytics/support.html", context=context)
--- a/analytics/views/user_activity.py
+++ b/analytics/views/user_activity.py
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Tuple
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
-from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
-from django.shortcuts import render
-
-from analytics.views.activity_common import (
-    format_date_for_activity_reports,
-    get_user_activity_summary,
-    make_table,
-)
-from zerver.decorator import require_server_admin
-from zerver.models import UserActivity, UserProfile, get_user_profile_by_id
-
-if settings.BILLING_ENABLED:
-    pass
-
-
-def get_user_activity_records(user_profile: UserProfile) -> List[QuerySet]:
-    fields = [
-        "user_profile__full_name",
-        "query",
-        "client__name",
-        "count",
-        "last_visit",
-    ]
-
-    records = UserActivity.objects.filter(
-        user_profile=user_profile,
-    )
-    records = records.order_by("-last_visit")
-    records = records.select_related("user_profile", "client").only(*fields)
-    return records
-
-
-def raw_user_activity_table(records: List[QuerySet]) -> str:
-    cols = [
-        "query",
-        "client",
-        "count",
-        "last_visit",
-    ]
-
-    def row(record: QuerySet) -> List[Any]:
-        return [
-            record.query,
-            record.client.name,
-            record.count,
-            format_date_for_activity_reports(record.last_visit),
-        ]
-
-    rows = list(map(row, records))
-    title = "Raw data"
-    return make_table(title, cols, rows)
-
-
-def user_activity_summary_table(user_summary: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]) -> str:
-    rows = []
-    for k, v in user_summary.items():
-        if k == "name" or k == "user_profile_id":
-            continue
-        client = k
-        count = v["count"]
-        last_visit = v["last_visit"]
-        row = [
-            format_date_for_activity_reports(last_visit),
-            client,
-            count,
-        ]
-        rows.append(row)
-
-    rows = sorted(rows, key=lambda r: r[0], reverse=True)
-
-    cols = [
-        "last_visit",
-        "client",
-        "count",
-    ]
-
-    title = "User activity"
-    return make_table(title, cols, rows)
-
-
-@require_server_admin
-def get_user_activity(request: HttpRequest, user_profile_id: int) -> HttpResponse:
-    user_profile = get_user_profile_by_id(user_profile_id)
-    records = get_user_activity_records(user_profile)
-
-    data: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
-    user_summary = get_user_activity_summary(records)
-    content = user_activity_summary_table(user_summary)
-
-    data += [("Summary", content)]
-
-    content = raw_user_activity_table(records)
-    data += [("Info", content)]
-
-    title = user_profile.delivery_email
-    return render(
-        request,
-        "analytics/activity.html",
-        context=dict(data=data, title=title),
-    )
--- a/babel.config.js
+++ b/babel.config.js
@@ -1,25 +1,17 @@
-"use strict";
-
 module.exports = {
-    plugins: [
-        [
-            "formatjs",
-            {
-                additionalFunctionNames: ["$t", "$t_html"],
-                overrideIdFn: (id, defaultMessage) => defaultMessage,
-            },
-        ],
-    ],
    presets: [
        [
            "@babel/preset-env",
            {
-                corejs: "3.20",
-                shippedProposals: true,
+                corejs: 3,
                useBuiltIns: "usage",
            },
        ],
        "@babel/typescript",
    ],
+    plugins: [
+        "@babel/proposal-class-properties",
+        ["@babel/plugin-proposal-unicode-property-regex", { useUnicodeFlag: false }],
+    ],
    sourceType: "unambiguous",
 };
--- a/confirmation/init.py
+++ b/confirmation/init.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
@@ -19,4 +21,4 @@
 # OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
 # IN THE SOFTWARE.

-VERSION = (0, 9, "pre")
+VERSION = (0, 9, 'pre')
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,39 +1,27 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.db.models.deletion
-from django.db import migrations, models


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("contenttypes", "0001_initial"),
+        ('contenttypes', '0001_initial'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Confirmation",
+            name='Confirmation',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("object_id", models.PositiveIntegerField()),
-                ("date_sent", models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="sent")),
-                (
-                    "confirmation_key",
-                    models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name="activation key"),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "content_type",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="contenttypes.ContentType"
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('object_id', models.PositiveIntegerField()),
+                ('date_sent', models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='sent')),
+                ('confirmation_key', models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name='activation key')),
+                ('content_type', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='contenttypes.ContentType')),
            ],
            options={
-                "verbose_name": "confirmation email",
-                "verbose_name_plural": "confirmation emails",
+                'verbose_name': 'confirmation email',
+                'verbose_name_plural': 'confirmation emails',
            },
            bases=(models.Model,),
        ),
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0002_realmcreationkey.py
@@ -1,28 +1,21 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+from django.db import models, migrations
 import django.utils.timezone
-from django.db import migrations, models


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0001_initial"),
+        ('confirmation', '0001_initial'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="RealmCreationKey",
+            name='RealmCreationKey',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        verbose_name="ID", serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("creation_key", models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name="activation key")),
-                (
-                    "date_created",
-                    models.DateTimeField(default=django.utils.timezone.now, verbose_name="created"),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(verbose_name='ID', serialize=False, auto_created=True, primary_key=True)),
+                ('creation_key', models.CharField(max_length=40, verbose_name='activation key')),
+                ('date_created', models.DateTimeField(default=django.utils.timezone.now, verbose_name='created')),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0003_emailchangeconfirmation.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.10.4 on 2017-01-17 09:16
 from django.db import migrations

@@ -5,16 +6,17 @@ from django.db import migrations
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0002_realmcreationkey"),
+        ('confirmation', '0002_realmcreationkey'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="EmailChangeConfirmation",
-            fields=[],
+            name='EmailChangeConfirmation',
+            fields=[
+            ],
            options={
-                "proxy": True,
+                'proxy': True,
            },
-            bases=("confirmation.confirmation",),
+            bases=('confirmation.confirmation',),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0004_remove_confirmationmanager.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.2 on 2017-07-08 04:23
 from django.db import migrations, models

@@ -5,31 +6,31 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0003_emailchangeconfirmation"),
+        ('confirmation', '0003_emailchangeconfirmation'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.DeleteModel(
-            name="EmailChangeConfirmation",
+            name='EmailChangeConfirmation',
        ),
        migrations.AlterModelOptions(
-            name="confirmation",
+            name='confirmation',
            options={},
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="type",
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='type',
            field=models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=1),
            preserve_default=False,
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="confirmation_key",
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='confirmation_key',
            field=models.CharField(max_length=40),
        ),
        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="date_sent",
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='date_sent',
            field=models.DateTimeField(),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0005_confirmation_realm.py
@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2017-11-30 00:13
-import django.db.models.deletion
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0124_stream_enable_notifications"),
-        ("confirmation", "0004_remove_confirmationmanager"),
+        ('zerver', '0124_stream_enable_notifications'),
+        ('confirmation', '0004_remove_confirmationmanager'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="realm",
-            field=models.ForeignKey(
-                null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-            ),
+            model_name='confirmation',
+            name='realm',
+            field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm'),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.6 on 2018-01-29 18:39
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

 from django.db import migrations, models

@@ -6,13 +8,13 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0005_confirmation_realm"),
+        ('confirmation', '0005_confirmation_realm'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="realmcreationkey",
-            name="presume_email_valid",
+            model_name='realmcreationkey',
+            name='presume_email_valid',
            field=models.BooleanField(default=False),
        ),
    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0007_add_indexes.py
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 2.2.10 on 2020-03-27 09:02
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0006_realmcreationkey_presume_email_valid"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="confirmation_key",
-            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="date_sent",
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="object_id",
-            field=models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="realmcreationkey",
-            name="creation_key",
-            field=models.CharField(db_index=True, max_length=40, verbose_name="activation key"),
-        ),
-        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
-            name="confirmation",
-            unique_together={("type", "confirmation_key")},
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0008_confirmation_expiry_date.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0008_confirmation_expiry_date.py
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0007_add_indexes"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="expiry_date",
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True),
-            preserve_default=False,
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0009_confirmation_expiry_date_backfill.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0009_confirmation_expiry_date_backfill.py
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 3.1.7 on 2021-03-31 20:47
-
-import time
-from datetime import timedelta
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.db import migrations, transaction
-from django.db.backends.postgresql.schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor
-from django.db.migrations.state import StateApps
-
-
-def set_expiry_date_for_existing_confirmations(
-    apps: StateApps, schema_editor: DatabaseSchemaEditor
-) -> None:
-    Confirmation = apps.get_model("confirmation", "Confirmation")
-    if not Confirmation.objects.exists():
-        return
-
-    # The values at the time of this migration
-    INVITATION = 2
-    UNSUBSCRIBE = 4
-    MULTIUSE_INVITE = 6
-
-    @transaction.atomic
-    def backfill_confirmations_between(lower_bound: int, upper_bound: int) -> None:
-        confirmations = Confirmation.objects.filter(id__gte=lower_bound, id__lte=upper_bound)
-        for confirmation in confirmations:
-            if confirmation.type in (INVITATION, MULTIUSE_INVITE):
-                confirmation.expiry_date = confirmation.date_sent + timedelta(
-                    days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS
-                )
-            elif confirmation.type == UNSUBSCRIBE:
-                # Unsubscribe links never expire, which we apparently implement as in 1M days.
-                confirmation.expiry_date = confirmation.date_sent + timedelta(days=1000000)
-            else:
-                confirmation.expiry_date = confirmation.date_sent + timedelta(
-                    days=settings.CONFIRMATION_LINK_DEFAULT_VALIDITY_DAYS
-                )
-        Confirmation.objects.bulk_update(confirmations, ["expiry_date"])
-
-    # Because the ranges in this code are inclusive, subtracting 1 offers round numbers.
-    BATCH_SIZE = 1000 - 1
-
-    first_id = Confirmation.objects.earliest("id").id
-    last_id = Confirmation.objects.latest("id").id
-
-    id_range_lower_bound = first_id
-    id_range_upper_bound = first_id + BATCH_SIZE
-    while id_range_lower_bound <= last_id:
-        print(f"Processed {id_range_lower_bound} / {last_id}")
-        backfill_confirmations_between(id_range_lower_bound, id_range_upper_bound)
-        id_range_lower_bound = id_range_upper_bound + 1
-        id_range_upper_bound = id_range_lower_bound + BATCH_SIZE
-        time.sleep(0.1)
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-    atomic = False
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0008_confirmation_expiry_date"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.RunPython(
-            set_expiry_date_for_existing_confirmations,
-            reverse_code=migrations.RunPython.noop,
-            elidable=True,
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0010_alter_confirmation_expiry_date.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0010_alter_confirmation_expiry_date.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 3.2.5 on 2021-08-02 19:03
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0009_confirmation_expiry_date_backfill"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="expiry_date",
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/confirmation/migrations/0011_alter_confirmation_expiry_date.py
+++ b/confirmation/migrations/0011_alter_confirmation_expiry_date.py
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# Generated by Django 3.2.9 on 2021-11-30 17:44
-
-from django.db import migrations, models
-
-
-class Migration(migrations.Migration):
-
-    dependencies = [
-        ("confirmation", "0010_alter_confirmation_expiry_date"),
-    ]
-
-    operations = [
-        migrations.AlterField(
-            model_name="confirmation",
-            name="expiry_date",
-            field=models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True),
-        ),
-    ]
--- a/confirmation/models.py
+++ b/confirmation/models.py
@@ -1,34 +1,26 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

-__revision__ = "$Id: models.py 28 2009-10-22 15:03:02Z jarek.zgoda $"
-import datetime
-import secrets
-from base64 import b32encode
-from typing import List, Mapping, Optional, Union
-from urllib.parse import urljoin
+__revision__ = '$Id: models.py 28 2009-10-22 15:03:02Z jarek.zgoda $'
+
+import datetime

-from django.conf import settings
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.db import models
 from django.db.models import CASCADE
+from django.urls import reverse
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey
 from django.http import HttpRequest, HttpResponse
 from django.shortcuts import render
-from django.urls import reverse
 from django.utils.timezone import now as timezone_now
-from typing_extensions import Protocol
-
-from zerver.lib.types import UnspecifiedValue
-from zerver.models import EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, Realm, UserProfile
-
-
-class HasRealmObject(Protocol):
-    realm: Realm
-
-
-class OptionalHasRealmObject(Protocol):
-    realm: Optional[Realm]

+from zerver.models import PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus, MultiuseInvite, \
+    UserProfile, Realm
+from random import SystemRandom
+import string
+from typing import Dict, Optional, Union

 class ConfirmationKeyException(Exception):
    WRONG_LENGTH = 1
@@ -39,112 +31,70 @@ class ConfirmationKeyException(Exception):
        super().__init__()
        self.error_type = error_type

-
-def render_confirmation_key_error(
-    request: HttpRequest, exception: ConfirmationKeyException
-) -> HttpResponse:
+def render_confirmation_key_error(request: HttpRequest, exception: ConfirmationKeyException) -> HttpResponse:
    if exception.error_type == ConfirmationKeyException.WRONG_LENGTH:
-        return render(request, "confirmation/link_malformed.html", status=404)
+        return render(request, 'confirmation/link_malformed.html')
    if exception.error_type == ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED:
-        return render(request, "confirmation/link_expired.html", status=404)
-    return render(request, "confirmation/link_does_not_exist.html", status=404)
-
+        return render(request, 'confirmation/link_expired.html')
+    return render(request, 'confirmation/link_does_not_exist.html')

 def generate_key() -> str:
+    generator = SystemRandom()
    # 24 characters * 5 bits of entropy/character = 120 bits of entropy
-    return b32encode(secrets.token_bytes(15)).decode().lower()
-
+    return ''.join(generator.choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits) for _ in range(24))

 ConfirmationObjT = Union[MultiuseInvite, PreregistrationUser, EmailChangeStatus]
-
-
-def get_object_from_key(
-    confirmation_key: str, confirmation_types: List[int], activate_object: bool = True
-) -> ConfirmationObjT:
+def get_object_from_key(confirmation_key: str,
+                        confirmation_type: int) -> ConfirmationObjT:
    # Confirmation keys used to be 40 characters
    if len(confirmation_key) not in (24, 40):
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.WRONG_LENGTH)
    try:
-        confirmation = Confirmation.objects.get(
-            confirmation_key=confirmation_key, type__in=confirmation_types
-        )
+        confirmation = Confirmation.objects.get(confirmation_key=confirmation_key,
+                                                type=confirmation_type)
    except Confirmation.DoesNotExist:
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.DOES_NOT_EXIST)

-    if confirmation.expiry_date is not None and timezone_now() > confirmation.expiry_date:
+    time_elapsed = timezone_now() - confirmation.date_sent
+    if time_elapsed.total_seconds() > _properties[confirmation.type].validity_in_days * 24 * 3600:
        raise ConfirmationKeyException(ConfirmationKeyException.EXPIRED)

    obj = confirmation.content_object
-    assert obj is not None
-    if activate_object and hasattr(obj, "status"):
-        obj.status = getattr(settings, "STATUS_ACTIVE", 1)
-        obj.save(update_fields=["status"])
+    if hasattr(obj, "status"):
+        obj.status = getattr(settings, 'STATUS_ACTIVE', 1)
+        obj.save(update_fields=['status'])
    return obj

-
-def create_confirmation_link(
-    obj: Union[Realm, HasRealmObject, OptionalHasRealmObject],
-    confirmation_type: int,
-    *,
-    validity_in_days: Union[Optional[int], UnspecifiedValue] = UnspecifiedValue(),
-    url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {},
-) -> str:
-    # validity_in_days is an override for the default values which are
-    # determined by the confirmation_type - its main purpose is for use
-    # in tests which may want to have control over the exact expiration time.
+def create_confirmation_link(obj: ContentType, host: str,
+                             confirmation_type: int,
+                             url_args: Optional[Dict[str, str]]=None) -> str:
    key = generate_key()
    realm = None
-    if isinstance(obj, Realm):
-        realm = obj
-    elif hasattr(obj, "realm"):
+    if hasattr(obj, 'realm'):
        realm = obj.realm
+    elif isinstance(obj, Realm):
+        realm = obj

-    current_time = timezone_now()
-    expiry_date = None
-    if not isinstance(validity_in_days, UnspecifiedValue):
-        if validity_in_days is None:
-            expiry_date = None
-        else:
-            assert validity_in_days is not None
-            expiry_date = current_time + datetime.timedelta(days=validity_in_days)
-    else:
-        expiry_date = current_time + datetime.timedelta(
-            days=_properties[confirmation_type].validity_in_days
-        )
-
-    Confirmation.objects.create(
-        content_object=obj,
-        date_sent=current_time,
-        confirmation_key=key,
-        realm=realm,
-        expiry_date=expiry_date,
-        type=confirmation_type,
-    )
-    return confirmation_url(key, realm, confirmation_type, url_args)
-
-
-def confirmation_url(
-    confirmation_key: str,
-    realm: Optional[Realm],
-    confirmation_type: int,
-    url_args: Mapping[str, str] = {},
-) -> str:
-    url_args = dict(url_args)
-    url_args["confirmation_key"] = confirmation_key
-    return urljoin(
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI if realm is None else realm.uri,
-        reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args),
-    )
+    Confirmation.objects.create(content_object=obj, date_sent=timezone_now(), confirmation_key=key,
+                                realm=realm, type=confirmation_type)
+    return confirmation_url(key, host, confirmation_type, url_args)

+def confirmation_url(confirmation_key: str, host: str,
+                     confirmation_type: int,
+                     url_args: Optional[Dict[str, str]]=None) -> str:
+    if url_args is None:
+        url_args = {}
+    url_args['confirmation_key'] = confirmation_key
+    return '%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME, host,
+                       reverse(_properties[confirmation_type].url_name, kwargs=url_args))

 class Confirmation(models.Model):
    content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=CASCADE)
-    object_id: int = models.PositiveIntegerField(db_index=True)
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
-    date_sent: datetime.datetime = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)
-    confirmation_key: str = models.CharField(max_length=40, db_index=True)
-    expiry_date: Optional[datetime.datetime] = models.DateTimeField(db_index=True, null=True)
-    realm: Optional[Realm] = models.ForeignKey(Realm, null=True, on_delete=CASCADE)
+    object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()  # type: int
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    date_sent = models.DateTimeField()  # type: datetime.datetime
+    confirmation_key = models.CharField(max_length=40)  # type: str
+    realm = models.ForeignKey(Realm, null=True, on_delete=CASCADE)  # type: Optional[Realm]

    # The following list is the set of valid types
    USER_REGISTRATION = 1
@@ -155,52 +105,39 @@ class Confirmation(models.Model):
    MULTIUSE_INVITE = 6
    REALM_CREATION = 7
    REALM_REACTIVATION = 8
-    type: int = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()
+    type = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField()  # type: int

    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"<Confirmation: {self.content_object}>"
-
-    class Meta:
-        unique_together = ("type", "confirmation_key")
-
+        return '<Confirmation: %s>' % (self.content_object,)

 class ConfirmationType:
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        url_name: str,
-        validity_in_days: int = settings.CONFIRMATION_LINK_DEFAULT_VALIDITY_DAYS,
-    ) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, url_name: str,
+                 validity_in_days: int=settings.CONFIRMATION_LINK_DEFAULT_VALIDITY_DAYS) -> None:
        self.url_name = url_name
        self.validity_in_days = validity_in_days

-
 _properties = {
-    Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION: ConfirmationType("get_prereg_key_and_redirect"),
-    Confirmation.INVITATION: ConfirmationType(
-        "get_prereg_key_and_redirect", validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS
-    ),
-    Confirmation.EMAIL_CHANGE: ConfirmationType("confirm_email_change"),
-    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE: ConfirmationType(
-        "unsubscribe",
-        validity_in_days=1000000,  # should never expire
-    ),
+    Confirmation.USER_REGISTRATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect'),
+    Confirmation.INVITATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect',
+                                              validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS),
+    Confirmation.EMAIL_CHANGE: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.user_settings.confirm_email_change'),
+    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.unsubscribe.email_unsubscribe',
+                                               validity_in_days=1000000),  # should never expire
    Confirmation.MULTIUSE_INVITE: ConfirmationType(
-        "join", validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS
-    ),
-    Confirmation.REALM_CREATION: ConfirmationType("get_prereg_key_and_redirect"),
-    Confirmation.REALM_REACTIVATION: ConfirmationType("realm_reactivation"),
+        'zerver.views.registration.accounts_home_from_multiuse_invite',
+        validity_in_days=settings.INVITATION_LINK_VALIDITY_DAYS),
+    Confirmation.REALM_CREATION: ConfirmationType('check_prereg_key_and_redirect'),
+    Confirmation.REALM_REACTIVATION: ConfirmationType('zerver.views.realm.realm_reactivation'),
 }

-
 def one_click_unsubscribe_link(user_profile: UserProfile, email_type: str) -> str:
    """
    Generate a unique link that a logged-out user can visit to unsubscribe from
    Zulip e-mails without having to first log in.
    """
-    return create_confirmation_link(
-        user_profile, Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE, url_args={"email_type": email_type}
-    )
-
+    return create_confirmation_link(user_profile, user_profile.realm.host,
+                                    Confirmation.UNSUBSCRIBE,
+                                    url_args = {'email_type': email_type})

 # Functions related to links generated by the generate_realm_creation_link.py
 # management command.
@@ -210,8 +147,7 @@ def one_click_unsubscribe_link(user_profile: UserProfile, email_type: str) -> st
 # Arguably RealmCreationKey should just be another ConfirmationObjT and we should
 # add another Confirmation.type for this; it's this way for historical reasons.

-
-def validate_key(creation_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional["RealmCreationKey"]:
+def validate_key(creation_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional['RealmCreationKey']:
    """Get the record for this key, raising InvalidCreationKey if non-None but invalid."""
    if creation_key is None:
        return None
@@ -224,25 +160,23 @@ def validate_key(creation_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional["RealmCreationKey"]:
        raise RealmCreationKey.Invalid()
    return key_record

-
-def generate_realm_creation_url(by_admin: bool = False) -> str:
+def generate_realm_creation_url(by_admin: bool=False) -> str:
    key = generate_key()
-    RealmCreationKey.objects.create(
-        creation_key=key, date_created=timezone_now(), presume_email_valid=by_admin
-    )
-    return urljoin(
-        settings.ROOT_DOMAIN_URI,
-        reverse("create_realm", kwargs={"creation_key": key}),
-    )
-
+    RealmCreationKey.objects.create(creation_key=key,
+                                    date_created=timezone_now(),
+                                    presume_email_valid=by_admin)
+    return '%s%s%s' % (settings.EXTERNAL_URI_SCHEME,
+                       settings.EXTERNAL_HOST,
+                       reverse('zerver.views.create_realm',
+                               kwargs={'creation_key': key}))

 class RealmCreationKey(models.Model):
-    creation_key = models.CharField("activation key", db_index=True, max_length=40)
-    date_created = models.DateTimeField("created", default=timezone_now)
+    creation_key = models.CharField('activation key', max_length=40)
+    date_created = models.DateTimeField('created', default=timezone_now)

    # True just if we should presume the email address the user enters
    # is theirs, and skip sending mail to it to confirm that.
-    presume_email_valid: bool = models.BooleanField(default=False)
+    presume_email_valid = models.BooleanField(default=False)  # type: bool

    class Invalid(Exception):
        pass
--- a/confirmation/settings.py
+++ b/confirmation/settings.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
 # Copyright: (c) 2008, Jarek Zgoda <jarek.zgoda@gmail.com>

-__revision__ = "$Id: settings.py 12 2008-11-23 19:38:52Z jarek.zgoda $"
+__revision__ = '$Id: settings.py 12 2008-11-23 19:38:52Z jarek.zgoda $'

 STATUS_ACTIVE = 1
 STATUS_REVOKED = 2
--- a/corporate/lib/registration.py
+++ b/corporate/lib/registration.py
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
-
-from corporate.lib.stripe import LicenseLimitError, get_latest_seat_count
-from corporate.models import get_current_plan_by_realm
-from zerver.lib.actions import send_message_to_signup_notification_stream
-from zerver.lib.exceptions import InvitationError
-from zerver.models import Realm, get_system_bot
-
-
-def generate_licenses_low_warning_message_if_required(realm: Realm) -> Optional[str]:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if plan is None or plan.automanage_licenses:
-        return None
-
-    licenses_remaining = plan.licenses() - get_latest_seat_count(realm)
-    if licenses_remaining > 3:
-        return None
-
-    format_kwargs = {
-        "billing_page_link": "/billing/#settings",
-        "deactivate_user_help_page_link": "/help/deactivate-or-reactivate-a-user",
-    }
-
-    if licenses_remaining <= 0:
-        return _(
-            "Your organization has no Zulip licenses remaining and can no longer accept new users. "
-            "Please [increase the number of licenses]({billing_page_link}) or "
-            "[deactivate inactive users]({deactivate_user_help_page_link}) to allow new users to join."
-        ).format(**format_kwargs)
-
-    return {
-        1: _(
-            "Your organization has only one Zulip license remaining. You can "
-            "[increase the number of licenses]({billing_page_link}) or [deactivate inactive users]({deactivate_user_help_page_link}) "
-            "to allow more than one user to join."
-        ),
-        2: _(
-            "Your organization has only two Zulip licenses remaining. You can "
-            "[increase the number of licenses]({billing_page_link}) or [deactivate inactive users]({deactivate_user_help_page_link}) "
-            "to allow more than two users to join."
-        ),
-        3: _(
-            "Your organization has only three Zulip licenses remaining. You can "
-            "[increase the number of licenses]({billing_page_link}) or [deactivate inactive users]({deactivate_user_help_page_link}) "
-            "to allow more than three users to join."
-        ),
-    }[licenses_remaining].format(**format_kwargs)
-
-
-def send_user_unable_to_signup_message_to_signup_notification_stream(
-    realm: Realm, user_email: str
-) -> None:
-    message = _(
-        "A new member ({email}) was unable to join your organization because all Zulip licenses "
-        "are in use. Please [increase the number of licenses]({billing_page_link}) or "
-        "[deactivate inactive users]({deactivate_user_help_page_link}) to allow new members to join."
-    ).format(
-        email=user_email,
-        billing_page_link="/billing/#settings",
-        deactivate_user_help_page_link="/help/deactivate-or-reactivate-a-user",
-    )
-
-    send_message_to_signup_notification_stream(
-        get_system_bot(settings.NOTIFICATION_BOT, realm.id), realm, message
-    )
-
-
-def check_spare_licenses_available_for_adding_new_users(
-    realm: Realm, number_of_users_to_add: int
-) -> None:
-    plan = get_current_plan_by_realm(realm)
-    if (
-        plan is None
-        or plan.automanage_licenses
-        or plan.customer.exempt_from_from_license_number_check
-    ):
-        return
-
-    if plan.licenses() < get_latest_seat_count(realm) + number_of_users_to_add:
-        raise LicenseLimitError()
-
-
-def check_spare_licenses_available_for_registering_new_user(
-    realm: Realm, user_email_to_add: str
-) -> None:
-    try:
-        check_spare_licenses_available_for_adding_new_users(realm, 1)
-    except LicenseLimitError:
-        send_user_unable_to_signup_message_to_signup_notification_stream(realm, user_email_to_add)
-        raise
-
-
-def check_spare_licenses_available_for_inviting_new_users(realm: Realm, num_invites: int) -> None:
-    try:
-        check_spare_licenses_available_for_adding_new_users(realm, num_invites)
-    except LicenseLimitError:
-        if num_invites == 1:
-            message = _("All Zulip licenses for this organization are currently in use.")
-        else:
-            message = _(
-                "Your organization does not have enough unused Zulip licenses to invite {num_invites} users."
-            ).format(num_invites=num_invites)
-        raise InvitationError(message, [], sent_invitations=False, license_limit_reached=True)
--- a/corporate/lib/stripe.py
+++ b/corporate/lib/stripe.py
--- a/corporate/lib/stripe_event_handler.py
+++ b/corporate/lib/stripe_event_handler.py
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-import logging
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Union
-
-import stripe
-from django.conf import settings
-
-from corporate.lib.stripe import (
-    BillingError,
-    UpgradeWithExistingPlanError,
-    ensure_realm_does_not_have_active_plan,
-    process_initial_upgrade,
-    update_or_create_stripe_customer,
-)
-from corporate.models import Event, PaymentIntent, Session
-from zerver.models import get_active_user_profile_by_id_in_realm
-
-billing_logger = logging.getLogger("corporate.stripe")
-
-
-def error_handler(
-    func: Callable[[Any, Any], None],
-) -> Callable[[Union[stripe.checkout.Session, stripe.PaymentIntent], Event], None]:
-    def wrapper(
-        stripe_object: Union[stripe.checkout.Session, stripe.PaymentIntent], event: Event
-    ) -> None:
-        event.status = Event.EVENT_HANDLER_STARTED
-        event.save(update_fields=["status"])
-
-        try:
-            func(stripe_object, event.content_object)
-        except BillingError as e:
-            billing_logger.warning(
-                "BillingError in %s event handler: %s. stripe_object_id=%s, customer_id=%s metadata=%s",
-                event.type,
-                e.error_description,
-                stripe_object.id,
-                stripe_object.customer,
-                stripe_object.metadata,
-            )
-            event.status = Event.EVENT_HANDLER_FAILED
-            event.handler_error = {
-                "message": e.msg,
-                "description": e.error_description,
-            }
-            event.save(update_fields=["status", "handler_error"])
-        except Exception:
-            billing_logger.exception(
-                "Uncaught exception in %s event handler:",
-                event.type,
-                stack_info=True,
-            )
-            event.status = Event.EVENT_HANDLER_FAILED
-            event.handler_error = {
-                "description": f"uncaught exception in {event.type} event handler",
-                "message": BillingError.CONTACT_SUPPORT.format(email=settings.ZULIP_ADMINISTRATOR),
-            }
-            event.save(update_fields=["status", "handler_error"])
-        else:
-            event.status = Event.EVENT_HANDLER_SUCCEEDED
-            event.save()
-
-    return wrapper
-
-
-@error_handler
-def handle_checkout_session_completed_event(
-    stripe_session: stripe.checkout.Session, session: Session
-) -> None:
-    session.status = Session.COMPLETED
-    session.save()
-
-    stripe_setup_intent = stripe.SetupIntent.retrieve(stripe_session.setup_intent)
-    assert session.customer.realm is not None
-    user_id = stripe_session.metadata.get("user_id")
-    assert user_id is not None
-    user = get_active_user_profile_by_id_in_realm(user_id, session.customer.realm)
-    payment_method = stripe_setup_intent.payment_method
-
-    if session.type in [
-        Session.UPGRADE_FROM_BILLING_PAGE,
-        Session.RETRY_UPGRADE_WITH_ANOTHER_PAYMENT_METHOD,
-    ]:
-        ensure_realm_does_not_have_active_plan(user.realm)
-        update_or_create_stripe_customer(user, payment_method)
-        session.payment_intent.status = PaymentIntent.PROCESSING
-        session.payment_intent.last_payment_error = ()
-        session.payment_intent.save(update_fields=["status", "last_payment_error"])
-        try:
-            stripe.PaymentIntent.confirm(
-                session.payment_intent.stripe_payment_intent_id,
-                payment_method=payment_method,
-                off_session=True,
-            )
-        except stripe.error.CardError:
-            pass
-    elif session.type in [
-        Session.FREE_TRIAL_UPGRADE_FROM_BILLING_PAGE,
-        Session.FREE_TRIAL_UPGRADE_FROM_ONBOARDING_PAGE,
-    ]:
-        ensure_realm_does_not_have_active_plan(user.realm)
-        update_or_create_stripe_customer(user, payment_method)
-        process_initial_upgrade(
-            user,
-            int(stripe_setup_intent.metadata["licenses"]),
-            stripe_setup_intent.metadata["license_management"] == "automatic",
-            int(stripe_setup_intent.metadata["billing_schedule"]),
-            charge_automatically=True,
-            free_trial=True,
-        )
-    elif session.type in [Session.CARD_UPDATE_FROM_BILLING_PAGE]:
-        update_or_create_stripe_customer(user, payment_method)
-
-
-@error_handler
-def handle_payment_intent_succeeded_event(
-    stripe_payment_intent: stripe.PaymentIntent, payment_intent: PaymentIntent
-) -> None:
-    payment_intent.status = PaymentIntent.SUCCEEDED
-    payment_intent.save()
-    metadata: Dict[str, Any] = stripe_payment_intent.metadata
-    assert payment_intent.customer.realm is not None
-    user_id = metadata.get("user_id")
-    assert user_id is not None
-    user = get_active_user_profile_by_id_in_realm(user_id, payment_intent.customer.realm)
-
-    description = ""
-    for charge in stripe_payment_intent.charges:
-        description = f"Payment (Card ending in {charge.payment_method_details.card.last4})"
-        break
-
-    stripe.InvoiceItem.create(
-        amount=stripe_payment_intent.amount * -1,
-        currency="usd",
-        customer=stripe_payment_intent.customer,
-        description=description,
-        discountable=False,
-    )
-    try:
-        ensure_realm_does_not_have_active_plan(user.realm)
-    except UpgradeWithExistingPlanError as e:
-        stripe_invoice = stripe.Invoice.create(
-            auto_advance=True,
-            collection_method="charge_automatically",
-            customer=stripe_payment_intent.customer,
-            days_until_due=None,
-            statement_descriptor="Zulip Cloud Standard Credit",
-        )
-        stripe.Invoice.finalize_invoice(stripe_invoice)
-        raise e
-
-    process_initial_upgrade(
-        user,
-        int(metadata["licenses"]),
-        metadata["license_management"] == "automatic",
-        int(metadata["billing_schedule"]),
-        True,
-        False,
-    )
-
-
-@error_handler
-def handle_payment_intent_payment_failed_event(
-    stripe_payment_intent: stripe.PaymentIntent, payment_intent: Event
-) -> None:
-    payment_intent.status = PaymentIntent.get_status_integer_from_status_text(
-        stripe_payment_intent.status
-    )
-    billing_logger.info(
-        "Stripe payment intent failed: %s %s %s %s",
-        payment_intent.customer.realm.string_id,
-        stripe_payment_intent.last_payment_error.get("type"),
-        stripe_payment_intent.last_payment_error.get("code"),
-        stripe_payment_intent.last_payment_error.get("param"),
-    )
-    payment_intent.last_payment_error = {
-        "description": stripe_payment_intent.last_payment_error.get("type"),
-    }
-    payment_intent.last_payment_error["message"] = stripe_payment_intent.last_payment_error.get(
-        "message"
-    )
-    payment_intent.save(update_fields=["status", "last_payment_error"])
--- a/corporate/lib/support.py
+++ b/corporate/lib/support.py
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-from urllib.parse import urlencode, urljoin, urlunsplit
-
-from django.conf import settings
-from django.urls import reverse
-
-from zerver.models import Realm, get_realm
-
-
-def get_support_url(realm: Realm) -> str:
-    support_realm_uri = get_realm(settings.STAFF_SUBDOMAIN).uri
-    support_url = urljoin(
-        support_realm_uri,
-        urlunsplit(("", "", reverse("support"), urlencode({"q": realm.string_id}), "")),
-    )
-    return support_url
--- a/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0001_initial.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.14 on 2018-09-25 12:02
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):
@@ -9,78 +11,43 @@ class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    initial = True

    dependencies = [
-        ("zerver", "0189_userprofile_add_some_emojisets"),
+        ('zerver', '0189_userprofile_add_some_emojisets'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="BillingProcessor",
+            name='BillingProcessor',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("state", models.CharField(max_length=20)),
-                ("last_modified", models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
-                (
-                    "log_row",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.RealmAuditLog"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.OneToOneField(
-                        null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('state', models.CharField(max_length=20)),
+                ('last_modified', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
+                ('log_row', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.RealmAuditLog')),
+                ('realm', models.OneToOneField(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Coupon",
+            name='Coupon',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("percent_off", models.SmallIntegerField(unique=True)),
-                ("stripe_coupon_id", models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('percent_off', models.SmallIntegerField(unique=True)),
+                ('stripe_coupon_id', models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Customer",
+            name='Customer',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("stripe_customer_id", models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
-                ("has_billing_relationship", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                (
-                    "realm",
-                    models.OneToOneField(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="zerver.Realm"
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('stripe_customer_id', models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
+                ('has_billing_relationship', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
+                ('realm', models.OneToOneField(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='zerver.Realm')),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="Plan",
+            name='Plan',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("nickname", models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)),
-                ("stripe_plan_id", models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('nickname', models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)),
+                ('stripe_plan_id', models.CharField(max_length=255, unique=True)),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0002_customer_default_discount.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-12 20:19
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

 from django.db import migrations, models

@@ -6,13 +8,13 @@ from django.db import migrations, models
 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0001_initial"),
+        ('corporate', '0001_initial'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AddField(
-            model_name="customer",
-            name="default_discount",
+            model_name='customer',
+            name='default_discount',
            field=models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=7, null=True),
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0003_customerplan.py
@@ -1,43 +1,35 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.16 on 2018-12-22 21:05
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0002_customer_default_discount"),
+        ('corporate', '0002_customer_default_discount'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="CustomerPlan",
+            name='CustomerPlan',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("licenses", models.IntegerField()),
-                ("automanage_licenses", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ("charge_automatically", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ("price_per_license", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ("fixed_price", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                ("discount", models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)),
-                ("billing_cycle_anchor", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("billing_schedule", models.SmallIntegerField()),
-                ("billed_through", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("next_billing_date", models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)),
-                ("tier", models.SmallIntegerField()),
-                ("status", models.SmallIntegerField(default=1)),
-                (
-                    "customer",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="corporate.Customer"
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('licenses', models.IntegerField()),
+                ('automanage_licenses', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
+                ('charge_automatically', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
+                ('price_per_license', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
+                ('fixed_price', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
+                ('discount', models.DecimalField(decimal_places=4, max_digits=6, null=True)),
+                ('billing_cycle_anchor', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('billing_schedule', models.SmallIntegerField()),
+                ('billed_through', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('next_billing_date', models.DateTimeField(db_index=True)),
+                ('tier', models.SmallIntegerField()),
+                ('status', models.SmallIntegerField(default=1)),
+                ('customer', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='corporate.Customer')),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
+++ b/corporate/migrations/0004_licenseledger.py
@@ -1,35 +1,27 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Generated by Django 1.11.18 on 2019-01-19 05:01
+from __future__ import unicode_literals

-import django.db.models.deletion
 from django.db import migrations, models
+import django.db.models.deletion


 class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
-        ("corporate", "0003_customerplan"),
+        ('corporate', '0003_customerplan'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
-            name="LicenseLedger",
+            name='LicenseLedger',
            fields=[
-                (
-                    "id",
-                    models.AutoField(
-                        auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name="ID"
-                    ),
-                ),
-                ("is_renewal", models.BooleanField(default=False)),
-                ("event_time", models.DateTimeField()),
-                ("licenses", models.IntegerField()),
-                ("licenses_at_next_renewal", models.IntegerField(null=True)),
-                (
-                    "plan",
-                    models.ForeignKey(
-                        on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to="corporate.CustomerPlan"
-                    ),
-                ),
+                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
+                ('is_renewal', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
+                ('event_time', models.DateTimeField()),
+                ('licenses', models.IntegerField()),
+                ('licenses_at_next_renewal', models.IntegerField(null=True)),
+                ('plan', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='corporate.CustomerPlan')),
            ],
        ),
    ]
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More